Post-harvest Disease Of Mango Research Articles

Postharvest diseases of mangoes in Fiji

ABSTRACT Despite considerable research globally on postharvest diseases of mango, virtually no work has been done to determine the occurrence of these diseases and their causal agents in Fiji. This study is the first major field and market survey of postharvest diseases of mango in Fiji. For the field survey, fruits from five local mango cultivars were harvested at each of five locations. Fruits from five imported cultivars were also harvested from one location in Nadi. For the market survey, vendors were selected at five municipal markets for fruit collection, along with ten roadside stalls. For field and market surveys, fruits were incubated at 23°C and assessed for postharvest disease (incidence and severity of body rots and stem end rots) when ripe. Isolations were made from disease lesions and fungal cultures were identified using multilocus sequence typing. High incidences of body and stem end rots were recorded across all surveys. In the field survey of local cultivars, ‘Salusalu’ fruits were found to have the lowest severity of body rot and stem end rot on average, while for imported cultivars, ‘Nam Doc Mai’ had the lowest average severity of these diseases. The market survey showed that ‘Salusalu’ had a lower incidence of anthracnose on the body of fruit compared to all other cultivars, although it did have a surprisingly high incidence of stem end rot at some localities. Fungal isolates from anthracnose lesions in the field and market surveys were identified as Colletotrichum asianum, C. simmondsii and C. fructicola. C. asianum was the predominant species associated with anthracnose symptoms, accounting for 97% of isolations. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum were the predominant species found in association with mango stem end rot symptoms. Other species isolated from mango stem end rot in lesser numbers included L. brasiliensis, N. umdonicola and N. kwambonambiense. All of these fungi represent new reports for Fiji.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Major Postharvest Diseases of Mango

Mango (Mangifera indica), which is rich in nutritive value is affected by many biological factors including diseases. Postharvest diseases viz., anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and stem end rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae are of economic importance due to loss in quality and quantity after harvesting. The pathogens C. gloeosporioides and L. theobromae were isolated from five mango varieties collected from fruit markets and farmers’ field of major mango growing districts of Tamil Nadu. The mycelial, colony and conidial characters were identified morphologically. Molecular characterization was carried through polymerase chain reaction using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The sequencing was done and the sequences were deposited in Genbank. From phylogenetic analysis Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed maximum identity of 100% and Lasiodiplodia theobromae showed maximum identity of 88%. The present study confirmed that pathogen associated with anthracnose and stem end rot was Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae respectively.

Post-harvest Diseases of Mango their Management

Post-harvest Diseases of Mango their Management

Holistic management of mango post-harvest diseases

Holistic management of mango post-harvest diseases

Potential of Pennisetum purpureum weed extract on inhibition of anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango fruits

Anthracnose is the major pre- and postharvest disease of mango which caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In-vitro and in-vivo studies were done to evaluate the antifungal activity of Pennisetum purpureum weed extract on control of C. gloeosporioides. Result: The in-vitro result showed that methanol crude extract of P. purpureum exhibited the best antifungal activity against C. gloeosprioides with an average minimum inhibition concentration value of 3.13 mg/ml and it had the highest total activity (5.28 ml/g) on inhibition of C. gloeosprioides. Meanwhile, the in-vivo result demonstrated that the fruits coated with alginate incorporated crude extract at a concentration of 18 mg/ml were most effective in retaining fruit firmness and had the smallest size lesion in diameter (0.34 cm) as compared to other treatments. The phytochemical assay of methanolic crude extract revealed the presence of phenolic compound (tannins), alkaloids and flavonoids but steroids, saponin, amino acid and oil were absent. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that alginate based coating incorporated with methanolic crude extract of P. purpureum could be used to inhibit anthracnose pathogen of C. gloeosporioides, thereby extending the shelf life of mango fruits. Keywords: anthracnose, coating, compound, plant extract, mango

Effects of Lacto-Fermented Agricultural By-Products as a Natural Disinfectant against Post-Harvest Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.).

Background: the antagonism activity of lactic acid bacteria metabolites has the potential to prevent fungal growth on mango. Methods: the potential of developing natural disinfectant while using watermelon rinds (WR), pineapple (PP), orange peels (OP), palm kernel cake (PKC), and rice bran (RB), via lacto-fermentation was investigated. The obtained lactic acid bacteria (LAB) metabolites were then employed and the in vitro antifungal activity toward five spoilage fungi of mango was tested through liquid and solid systems. Besides, the effect of the produced disinfectant on the fungal growth inhibition and quality of mango was investigated. Results: the strains Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 and Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC9338 growing in the substrates PKC and PP exhibited significantly higher in vitro antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae as compared to other tested LAB strains and substrates. The in-situ results demonstrated that mango samples that were treated with the disinfectant produced from PKC fermented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum had the lowest disease incidence and disease severity index after 16 days shelf life, as well as the lowest conidial concentration. Furthermore, PKC that was fermented by L. fermentum highly maintained the quality of the mango. Conclusions: lactic acid fermentation of PKC by L. fermentum demonstrated a high potential for use as a natural disinfectant to control C. gloeosporioides and B. theobromae on mango.

Morphological Characterization and Molecular Identification of Stem-end Rot Associated Fungal Species Isolated from ‘Karutha Colomban’ Mango Fruits in Sri Lanka

Purpose: Stem-End Rot (SER) is one of the most frequently found mango postharvest diseases in many countries including Sri Lanka. Availability of a significantly detailed study on morphological and molecular characterization of the SER associated fungal species is comparatively low. The present study has been carried out considering the above fact. Research Method: SER disease associated fungi were isolated and identification was carried out using morphological characteristics. Identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of newly generated ITS sequencing data using Maximum Likelihood (ML) with RAxML software (Ver.8.2.10). Findings: From the morphological studies it was observed that the fungal isolates SER1, SER2, SER3 and SER6 produced conidia on Potato Dextrose Agar. Both morphological and molecular results revealed that the isolates of SER1, SER4, SER5, and SER6 which were isolated from diseased Karutha Colomban mango fruits with SER (in Sri Lanka) belong to Lasiodiplodia sp., Nodulisporium sp., Xylaria feejeensis and Pestalotiopsis sp. respectively. Both SER2 and SER3 were confirmed as Phomopsis sp. During the present study two new fungal species (Xylaria spp. and Nodulisporium spp.) were also identified for the first time from SER of Karutha Colomban mango fruits. Research Limitations: The pathogenicity of these isolates will be tested in near future, since the study was mainly focused on the isolation and identification of the SER associated fungal species. Originality/ Value: Results of the present study will be very valuable for stakeholders in Agricultural sector, before designing control strategies at post-harvest level in order to minimize the loss and extend the storage life of mango.

Sustainable management of Mangifera indica pre- and post-harvest diseases mediated by botanical extracts via foliar and fruit application

For the first time, the pre- and post-harvest diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) could be managed in an eco-friendly manner by utilization of botanicals extracts. Different concentrations (5, 7 and 8%) of botanicals of Indian lilac (Azadirachta indica), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rubber bush (Calotropis procera) were utilized for spraying. After foliar application, at the pre-harvest stage of mango production, all of the utilized botanicals were effectively controlling mango disease with eucalyptus (8%) exceeding Indian lilac and rubber bush in repressing the disease with an elevated extent. The efficacy of garlic and ginger extracts was comparatively low to that of other extracts. Analogously, eucalyptus also exhibited higher disease management at the post-harvest stage, by resulting in a profound improvement in the fruit quality. In the post-harvest stage, fruits were sprayed with botanicals. Based on the findings, the results presented provided the farmers with a maintainable, cost-effective and rapid disease management strategy for improved mango yield having export quality traits.

Status of post harvest diseases of mango in Nothern Karnataka

Status of post harvest diseases of mango in Nothern Karnataka

Volatile metabolites fingerprinting to discriminate the major post harvest diseases of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat.

Volatile metabolites fingerprinting to discriminate the major post harvest diseases of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat.

Alternative methods to control postharvest disease of mango

Anthracnose, a fungal disease caused by the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and mango fruit flies (Bactrocera zonata) are the two main postharvest problems regarding the production of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) on the islands of Reunion and Madagascar. Traditional postharvest treatments can negatively affect mango quality so that it does not comply with customers' and export countries expectations. Physical treatments are generally used against fruit flies, as well as chemical products against C. gloeosporioides. Our goal was to develop alternative methods for postharvest treatment, using the fungitoxic properties of various essentials oils and controlled atmospheres (hypoxia). For a start, these treatments were applied in vitro, to C. gloeosporioides conidia, appressoria and mycelium in PDA culture, and to eggs of Bactrocera zonata. The fungitoxic effects of Ravensara aromatica and clove (Eugenia aromatica) essential oils were measured on spores, germination, and on the mycelium growth. Essential oil of E. aromatica inhibited the pathogen growth in vitro and blocked conidial germination. The effect of the hypoxic treatment was measured in vitro on hatching of B. zonata eggs. Four days of treatment were necessary to kill all eggs. The second step was to measure the effects these treatments had on the fruit physiology. Various polyphenols in mango peel were synthesized after both treatments. Hypoxic conditions and essential oils' effects on fruit quality were also key data. Biochemical parameters of fruit quality such as pH, acidity and sugars were measured to verify whether these treatments meet customer's expectations.

Effect of hot water treatment on development of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and quality of mango fruit at Jimma southwest Ethiopia

Anthracnose is the major postharvest disease of mango and occurs throughout mango producing areas of the world including Ethiopia. Evaluating effect of hot water treatment on development of anthracnose and quality of mango fruit is imperative. A total of three hot water levels 48, 52 and 56 °C at two time interval (5 and 10 min) were tested with factorial arrangement in completely randomised design. The study indicated that hot water treatment at different temperatures and time interval significantly (p < 0.001) affects disease development and shelf life and postharvest quality of mango fruits. Hot water treatments reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose disease significantly (p < 0.001) in mango fruits as compared to control. There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) on weight loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and fruit firmness of mango fruits due to treatment. The present study reviled that hot water treatment has a potential in reducing the postharvest loss due to anthracnose and improving the shelf life and quality of mango fruits. However, the reduction of disease pressure on fruits was not at applicable level, which call ups future effort on developing on integrated disease management strategies for reduction of postharvest loss of mango fruits.

In vivo efficacy of garlic extract and yeast for the control of post harvest diseases of mango and papaya

The present investigations were carried out with collection of diseased samples, isolation of the organisms responsible for post harvest spoilage, their pathogenicity, symptomatology and morphological characters in order to suggest suitable control measures in respect of yeast as a bioagent and garlic extract as a botanical in controlling post harvest fungal diseases of mango and papaya. The causal organisms was isolated from infected fruits and recorded association of four fungal pathogens viz., Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The pathogenicity of all pathogens was proved by artificial inoculation method. The conidial size of A. niger, A. alternata, , C. gloeosporioides, and R. stolonifer measured as 4.4 μm, 42.47 x 16.37 μm, 9.50 – 18.56 x 2.68 -6.72 μm and 125 x 294.1 μm in size (average), respectively. Use of 5 per cent yeast, (Eremothecium cymbalariae) was found effective against Aspregillus niger and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides .1 per cent garlic extract was found effective against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata, but not much effective against Alternaria alternata on papaya fruits. Both yeast and garlic extract increases shelf-life and market quality of fruits, with increase in glossiness of fruits. How to view point the article : Shinde, R.P., Barhate, B.G. and Musmade, N.A. (2016). In vivo efficacy of garlic extract and yeast for the control of post harvest diseases of mango and papaya. Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 632-634, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/9.2/632-634.

POSTHARVEST DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MANGO SUPPLY CHAIN IN THAILAND

The aim of this research was to study of the development postharvest diseases during the supply chain of exporting mango. This experiment was assorted by sampling fruit randomly from the processes during mango handling in a packing house. The mango production comprised 5 processes, which were step 1 – no treatment (mangoes were kept from the field and then transport to the exporter), step 2 – pedicle cutting to 1 cm left and then dipped with 200 ppm chlorine, step 3 – dipping into hot water at 50°C for 3 min, step 4 – dipping with tap water for a few minutes and then dipping into 400 ppm ethephon, and step 5 – incubation in hot vapor at 47°C for 20 min. The results show that steps 3-5 comprised lower infected areas and disease incidences than step 1 and 2. Therefore, step 3 was the most important step for decreasing mango postharvest diseases in the postharvest handling of exporting mango.

Anthracnose: A Post-Harvest Disease of Mango

The Mango is severely affected with anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides belonging to order melanoconiales. C. gloeosporioides affects mango crop as the most threatening malady that results in huge economic losses up to about 30–60% damage that some times increased up to 100% in fruit produce under wet or very humid conditions. The optimum temperature for conidial germination and infection is around 25°C-30°C when free moisture is available. The anthracnose pathogen is found present on the host tissues as endophyte and remain, in quiescent stage but with the onset of moist and rainy season causes serious infection. C. gloeosporioides display a range of nutritional strategies and lifestyles, including plant associations that occupy a continuum from necrotrophy to hemibiotrophy and endophytism. During the anamorph (asexual) stage the pathogen is typically haploid and becomes diploid during transition towards teleomorph (sexual= Glomerulla) stage.

Alternative Strategy on Control of Postharvest Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) by Use of Low Dose of Ultraviolet-C Irradiation

The demand for clean, safe and sustainable alternative control measures of postharvest diseases of fruit has increased in recent years, and the use of UV-C irradiation is a potential option. This study focused on evaluating UV-C dose effect on in vitro and in vivo development of fungi species and also on postharvest decay on mango cv. Tommy Atkins. The evaluated fungi which cause decay were as follows: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungus mycelium was exposed to increasing doses of UV-C irradiation: 0 (control), 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20 kJ m−2. L. theobromae and A. alternata received dose up to 59.7 kJ m−2. Mangos artificially inoculated with B. dothidea were treated with doses of UV-C irradiation: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 e 10.0 kJ m−2 and stored at 10 °C for 15 days and for 2 days at 22 °C, observing the rot on daily basis. The trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with six replicates for in vitro tests and four replicates with seven fruit as experimental unit. The in vitro trials demonstrated that even high dose of UV-C (20 kJ m−2) was not able to control the fungi development. Nonetheless, low dose of UV-C irradiation at 2.5 kJ m−2 controlled around 70 % of fruit rot severity. Higher doses (>5 kJ m−2) caused damage on mango peel increasing the rot severity. Results suggest that, the application of low dose (<3 kJ m−2) of UV-C irradiation can contribute to the integrated management of postharvest diseases on mango, and that, the mechanisms of control involved are not directly related to the fungi development.

Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Quality and Incidence of Postharvest Disease of Mango (Mangifera indicia L.) Fruits

Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Quality and Incidence of Postharvest Disease of Mango (Mangifera indicia L.) Fruits

Assessment of potential antagonists for anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in North Western Ethiopia (Pawe)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered as one of the most popular fruits among millions of people in the tropical area and increasingly in the developed countries. Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the most important pre- and post-harvest disease of mango. The objective of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of different promising antagonistic Trichoderma and Bacillus spp. on phyloplane of mango in Ethiopia and to evaluate their antagonistic potential against the pathogen. A total of 19 mango fields were surveyed and anthracnose affected all fields. Culture studies on potato dextrose agar for evaluation of antibiosis activity of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. revealed that they have inhibitory and lytic effect on C. gloeosporioides, which is an indication of their potential biocontrol agent for management of mango anthracnose as an alternative to chemical control. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among Bacillus isolates in causing lysis of pathogen mycelium, when inoculated on actively growing colony of C. gloeosporioides. Maximum reduction in growth rate of pathogen was observed with Bacillus spp. (B50), which restricted the growth to 2.7 mm compared to 8.3 mm in the control with 67.5% efficacies. There were similar effects (p < 0.05) among Trichoderma spp. in formation of inhibition zones and lysis by varying degrees up to 59.7% efficacies in reducing linear growth of the pathogen in dual culture.

Isolation of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides and Antagonist Bacteria from Harumanis Mango and Screening for Biocontrol Activities

Postharvest disease of mango or commonly known as anthracnose caused by the fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It is a major pre and postharvest disease on mango, causing direct yield loss in the field and packing plant, quality and marketing issues thereafter. This study were aimed to identify the causal agent of mango anthracnose by isolated the fungus pathogen directly from the host plant and to determine the antagonistic activity and mechanism of potential antagonists bacteria towards C. gloeosporioide. The isolated fungus was grown in vitro on the Potato dextrose agar (PDA) agar and the pure culture was maintained in PDA slants at 28°C ± 2°C. Growth rate of the fungus was taken by measuring the diameter (cm) of the colony at the petriplate on the PDA agar daily. This information is vital for finding the potential antagonists against this pathogen. The isolated fungus was also tested for pathogenicity in the laboratory via wound inoculation method. The results were significantly proving the Koch’s postulates where C. gloeosporioide was found to be the causes of anthracnose disease on Harumanis mango. Preliminary screening of bacteria from healthy mango fruits yielded isolates antagonistic towards C. gloeosporioide, the cause of mango anthracnose. The result from the 24 antagonistic bacteria isolated which were screened by dual culture, 4 isolates of bacteria (BT16, BT09, BT02 and BT05) had high antagonistic activities against C. gloeosporioide of Harumanis mango ranging from 26.25% to 67.03%. Antagonist bacteria BT16 was strongly inhibited the fungal growth by an average 67.03%, respectively during in vitro screening on PDA medium. Further observations were done under light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mode of action of bacteria against the fungus was producing volatile compound which was the antifungal substances. Therefore, in vitro activities of bacteria BT16 against C. gloeosporioide of Harumanis mango suggested that the bacterium can be an effective biological control agent. Further experiments will be done to identify the isolate BT16 and to analyse the extraction of antifungal substances produced by the antagonist bacteria.

Selection of Yeasts Antagonists as Biocontrol Agent of Mango Fruit Rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae

Fruit rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae is one of the most important post harvest disease of mango in Indonesia. Study on biological control on the disease is required to develop environmentally-sound control technology. The research objectives were to study the potency of yeasts in controlling post harvest mango disease i.e. fruit rot caused by B. theobromae and mechanism involve in the biocontrol. Total yeast isolates used for screening were twenty one, four from collection of Plant Clinic of Institut Pertanian Bogor, and twenty one isolated from healthy mango skin. All of yeast isolates were characterized and identified using BIOLOG. Bioassay on antagonistic activity of yeasts against fruit rot, in-vitro dual culture test and chitinolytic activity were carried out. Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius WSW1, Pichia guilliermondii K1, and Debaryomyces hansenii K12 were the three most effective antagonistic yeasts against B. theobromae with effectiveness of 70.83%, 45.83%, 37.50% respectively. In vitro bio-assay showed that C. albidus var. aerius WSW1, C. albidus WSW2, C. albidus K6, C. terreus YSW1, Candida edax OSW1, Candida edax K13, and Cryptococcus luteolus K2 had high antibiosis activity. Biocontrol activity of tested yeasts against fruit rot of mango did not correlate to its antibiosis and chitinolytic activity