Post-test Control Group Design Research Articles

IMPACT OF BLENDED LEARNING TEACHING TECHNIQUE ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL

The increasing demands on teachers have led to the strategic integration of information communication technology, suggesting that teachers' efficacy can be heightened through the judicious incorporation of technology into their teaching techniques. In light of this premise, this research aimed to assess the impact of blending learning teaching techniques on the academic achievements of 8th class science subject students in Gujranwala. The main objective was to compare achievement levels between blending learning and traditional methods. In this regard, the pre-test post-test control group design was utilized, with a sample of sixty students randomly selected. Data were collected through achievement test, revealing the blending learnings' superiority in enhancing the students' cognitive skills according to Bloom's taxonomy. This study examined the leading issues in contemporary situation wherein results provide significant information in reaching the decision of study and making some appropriate recommendations. This highlighted the potential benefits in a tailor-made format thereby incorporating blending learning in developments of education at different levels especially at the elementary level.

Dzikr Relaxation to Decrease College Student's Anxiety and Increase Happiness

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of dhikr relaxation in reducing anxiety and increasing happiness in college students. The subjects were 16 students of UIN Sunan Kalijaga aged 19-23 years. There were 2 hypotheses in this research. This research method was conducted by using quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest control group design. Data collection tools were the HARS scale (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), the OHQ scale (The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire), and Nexus Biofeedback. The data analysis used the Mann-Whitney U Test. The results of the first study showed that there was a difference in the anxiety score between the control group and the experimental group that took part in dhikr relaxation therapy, where the experimental group's score was greater than the control group's score as evidenced by the sig. of 0.005 (p<0.05). The results of the second study showed that there was no difference in the happiness score between the control group and the experimental group that took part in dhikr relaxation therapy, where the experimental group's score was greater than the control group's score as evidenced by the sig value. of 0.161 (p>0.05). The results of the analysis using the Nexus Biofeedback tool showed the sig. 0.028 (p<0.05). It can be concluded that dhikr relaxation was effective in reducing anxiety as indicated by a decrease in respiration frequency using the Nexus Biofeedback tool. However, dhikr relaxation has not been effective in increasing students’ happiness.

Enhancing Science Education Through the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) Learning Model: An Experimental Study on Process Skills and Learning Outcomes at Middle School

This study investigates the implementation of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) Learning Model, which emphasizes teamwork and individual accountability. Traditional teaching methods often fail to actively engage students in developing analytical and practical skills. The STAD model aims to enhance students' process skills and learning outcomes in science education. The research was conducted at SMP Muhammadiyah Ambon with seventh-grade students from four classes. Two classes were randomly selected, with class VIIa as the experimental group (30 students) and another class as the control group (30 students). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with SPSS version 26.0. A quantitative experimental approach was employed, using a Pre-test, Post-test, and Non-equivalent Control Group design. Data collection focused on science process skills and learning outcomes. The results demonstrated a significant impact of the STAD model on improving learning outcomes and science process skills. There was a notable increase in average scores from pre-test to post-test in both experimental and control groups. MANOVA results (Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, Hotelling's Trace, and Roy's Largest Root) showed very high F-values, indicating significant differences between the groups in enhancing students' science process skills and learning achievements. The STAD model proved more effective than traditional methods, suggesting its integration into a collaboration-based curriculum. Effective implementation requires STAD-based teacher training, including team formation techniques, motivational strategies, and methods for assessing team performance. Adopting these recommendations can significantly boost student participation, teamwork skills, and overall learning outcomes.

The Positive Impact of Game-Assisted Project Based Learning Model on Students’ Critical Thinking Ability in Mathematics Learning

Anxiety and difficulty understanding the material in mathematics learning in children results in a decrease in children's critical thinking abilities. The aim of this research was to analyze the application of the pure PjBL model and the game-based PjBL model to children's critical thinking abilities. This research was a type of quantitative research with experimental methods. The research design used was Mathing Pretest Posttest Control Group Design. The population of this research was between grades 1-6. The sample for this research is 32 grade 5 students divided into 2 classes, namely the control class and the experimental class. The method used to collect data was observation and tests. The instrument used to collect data was a question sheet. The data analysis technique was carried out using the t test and anova test using the SPSS 25 application. The results of the analysis were the pure PjBL model and game-based PjBL, both of which saw an increase in scores before and after being given treatment. Comparison between the game-based PjBL model and the pure PjBL model shows that the game-based PjBL model was superior to the pure PjBL. The conclusion of this research was that both pure and game-based PjBL models have an influence on critical thinking skills and the use of the game-based PjBL model was superior in improving critical thinking skills compared to the pure PjBL model.

Intervention of Combination of Swedish Massage Therapy with Lavender Aromatherapy in Reducing Stress and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

Background: Severe stress is one of the causes of hypertension, both the elderly, young adults and middle-aged people. Stress and increased blood pressure experienced by a person are the causative factors for hypertension. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the combination of Swedish Massage Therapy with Lavender Aromatherapy on stress and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Methods: This study is a quantitative research that uses a quasy experiment research design with a pretest - posttest control group design approach. The population of all hypertension patients in the Working Area of the Karangan Health Center, Trenggalek Regency is 107 people. The sample size was 54 respondents. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The independent variables of the study were the Combination of Swedish Massage Therapy with Lavender Aromatherapy and the dependent variables were stress and blood pressure. The analysis used the Mann Whitney test with a significant p value < 0.05. Result. Results: of the study using the Mann Whitney test showed a p value of 0.000 or < 0.05 related to stress and blood pressure between the intervention group and the control group after the combination of Swedish Massage Therapy and Lavender Aromatherapy. Conclusion: The combination of Swedish Massage Therapy with Lavender Aromatherapy is effective in reducing stress and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This intervention is very easy to do, so it can be applied as a nursing intervention in the work area of the health center for the development of nursing science.

Innovation in Indonesian Language Learning: The Impact of Flipbook Media on Elementary School Students’ Learning Outcomes

The "5W + 1H" aspect (what, where, when, who, why, how) is the subject matter studied by fifth-grade elementary school students. Lack of language literacy, student enthusiasm, and inadequate use of learning media are problems for class V students in understanding the material. This research aims to analyze the influence of flipbook media on the learning outcomes of Indonesian language material "5W+1H" for fifth-grade elementary school students. This quantitative research uses a quasi-experimental design of a pre-test, post-test, and non-equivalent control group design. The population in this study was 125 fifth-grade elementary school students. The sample for this research was 26 fifth-grade elementary school students. Data collection methods use tests and questionnaires. Data collection instruments include questionnaires and test questions. Data analysis for this research used the SPSS 16 application in the form of a normality test, homogeneity test, t-test, N-Gain test, and average percentage of student responses. The research results showed a difference in the average post-test scores for the experimental class and the control class students. The average Indonesian language learning results for the experimental class using flipbook media were better than the average Indonesian language learning results for the control class. It was concluded that Flipbook Media helps students learn, increases enthusiasm for learning, and influences Indonesian language learning outcomes in the "5W+1H" material.

The effect of group art therapy on the stress coping ability of Chinese international students in South Korea: using the person-in-the-rain test.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group therapy on the stress coping skills of Chinese students in Korea using a pre-test post-test control group design. Thirty participants were randomly placed into an experimental group (EG; n = 15) and a control group (CG; n = 15). The EG completed eight 120-min sessions of group art therapy. The Person-in-the-Rain (PITR) drawing test was conducted with both groups before and after the EG completed art therapy. The test revealed that EG members demonstrated lower stress and significantly higher stress resources and coping abilities than the CG members after the intervention. The group art therapy program improved the EG participants' ability to deal with stress. This study's findings may offer insights useful for determining how best to provide psychological and emotional support to international students who have left their home countries and are continuing their academic journeys abroad.

Development Of Excel-Based (Nawasena) Basic Financial Accounting Learning Media To Improve Learning Outcomes In The Accounting Cycle

The problem in this study is the low student learning outcomes on financial accounting cycle material. The type of research was research and development with the ADDIE model. With an experimental trial design using a pre-test - post-test control group design model. The feasibility of the product was tested by media experts, learning practitioners, namely teachers, and media users, namely students. The media was tested on the research subjects, namely students of class X AKL 2 SMK Muhammadiyah Dukun. The data collection instruments used were interview guidelines, expert validation questionnaires, teacher response questionnaires, student response questionnaires, and financial transaction questions. The results of the study show: (1) Basic Financial Accounting Learning Media Product "Nawasena" has been successfully developed to improve student learning outcomes in the accounting cycle; (2) "Nawasena" learning media is assessed as feasible by media experts with a score of 3.8; practitioner teachers 3.6; and students 3.61; (3) Learning media can improve student learning outcomes seen from the difference in gain score results between the control group 0.63 and the experiment which is 0.73.

Influence of Learning Activities Based on the Constructionism Approach in Digital Learning Ecosystem on Self-directed Learning Skills

Due to the advancement of digital technology in the 21st century, self-directed learning (SDL) skills have become crucial for learning in the digital era, which is characterized by rapid change. Most previous studies have focused on enhancing SDL skills through various instructional methods. Today, technology plays a crucial role in learning. In the current context, exploring the outcomes of incorporating digital technology in teaching methods to enhance SDL skills is an intriguing subject. This study investigated the impact of SDL skills and learning achievement promotion by employing learning activities based on the constructionism approach in a digital learning ecosystem (DLE). The study used a quasi-experimental research approach with a non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. The participants were eleventh-grade students. The results showed that both the SDL skills and learning achievement of the experimental group increased more compared to those of the control group. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that learning-by-marking within an environment where numerous digital technologies serve as learning tools has a positive impact on SDL skills and learning achievement.

The Effectiveness of The Stad-Type Cooperative Learning Model on The Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability of Elementary School Students

Students’ ability to solve problems is still lacking because they often rely on memorizing concepts. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the STAD-type cooperative learning model in helping students solve mathematical problems. This type of research used descriptive quantitative research. This research approach used an experiment with a Quasi experimental design in the form of a pre-test post-test control group design. This research was conducted using a sample of fifth-grade students at Dukuhan Kerten State Elementary School, even semester of the 2022/2023 academic year. This research used a cluster random sampling technique where two experimental and control classes were obtained. Independent Sample T-Test is one type of data analysis test used. STAD and conventional learning models show different levels of effectiveness, as seen from the Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.044 < 0.05 indicated that is rejected. In the Independent sample t-test the mean value of the experimental class also bigger than the mean of the control class, which is 0.4280 > 0.2708. It showed that in improving fifth-grade students’class V mathematics problem solving skills on geometric material, the STAD learning model is more effective to use.

Effect of kopyor coconut water on early-onset preeclampsia-like impairments in rats induced by L-nitro-arginine methyl ester

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy disorder posing significant health risks to both the mother and the fetus without available preventive measures or treatments. More specifically, the main pathological feature of early-onset PE (EO-PE) is the incomplete transformation of the spiral artery. Meanwhile, aspirin has proven effective for the treatment and prevention of PE. Previous studies indicated a relationship between the phytochemical compound of kopyor coconut water (KCW) and nutritional treatment for PE. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of KCW as a potential preventive treatment for PE. An experimental laboratory method was used with pre-test and post-test control group designs. The samples comprised 35 pregnant Wistar rats, divided into five groups with seven members each. Rats were then randomized into control and groups exposed to L-NAME, L-NAME and aspirin, L-NAME and KCW 2 ml/200 gBW, as well as L-Name and KCW 2 ml/200 gBW for GD4 to 19. The results showed that after administering L-NAME to induce EO-PE, mean arterial pressure (MAP), proteinuria, placental hypoxia, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction decreased due to KCW nutritional treatment. Specifically, KCW nutrition prevented the uterine spiral artery from expanding and reduced the number of neutrophils. The decreased survival rate caused by L-NAME-induced PE was reversed by providing KCW nutrition. Moreover, results indicated that KCW was a potential alternative for the prevention and treatment of EO-PE even at doses of 2 or 3 ml/200 gBW, offering insights for the community and clinical practitioners in treating PE as a therapeutic option.

Effects of Adding Brown Sugar In Young Coconut Water Post High-Intensity Interval Training on Plasma Osmolarity, Oxygen Saturation, and Pulse Rate

This study analyzes the effect of adding brown sugar to young coconut water post-High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on plasma osmolarity, oxygen saturation, and pulse rate. Utilizing a pre and post-test control group design, the experiment involved 20 male subjects aged 19-22 with a normal body mass index. The participants were divided into three groups: (K1) receiving mineral water, (K2) receiving young coconut water, and (K3) receiving young coconut water with added brown sugar. Each subject underwent a 30-minute ergo cycle HIIT session. Blood samples were collected at three intervals: before exercise, immediately after, and an hour post-rehydration. The results indicated plasma osmolarity levels showed no significant change from Pre-HIIT (0.939) to Post-HIIT (0.780). However, Post-Rehydration, an increase was observed across the three groups (p=0.004). Pulse rate measurements revealed no significant difference from Pre-HIIT (0.788) to Post-HIIT (0.411), but Post-Rehydration, a significant decrease was noted between the groups (p=0.034). Oxygen saturation levels remained consistent Pre-HIIT (0.902), Post-HIIT (0.602), and 1-hour post-HIIT (0.611) within the third group. In conclusion, adding brown sugar to young coconut water post-HIIT resulted in higher plasma osmolarity, did not affect oxygen saturation levels, and contributed to a lower pulse rate. Keyword: Plasma osmolarity; oxygen saturation; pulse rate; brown sugar; young coconut water

Peningkatan Kemampuan Matematika Melalui Penggunaan Metode Pembelajaran Berbasis Permainan di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 060944

This research aims to explore the effectiveness of using game-based learning methods in improving the mathematical abilities of students at State Elementary School 060944. The research was conducted using an experimental pre-test post-test control group design, involving two classes with a total of 60 students. One class was the control group and received conventional learning, while the other class was the experimental group and received game-based learning. The research results show that game-based learning is effective in improving students mathematical understanding and skills compared to conventional lerning. The practical implication of this research is the importance of integrating interesting and activity-based learning methods in the learning process at State Elementary School 060944 to improve student academic achievement.

THE EFFECTS OF POLYA'S PROBLEM SOLVING WITH DIGITAL BAR MODEL ON THE ALGEBRAIC THINKING SKILLS OF SEVENTH GRADERS

There is a dearth of empirical data to support the positive effects of problem solving (PS) combined with digital technology in the classroom, despite claims that these activities improve students' algebraic thinking abilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate how the teaching method known as Polya's problem solving with digital bar model (PSDMB) affected the seventh graders' ability to think algebraically. Ralston's framework, which covers Generalised Arithmetic, Function, and Modelling within the topic of Linear Equation, served as the foundation for the evaluation of algebraic thinking abilities. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was employed. A total of 90 seventh graders, aged twelve- to thirteen-year-olds, from a secondary school in Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia, made up the sample. Three teaching groups were formed out of these randomly chosen students: PSDMB (n = 30), Bar Model (MB) (n = 30), and Conventional Problem Solving (CPS) (n = 30). Both the pre- and post-algebraic thinking tests were taken by students. The post-test results were analysed using MANCOVA with the students' pre-test results acting as covariates. The results indicated that students in the PSDMB group performed notably better in Generalised Arithmetic, Function, and Modelling than those in the MB group, who, in turn, outperformed those in the CPS group. These results imply that incorporating digital bar model into problem-based learning is a successful strategy for improving seventh graders' algebraic thinking abilities. Keywords: algebraic thinking skills, digital bar model, Polya's problem solving, seventh graders

Effectiveness of ICT-integrated pedagogy on pre-service teachers’ teaching competence in mathematics

The influence of teachers’ teaching competence on students’ academic performance is pivotal, prompting an examination of the efficacy of ICT-integrated pedagogy in enhancing the teaching competence of pre-service mathematics teachers. This quasi-experimental research employed a pre-test, and post-test control group design involving 30 pre-service teachers, with 15 participants assigned to both the experimental and control groups. Throughout a four-week duration, the experimental group received instruction utilizing ‘ICT-integrated pedagogy,’ while the control group was taught applying traditional ‘Lecture-based pedagogy.’ Employing a ‘Mathematics Teaching Competence Scale,’ both cohorts were assessed prior to and following the intervention, with data subjected to analysis using descriptive statistics and t-tests in SPSS version 20. The results revealed that pre-service teachers in the experimental group, exposed to ‘ICT-integrated pedagogy,’ demonstrated superior mathematics teaching competency compared to their counterparts in the control group. These findings advocate for the positive impact of ICT-integrated pedagogical approaches in nurturing the teaching proficiency of pre-service teachers. Consequently, this study suggests the widespread implementation of this approach by Teacher Educators, envisioning its potential to engender competent and high-quality teachers.

The Effectiveness of Counseling Using Quartet Card Media on Brushing Behavior in School-Age Children

Background: The community's low incidence of excellent and proper brushing behavior, which is primarily displayed by children (about 2%), is increasing the prevalence of dental decay. By employing the playing strategy, specifically with four card media, which has its own appeal due to the intriguing pictures, one can improve brushing behavior, which is now inadequate. Research Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of quartet card media counseling on toothbrushing behavior in elementary school students. This research used quasi experimental with pretest and posttest control group design. The samples were collected using total sampling, and they were 110 respondents. The sample is split into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The data were collected using questionnaires for pretest and posttest. The data analysis used a Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test. Research Results: Tooth brushing behavior in elementary school students was 47.3% with good criteria, moderate 47.3%, and increased with good criteria 92.7%, while 7.3% following counseling. The experimental group's mean value was 14,36 compared to the control group's 12,64. The Wilcoxon test resulted in a p-value of 0.000, the Mann Whitney test obtained p=0.000. Conclusion: Counseling using quartet card media is effective in improving brushing behavior in elementary school children. Keyword : Effectiveness of counseling, quartet card media, brushing behavior.

Enhancing Early Mathematical Skills Through Math Games

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of game-based mathematical activities on the development of preschool children's mathematical skills. A total of 54 children, aged between 60-72 months, participated in the research, with 26 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group, using a semi-experimental model with a pre-test post-test control group design. The children in the experimental group designed their own mathematical games with the guidance and support of their parents. Subsequently, they introduced these games to their classmates and played them together in their classrooms. Data were collected through the Revised Early Numeracy Test and focus group interviews. The findings have shown that the intervention significantly improved the children's mathematical skills. The initial score difference in mathematical skills favoring the control group was closed after the intervention. In addition, a significant increase with a big effect size in mathematical skill scores was observed in the experimental group children. It was also revealed that children in the experimental group enjoyed the mathematical activities and expressed their willingness to participate again. The findings were discussed, taking into account the role of game-based mathematical activities and parental support in the development of early math skills.

Small Sided Games Training Model to Improve Basic First Touch Football Technical Skills of Football School Students

Training modification is an important strategy in sports training to improve athlete performance, and in the context of football, SSG is one promising method. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Small Sided Games (SSG) training model in improving basic football technique skills in Muspan U-12 Year Football School (SSB) students. This study used a quantitative approach with Quasi-Experimental method, adopting Pre-test Post-test Non-Equivalent Control Group design to measure exercise effectiveness. The sample of this study consisted of SSB Muspan U-12 Year students. Data was collected through tests that measured basic football technical skills, namely passing, dribbling, and shooting. This test is carried out before and after the application of the SSG exercise model, to assess changes in basic engineering skills. The results of the data analysis showed a significant improvement in basic football technical skills after the implementation of SSG training. This is evidenced by the sig (2-tailed) value of the Independent Sample t-Test test which reaches 0.000, far below the threshold of 0.05. These findings confirm that SSG practice is effective in improving basic football technique skills in SSB Muspan U-12 Year students. The conclusions of this study are important for football coaches working with younger age groups, suggesting that exercise modification through the SSG model can be an effective strategy for improving basic technical skills.

The effectiveness of parental assistance-based online learning model on self-efficacy

<span lang="EN-US">The obstacles experienced during online learning are inevitable circumstances. Hence, students need to have motivational beliefs that they have the ability to thrive in online learning despite its difficulties. Applying parental-based online learning is expected to help students increase their self-efficacy. This study examines the effect of using an online learning model based on parental assistance on students’ self-efficacy with a quantitative approach. This type of research is quasi-experimental, with a pre and post-test control group design by studying seventh-grade students in several public junior high schools in Kisaran. The study found that applying an online learning model based on parental assistance improved students’ self-efficacy more than a conventional online learning model. Consequently, parental assistance will make a practical contribution to the implementation of learning, especially in the implementation of online learning in the era of the pandemic and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</span>

The flipped-classroom effect on vocational high school students’ learning outcomes

<span lang="EN-US">The flipped-classroom instructional model is considered suitable for teaching procedural knowledge. Apart from flipped-classroom, it turns out that another instructional model, namely direct instruction, is also designed to teach procedural knowledge. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in procedural knowledge learning outcomes between flipped-classroom and direct instruction learning models in the cognitive and psychomotor domains and to determine the effect of flipped-classroom on students’ procedural knowledge learning outcomes. This type of research is a true-experimental design with a randomized pre-test post-test control group design for the cognitive domain and a randomized post-test only control group design for the psychomotor domain. The research instrument used a written test (pre-test and post-test) for the cognitive domain and a performance assessment for the psychomotor domain. The flipped-classroom is better than direct instruction regarding procedural knowledge learning outcomes. Furthermore, flipped-classroom significantly affects the students’ procedural knowledge learning outcomes, both cognitive and psychomotor domains. The effect of flipped-classroom implementation on the psychomotor domain (t(50)=23.62; p<0.01; d=6.56) is greater than the impact of performance on the cognitive domain (t(50)=2.35; p<0.05; d=0.65).</span>