Postage Stamp Research Articles

Comparison of cost allocation models for transmission and distribution by voltage levels based on postage stamp method and peak load liability method

In order to make the allocation of transmission and distribution costs more reasonable, the cost allocation models for transmission and distribution of different voltage levels based on postage stamp method and peak load liability method are constructed. Two models are used to calculate and compare the transmission and distribution costs of different voltage levels in a power grid company. The results show that the peak load liability method is more reasonable than the stamp method to allocate transmission and distribution costs among different voltage levels.

Use of Fresh Scalp Allografts From Living Relatives for Extensive Deep Burns in Children: A Clinical Study Over 7 Years.

Conventionally, pediatric patients with major burns need frozen cadaveric allografts to save their lives. However, these allografts are insufficient in many burn units because of cultural and local governmental laws in China. This paper reported 22 pediatric patients with major burns who received fresh scalp allografts from their parents, siblings, or relatives from January 2011 to December 2017. These 22 pediatric patients sustained deep partial-thickness to full-thickness burns involving 40% total body surface area (TBSA) on average. Wounds were covered with fresh scalp allografts alone or with postage stamp autografts and fresh scalp allografts post excision. Data were collected from medical files of the treated patients, including sex, age, etiology of burn injury, abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI), and TBSA. Postoperative variables included early survival rate of skin grafts, mean time to rejection, length of hospital stay (LHS), healing time of donor sites, and follow-up complications of donors. The 1-year survival rate of the 22 pediatric patients included into the study was 100%. The early survival rate of the scalp allografts was similar to the autografts. The mean time to rejection was 15.5 ± 3.60 days. The average LHS was 58 days. All donor sites healed within 7.6 days on average, without scar formation, alopecia areata, or folliculitis. Following up data of the donors revealed a full psychological sense of accomplishment and no regrets of donating the scalp to save the burned children. Therefore, the use of fresh scalp allografts is a feasible alternative to save pediatric patients with major burns when frozen allografts are unavailable.

Measurement of Tidal Tilt by a Micromechanical Inertial Sensor Employing Quasi-Zero- Stiffness Mechanism

High-precision microelectromechanical inertial sensors based on spring-mass structures are of great interests for a wide range of applications, including inertial navigation, disaster warning and resource exploration. Lowering the resonant frequency is essential to further improve the sensitivity of the sensors. However, conventional approaches are facing insurmountable difficulties from size reduction to machining precision. This paper proposed a novel quasi-zero-stiffness mechanism that is compatible with MEMS technologies together with a micromaching approach for adjusting the stiffness precisely. By improving the compliance of a typical spring with a negative-stiffness compensation mechanism induced by axial force, the resonant frequency of the micro spring-mass structure is lowered to 0.7 Hz, which is at least 3 times lower than current state-of-the-art micro structures. Based on this ultra-sensitive micro structure base on the quasi-zero-stiffness mechanism, the micro inertial sensor, with a chip size of a postage stamp, has shown a low self-noise of 0.6 nrad/ $\surd $ Hz at 0.04 Hz and a high long-term stability that are comparable to traditional pendulum inertial sensors. It is the first micro device, to our knowledge, that can successfully measure the tidal tilt signal. [2020-0048]

The Frobenius postage stamp problem, and beyond

Let A be a finite subset of $$\mathbb{Z}^n$$ , which generates $$\mathbb{Z}^n$$ additively. We provide a precise description of the N-fold sumsets NA for N sufficiently large, with some explicit bounds on “sufficiently large.”

The Snopes of Kilimanjaro

The Snopes of Kilimanjaro

Символи державності на поштових марках: світові стандарти

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of issues of postage stamps of the world during the first half of the XIX - beginning of the XXI century. The study is based on the study of the image content of postage stamps of the standard type, which are the most widespread and intended for long-term technological use. The main content of the study is the analysis of symbols of statehood on the background of postage stamps, which act as a carrier of historical information. The postage stamp reflects the historical and cultural heritage of the country and the prospects for the development of culture around the world. Performing its main technological function, a postage stamp with elements of symbolic load automatically formulates – attributive. In this sense, it is not just an artistic miniature, it acts as a kind of matrix that has the ability to connect history with the present. The plots of postal issues cover significant events in the history of the state, with their assistance the historical and cultural heritage is popularized. Therefore, the postal administration of Ukraine is directly interested in the plots depicted in postal issues. Due to its wide distribution in the world, and based on the communicative function of the postage stamp, it is advisable to reproduce the symbols of statehood – flag, coat of arms, national currency, maps, parliament or legislature, national monuments, portraits of national and political leaders who testify to the sovereignty of the state. As a way of understanding the past and perceiving the present, the postage stamp expresses a single concept: historical memory – artistic image - the sovereignty of the state. Possessing a semiotic aspect, the postage stamp fits into the general symbolic, symbolic theory of the image both art, and information. The high artistic level and content of the plots are visual forms that encourage the study of national symbols and form a positive attitude of domestic and foreign collectors to the issuing state.

Історико-культурна спадщина України крізь призму маркознавства

The article presents the definition of the study of stamps as a separate area of research of historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine. Views on the postage stamp as a historical pictorial source, through which the historical, national and cultural memory of people is fixed, are revealed. A review of the prerequisites for the scientific study of postage stamps in the field of humanities shows them as unique representatives of the national historical and cultural environment. The significance of addressing the issue of scientific study of postage stamps (philately) as a carrier of cultural and historical heritage is observed in the context of historical, philosophical, cultural and art studies. The practical value of the research is concentrated in the circles of collectors, profile museums of the post office, in archival funds, which keep general, documentary collections of postage stamps. In the process of the research, new research-interdisciplinary direct connections have emerged, which reveal aspects of philately from the point of view of psychology and philosophy. Taking into account all the achievements of interdisciplinary research, we consider historical explorations of preservation and translation of the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine on postage stamps important and promising in the context of scientific and theoretical as well as empirical and applied Heritage Studies. All the above leads us to determine the purpose of the study, which can be described as identifying the conceptual foundations of the postage stamp not only as an independent object of cultural heritage, but also understanding the process of coding Ukraine’s sovereignty at different stages of statehood developing the postage stamp as a carrier of the historical and cultural heritage of the nation and the state. Scientific prospects for further elaboration of this topic in general and in its systemforming elements in particular are seen in the need to increase the importance of further scientific study of cultural heritage of Ukraine through the prism of postal miniature, where the object of study focuses on revealing the concepts and the practice of philately in stamp publishing cultural environment.

A Virtual Nested MIMO Array Exploiting Fourth Order Difference Coarray

In active direction of arrivals (DOA) sensing, the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar can lead to more degrees of freedom (DOFs). The DOFs can be further increased when the fourth order cumulants are used in MIMO. However, most array geometries are not designed for fourth order cumulants based MIMO and this array geometry optimization problem is still an open issue. To have a simple guideline for this optimization problem, we reformulate it into two separate problems, which are a fourth order sum coarray optimization problem and a second order difference coarray problem. The fourth order sum coarray optimization is realized by solving a postage stamp problem and a virtual nested array can be obtained. The number of elements in this virtual nested array can be significantly increased with only a few physical sensors. The corresponding inter-element spacing of virtual nested array is expanded simultaneously. Then the second order difference coarray is adopted to the virtual nested array to further increase the DOFs. Numerical results validate the high DOFs achieved by our proposition.

Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941): Hero in Cell Biology and Evolutionary Bioethics.

Ernest Everett Just is celebrated for his contributions to cell biology. Among other firsts, he was first to describe the "wave of negativity" spreading around an egg cell from the entrance point of the fertilizing spermatozoon. His accomplishments in biology are celebrated in Black Apollo of Science (1983) by Kenneth Manning, and by a 1996 Black Heritage postage stamp. What is not yet widely appreciated, however, is that Just connected evolutionary biology to ethical behavior (1933, 1939, 1940). He was probably the first cell biologist to argue that human ethical behavior evolved from our very most primitive cellular origins. Today, Just's contributions to evolutionary bioethics, including "the law of environmental dependence," can be better appreciated because his unpublished booklength manuscript, "The Origin of Man's Ethical Behavior" has been preserved at Howard University's Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.

The periodic table of chemical elements – history, nature, meaning

Abstract By decision of the UN General Assembly 2019 was declared an International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. On this occasion, in Bulgaria, an anniversary postage stamp was issued. Search for a link between the properties of the chemical elements and their atomic weight was undertaken before Mendeleev by many chemists. It is characteristic of all these classifications that the observed proximity in the properties of the elements has been attributed to chance. Mendeleev, however, was the only one who perceived that beyond the periodicity of the elements’ properties there is an important natural law. With the discovery of the structure of atoms, the periodic table of chemical elements found its scientific explanation. The periodic table set an important task to chemistry – to look for the relationship between the composition and the properties of the substances, including the disclosure of the regularities which are the basis of the so-called “anomalies”.

Gout is not a life sentence: be informed.

“I knew as much about gout as you could fit on a postage stamp. I had a vision of a cartoon Lord-of-the-manor image, drinking with a large bandage around his foot.” Malcolm is not alone in his thinking, nor is he alone in receiving sub-optimal gout treatment. He articulates the impact gout has had on his mind, body, and quality of life: “I know pain, I've had broken bones, I've been shot, even a knee replacement, but nothing compares to a gout attack—it takes over completely; I can't function, can't move, nothing relieves it.” By the time his flare-ups had escalated from two per year to an overall 50% occurrence, the anxiety and depression caused by more than 4 years of progressive and sustained attacks led him to thoughts of suicide. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomised controlled trialNurse-led gout care is efficacious and cost-effective compared with usual care. Our findings illustrate the benefits of educating and engaging patients in gout management and reaffirm the importance of a treat-to-target urate-lowering treatment strategy to improve patient-centred outcomes. Full-Text PDF Open Access

La imagen circulante del rey: el sello postal y las representaciones visuales de la nación en España (1849-1882)

Los documentos de valor (monedas, sellos, billetes) portan imágenes con referentes identitarios. A través de ellos circula entre la población un discurso político que remite a la nación, la república, la monarquía, el imperio, Europa, etc. Este artículo se propone estudiar este fenómeno en relación con la fijación de una imagen de la nación asociada a la monarquía a través del sello postal. El diálogo entre Estado, Monarquía y Nación a través de la imagen y el texto estampados en el sello nos permite estudiar las consecuencias que estos elementos iconográficos y textuales tuvieron sobre el imaginario político. La cotidiana visualización de la Corona a través del sello postal, con la cabeza del monarca y/o el escudo nacional, había de contribuir a fijar en la mente de los ciudadanos el icono de la nación liberal del que la reina y el rey eran símbolos.

Japan’s Most Famous Surveyor: Ino Tadataka and His Iconic 1821 Map of Japan!

Abstract. Having examined famous surveyors and surveys from all over the world it is not often that I have encountered a country that was so proud of one of its legendary surveyors that they struck a postage stamp to him for his survey work. However, I was absolutely delighted when I discovered that the Japanese nation had dedicated an 80 yen postage stamp to their hero surveyor Ino Tadataka who had been responsible for surveying the country to provide the details for the first accurate map of its territory in 1821. Even though this large chart was published posthumously he is rightly celebrated as the genius behind this masterpiece of cartography having spent the last seventeen (17) years of his life personally walking and measuring the entirety of its coastal boundaries from the advanced age of 55 years.Within this paper I will trace the life of this great man highlighting the Edo Period of Japanese history along with the techniques and surveying equipment utilized by Ino and his survey teams to collect the measurements required to produce the first accurate delineation of the coasts of their nation. Along the way we will visit Ino’s house and various museums and statue monuments honouring this surveying hero and his truly remarkable achievements in precise mapping during a time before GPS, drone and aerial photogrammetry and remote sensing from satellites.

An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract We search Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 imaging for galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural networks, extending previous work with new training sets and covering a wider range of redshifts and colors. We train two neural networks using images of simulated lenses, then use them to score postage-stamp images of 7.9 million sources from DES chosen to have plausible lens colors based on simulations. We examine 1175 of the highest-scored candidates and identify 152 probable or definite lenses. Examining an additional 20,000 images with lower scores, we identify a further 247 probable or definite candidates. After including 86 candidates discovered in earlier searches using neural networks and 26 candidates discovered through visual inspection of blue-near-red objects in the DES catalog, we present a catalog of 511 lens candidates.

Henri Marie Rene Leriche – a French surgeon and physiologist, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences
 (to the 140th of birthday)

Rene Lerish was born in 1879, graduated from the Maristes School. In 1893 he received a bachelor's degree in rhetoric. In the years 1899-1900 Lerish served military service. In 1902, after graduating from the Faculty of Medicine in Lyon, he worked as an external student. In 1906, Lerish wrote a doctoral thesis on gastric resection for cancer. In the First World War, Lerish was at the front, where, among other things, he headed the school for the improvement of military field surgeons, wrote a number of works on the treatment of fractures, suggested organizing a center for vascular surgery. After the war, Leriche worked in Lyon until 1924, when he received the department of clinical surgery at the University of Strasbourg. In 1937, he took the place of professor at the College de France. Rene Leriche investigated the problem of pain, studied the sympathetic nervous system, including. Leriche developed access to the parathyroid glands, methods of resection of the stomach and treatment of trophic ulcers with varicose veins, periarterial sympathectomy (1913), operations for endarteritis obliterans and post-thrombophlebitic syndrome, described the syndrome of Leriche and proposed a method for its treatment. His work has also been devoted to problems of orthopedics, surgical endocrinology and anesthesiology. Leriche was the author of the concept, which called for restoring not so much the structure, but the function of the affected organ. Returning to Lyon in 1940, he resigned from the post of Minister of Health and until 1952 worked at the Center for Vascular Surgery in Lyon. He was the founder and first president of the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgeons. In 1955, Rene Lerish died. He published about 1,200 scientific papers, including 21 monographs. Leriche was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1945), the National Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Surgery of France (1946), received the title of honorary doctor of thirty foreign universities. In 1958 in France a postage stamp was issued with his name and a portrait on it.

Space-Borne Electron Accelerator Design

Renewed interest in active experiments with relativistic particle beams in space has led to the development of solid-state radio-frequency (RF) linear accelerators (linac) that can deliver MeV electron beams but operate with low-voltage DC power supplies. The solid-state RF amplifiers used to drive the accelerator are known as high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), and at C-band (5-6 GHz) are capable of generating up to 500 watts of RF power at 10% duty factor in a small package, i.e., the size of a postage stamp. In operation, the HEMTs are powered with 50V DC as their bias voltage; they thus can tap into the spacecraft batteries or electrical bus as the primary power source. In this paper we describe the initial testing of a compact space-borne RF accelerator consisting of individual C-band cavities, each independently powered by a gallium nitride (GaN) HEMT. We show preliminary test results that demonstrate the beam acceleration in a single C-band cavity powered by a single HEMT operating at 10% duty factor. An example of active beam experiments in space that could benefit from the HEMT-powered accelerators is the proposed Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Connection (CONNEX) experiment [Dors et al., 2017].

Advances in stem cell-based regenerative medicine: Despite setbacks and failures, therapies to replace damaged tissue are making their way into the clinic.

EMBO Reports (2019) e48172 Stem cell‐based regenerative medicine has experienced turbulent times in recent years that have involved several scandals implicating prominent institutions and numerous retractions of papers from leading journals. But it has also seen real progress being made on the way to the clinic. It reflects the tension between human ambition and hope on one side and the need for hard evidence and solid data on the other side in a field where early expectations ran far ahead of reality. This tension may help explain the recent scandal involving stem cell surgeon Paolo Macchiarini, who was found guilty of scientific misconduct regarding an article in The Lancet , which has since been retracted. It is an ongoing saga as Macchiarini is still publishing in leading journals, even though his reputation as a surgeon and stem cell researcher has been compromised. > … the whole field of regenerative medicine had been tainted by a number of cases where […] researchers had taken short cuts and neglected basic science. The story dates back to 2004, when Macchiarini's team extracted some pig intestine and removed the cells to leave a collagen matrix that was then repopulated with muscle and fibroblasts to generate connective epidermal tissue. The patch was implanted in the airway of a 58‐year‐old patient suffering from respiratory problems after surgery for lung cancer [1]. Macchiarini then expanded this technique to whole tracheas using plastic scaffolds in addition to natural tissue from human donors. In another clinical case, the bare plastic scaffold was populated with stem cells taken from the patient's own bone marrow and implanted in a young female patient in 2008. This propelled Macchiarini almost to rock star status and an appointment by the Karolinska Institute, where he refined his technique by replacing donor windpipes with plastic …

Transmission Embedded Cost Allocation under Open Access in Restructured Electricity Market

Electricity Power sector around the world is witnessed reforms from traditional regulated regime to a deregulated system. Under such environment electricity transmission sector is separated from Generation and Distribution. This natural monopoly further allow public and private sector to use existing transmission facility under “Open Access”. Under such structure, it is essential to system owner and operator to form a rational and transparent costing mechanism for independent transactions by the third party. This costing mechanism in terms of price should provide the correct economic signals to each market participants, to ensure market investment, reliability and secure and reliable operation of power system. Several methods and approaches have been investigated for allocation of transaction to recover embedded cost with varying degree of success. This study demonstrates conventional Postage Stamp, MW-Mile and MVA-Mile methods based on optimal power flow approach. The said methodology is implemented on practical power system for Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Limited, India. The purpose of study is to recover and share transmission cost in term of tariff subject to system security and reliability of the power system. The results are computed and compared for power system conditions. This study concludes that the proposed methodology is suitable to recover embedded cost, ensures the economic advantages, system security and reliability of the power system and suitable for practical power system.

Comparative study of noncultured epidermal cell suspension and postage stamp skin grafting in stable vitiligo

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired primary depigmentary disorder, with a worldwide prevalence of 1%. Up to 80% of patients respond to medical treatment but for the rest of the patients, surgical methods are the treatment options. There is a scarcity of comparative studies of different surgical techniques in vitiligo. Aims: This article compares the efficacy of noncultured epidermal cell suspension (NCES) and postage stamp skin grafting in stable vitiligo. Methods: It was an experimental analytical study conducted over a period of 2 years. Two lesions in each patient were selected and those two lesions in each individual were randomized between Group A (NCES) and Group B (postage stamp grafting technique). Forty lesions in the 20 patients were divided into two groups − Groups A and B comprising of 20 lesions in each were taken up for surgery with two different procedures, that is, NCES and postage stamp grafting, respectively. Digital photographs were taken at every sitting. An analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney tests and grading was done for response in the form of repigmentation as excellent (>75%), good (50%–75%), fair (25%–50%), and poor (<25%). Results: The patients included in the study belonged to different strata of society. Postage stamp split skin grafting being a simple and cost-effective technique showed excellent repigmentation in 19/20 (95%) of lesions as compared to NCES in which it was only seen in 13/20 (65%) lesions at the end of study over the period of 12 weeks. Conclusion: Postage stamp skin grafting is easy to perform, relatively inexpensive, and shows early and better results with minimum complications than NCES.

ШАГ ЯК ОДИНИЦЯ ДИСКУРСУ ГРОШОВИХ ВІДНОСИН СХІДНОСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОГО МОВНОГО ПРОСТОРУ

The article analyzes the interdisciplinary object of research, which is interesting for the modern globalized era. These are monetary nominations that reflect the material and spiritual culture of the everyday life of nations and are manifested in the types of discourse of monetary relations. The purpose of this study is lexicographic, historical and discursive analysis of the semantics of the monetary nomination SHAH. This name arose in the East Slavic language space and denoted the monetary unit of small-scale. The monetary nomination SHAH is fixed on the material of the vocabulary articles of East Slavic lexicography, in printed numismatic directories and in various types of discourse. It is noted that the semantics of the metaphorical SHAH is associated with the original value of ‘step’ and the secondary one is ‘the smallest currency (most commonly coin) in circulation among the main population of the country’. The SHAH is a member of the lexical-semantic group, which is characterized by the common historical meaning of ‘small amounts of money’: tryhroshevyk (troyak), pivkopiyky, hrish, denha, postage stamp, miniature. The lexeme SHAH in the sense of the monetary unit has become outdated with time; instead, after the revolution, the significance of the SHAH as a move, the portable significance of an unbridled forward movement, which corresponded to the ideology of Soviet politics, was actualized. The notion of the smallest small money was replaced by the Russian and subsequently all-Soviet nomination of a kopiyka. However, the linguistic memory of the Eastern Slavs retained the remote semantic connections of the notion of money with a postage stamp (postal payment sign).