Post-test Control Group Design Research Articles

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Video Pembelajaran terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran PAI di SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek

This investigation was motivated by the low average academic achievement of Islamic Religious Education students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. In the 2022/2023 academic year, the low midterm exam scores of students in class IX 1 of SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek provided empirical support for the statement. A total of 25 student responses were received for the exam; however, only five students achieved the minimum score of 75 required to complete SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. A prospective approach to improving Islamic Religious Education learning outcomes at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek is to incorporate video media into the established curriculum. This study aims to determine whether the application of video media affects the academic achievement of Islamic Education students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not there is an effect of the application of video media at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek on PAI learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the adoption of video media has an impact on the academic achievement of PAI students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. This research was categorised as a pseudo-experiment and used posttest control group design as the only research methodology. The student participants in this study were members of grade IX. In this investigation, purposive sampling, a type of non-probability sampling, was used. The experimental class in this study consisted of students of grade IX 3, while the control class consisted of students of grade IX 1. Data for this investigation was collected through assessment of students' progress in Islamic Religious Education. The Sig α value was ascertained to be 0.00 ± 0.05, based on the results of hypothesis testing conducted using SPSS software. Thus, it can be concluded that the utilisation of video media is able to influence the academic achievement of Islamic Religious Education students attending SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek.

Strengthening psychological well-being of Indonesian females with breast cancer through the religious-based caring program: A quasi-experimental study among Muslim population.

Breast cancer presents significant psychological challenges along with physical health concerns, particularly in settings where cultural and spiritual values play a critical role in patient care. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a religious caring program on the psychological well-being of Indonesian females with breast cancer. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest control group design, conducted from January to July 2019 at a chemotherapy unit in Bandung, Indonesia. The patients with breast cancer were assigned to the experimental group (n = 55) and the control group (n = 57). Data were collected using the Psychological Well-Being Scale before and three weeks after the intervention. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance). There was a significant improvement in the mean psychological well-being score in the experimental group following the intervention compared to the control group, with the experimental group showing a significantly higher mean score (Cohen's d = 1.4548, p <0.001). None of the covariates significantly affected psychological well-being among the experimental group (p >0.05). These results indicate that a religion-based caring program enhances psychological well-being. Thus, the program was effective and particularly well-suited for clinical nurses, suggesting that it should be recommended for Indonesian females with breast cancer to promote their recovery.

KAPSUL EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG AMBON MENINGKATKAN KADAR NITRIT OKSIDA PADA WANITA HIPERTENSI USIA SUBUR

Hypertension affects individuals of all ages, including women. One of the contributing factors to hypertension is oxidative stress. Banana peel contains high levels of flavonoids, which increase antioxidant activity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of ambon banana peel extract capsules on increasing nitric oxide levels and reducing blood pressure hypertensive women. This research employed quasi experimental design with purposive sampling, non randomized pre and post test control group design. The sample included 32 hypertensive women divided into two groups 16 in the intervention group and 16 in the control group. The intervention group received 2,500 mg of banana peel extract capsules addition to antihypertensive drugs, the control group received only antihypertensive drugs. Both groups were treated for 14 days. The results indicated that the mean systolic blood pressure the intervention group decreased average of 16.32 mmHg, compared to decrease of 7.49 The results indicated that the mean systolic blood pressure in the intervention group decreased an average of 16.32 mmHg, compared decrease of 7.49 mmHg in the control group. Mean diastolic blood pressure the intervention group decreased by 12.56 mmHg, compared decrease 4.68 mmHg in the control group. Nitric oxide levels increased by 61.06 points in the intervention group and decreased by 19.75 points the control group. Conclusion, the study found significant differences in pretest-posttest systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control groups, indicating that ambon banana peel extract capsules effectively increase nitric oxide levels and reduce blood pressure in hypertensive women

The Effect of The ERACS Method on The Acceleration of Mobilization of Post Sectio Caesaria Patients at Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada In 2023

Background: ERACS (Enhanced Recovery After Caesarian Surgery) is a fast programrecovery after a Caesarean section in the form of a series of care starting from preoperativepreparation, intraoperative and post-operative care until the patient is discharged. InIndonesia itself, the implementation of the ERACS protocol began to be implemented in2019. UGM Academic Hospital, the ERACS method is still a new service from the MaternalPerinatal Installation and will start running in November 2022. This research aims todetermine the difference in maternal mobilization time post Sectio Caesaria with the ERACSmethod and mobilization of mothers post non-eracs SC at UGM Academic Hospital in 2023.This research is a quantitative research using a quasi-experimental method with anonequivalent posttest control group design. The research was conducted at the UGMAcademic Hospital in April - September 2023. The sampling technique was accidentalsampling. The research results showed that the average mobilization of post-Sc patientsusing the ERACS method was 13.1 hours and the average mobilization of non-ERACS post-Scpatients was 33.7 hours. From the results of the analysis of 54 respondents using theIndependent Sample Test, it shows a value of 0.000. So H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted.Conclusion: there is an effect of giving the ERACS method by accelerating the mobilizationof women giving birth post sc.Keywords: Sectio Caesaria, Maternity, Mobilization, Rapid Mobilization, ERACS

Growth Differentiation Factor -15 (GDF-15) Levels in Diabetic Conditions: Animal Model

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels, consisting of Diabetes Mellitus type I (DMT1) and Diabetes Mellitus type II (DMT2). Chronic increases in blood glucose levels will cause oxidative stress through the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress will induce the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, including Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15). GDF-15 levels can be used to predict the risk and progression of DM disease. In exploring diabetes, several studies were carried out on experimental animal models of diabetes, both T1DM and 2DMT models. This research is an experimental study with a Pre and Post-Test Control Group Design approach using rat animals divided into four groups (I=Control group; II=Alloxan group; III=Streptozotocin group and IV=Streptozotocin and high fat diet group) with the aim of to see the levels of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) in diabetic animal model. Based on this research, there was an increase in levels of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) before and after diabetic animal model in the Streptozotocin group P value 0.010; and Streptozotocin with a High Fat Diet group with P value of 0.043 (significance value P &lt; 0.05).

Influence of Peer Corrective Feedback (PCF) on Students' Writing Skills in Hortatory Exposition Text

This study aims to determine the influence of peer corrective feedback (PCF) treatment on students' writing skills in the hortatory exposition text of grade XI in the second semester of vocational high school. This research used a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. The data were collected from forty-three students from the experimental and control groups through observation, tests including pre-test and post-test, and treatment through feedback responses and PCF form for the experimental class. The data were analyzed by using a paired sample t-test to compare the writing skills in each of the two classes, and an independent sample t-test to determine the influence of peer corrective feedback on students’ writing skills. The paired sample t-test indicated a significant difference in writing skills between both classes. The independent sample t-test showed that peer corrective feedback positively influenced students' writing, helping with the correction and revision process, as a result, it is improving their hortatory exposition writing skills. It also enhanced their learning experience and motivation in the classroom as it was supported by more interactive and communicative learning through a collaborative learning environment.

Students’ gratitude and engagement in online learning: An experimental study

Engagement is essential in education, particularly in online learning. Many studies have been done to determine various antecedents of student engagement. However, more evidence-based experimental research is still needed to improve student engagement during online learning. This study aims to examine the effect of a gratitude intervention on student engagement in online learning. This study uses an experimental research design with a pre-and post-test control group design. Two online questionnaires were used in this study, a gratitude adjective checklist (GAC) and an online student engagement scale (OSES) which were administered to 47 undergraduate students. The participants were classified randomly into three conditions. In the first group, 20 students had a general gratitude exercise (experimental Group 1). In the second group, 15 students had an Islamic gratitude task (experimental Group 2). The last group consisted of 12 students without any gratitude tasks as a control group. The data were analyzed with Anova repeated measurements based on the pre- and post-test control group design. Results showed no interaction between different types of treatment and increased online engagement. However, it was found that the general gratitude treatment had the most significant effects compared to other treatments. This research proves that students can increase student engagement through the habit of being grateful daily including by writing down what things make them grateful.

The effectiveness of integrating classcraft: A gamified learning platform on enhancing writing skills among elementary school learners

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of incorporating Classcraft, a gamified learning platform, on the writing abilities of elementary school students. The research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a pre-test post-test control group design. Thirty second-grade elementary school pupils from a variety of schools participated. The paired sample t-test was employed to analyze the data that was collected through a written test. The results demonstrated a substantial disparity in the writing skills of the students who utilized Classcraft between the pre-test and post-test scores, suggesting that the gamified platform significantly improved their writing abilities. The results provide empirical evidence that supports the use of Classcraft as an educational intervention to enhance the writing proficiency of elementary students. The research posits that the integration of gamification through platforms such as Classcraft can establish a more engaging and pleasant learning environment, resulting in improved writing outcomes for young learners.

The Effectiveness of Video Tutorials to Increase Knowledge and Practices of Brushing Teeth in Preschool Children (Study of Preschool Children at Putra Harapan and Dewi Sartika Kindergarten Tuban)

Preschool children are children aged between 3-6 years, at this age, children like to imagine that they have the strength to do any activities without help. During the development period, children will increase their independence to a greater extent. The stage of development that indicates independence is that they can brush their teeth without help. One effort to increase children's independence in brushing their teeth is by providing education about brushing their teeth using video tutorial media. Problem: Low knowledge and practices of brushing preschool children's teeth. Method: The type of research is pre-experimental with a pre-test and post-test Control Group Design, with a population of 38 preschool children. The data collection instrument used was an observation sheet. The data analysis technique uses the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was a difference in the effectiveness of education using video tutorials to increase the knowledge and practices of brushing teeth in preschool children at Kindergarten Putra Harapan and Kindergarten Dewi Sartika Tuban after 21 days of observation. Conclusion: There was an increase in preschool children's knowledge and teeth-brushing practices before and after education using video tutorial media. There are differences in the effectiveness of education using video tutorials to increase the knowledge and practices of brushing teeth in preschool children.

Effect of Ajwa Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) Methanol Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in Mice with Diabetes Mellitus

Highlights: The widespread incidence of DM leads to costly treatments and often results in undesirable side effects. Flavonoids in ajwa date fruit are believed to lower blood glucose levels through several mechanisms. Methanol extract of ajwa date fruit can effectively lower blood glucose levels in diabetic mice at specific optimal doses. Abstract Introduction: High diabetes mellitus (DM) cases result in costly medical expenses. Ajwa date fruit contains triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids believed to lower blood glucose, which requires research validation using methanol extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice. This study aimed to determine the effect of methanol extract of ajwa dates with several dose levels, namely 3 g/WB, 5 g/WB, and 7 g/WB, given orally to mice induced by STZ. Methods: This study utilized a randomized pre- and post-test control group design to assess ajwa date fruit methanol extract effects on blood glucose in Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into four groups: Group K (6 mice without date extract intervention), P1 (6 mice with 3 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention), P2 (7 mice with 5 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention), and P3 (7 mice with 7 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention) and were induced with 100 mg/WB streptozotocin. Administered daily for three weeks, ajwa dates fruit extract showed varying impacts. Weekly blood glucose measurements and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 disclosed significant group differences. Results: In the third week, blood glucose measurements revealed significant differences (p = 0.017), with an optimal reduction in P3 (7 mice with 7 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention). Conclusion: In the third week, ajwa dates fruit extract, at an optimal 7 g/WB dose, effectively reduced blood glucose levels via flavonoid hypoglycemic mechanisms.

MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING BERBANTUAN GEOGEBRA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS DAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR SISWA

Mathematics, as an important foundation in education, contributes to the advancement of science and technology and teaches students logical, analytical, and creative thinking. This is in accordance with the Merdeka Curriculum which emphasizes the development of 21st century skills and character development, including critical thinking and self-regulated learning. However, the low mathematical critical thinking skills and self-regulated learning in Indonesia is still a challenge. One of the factors that influence this is the use of inappropriate learning models. The Discovery Learning learning model supported by technology such as GeoGebra is a potential solution to improve both capabilities. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in mathematical critical thinking skills and determine the increase in self-regulated learning of students who obtained the GeoGebra-assisted Discovery Learning model compared to students who obtained conventional learning models. This research method is a quasi-experiment with the nonequivalent pre-test post-test control group design. Sampling is done by purposive sampling technique. This research was carried out in one of the Junior High Schools in Serang City in the 2023/2024 school year, involving two classes of grade VII students as an experimental and control group. The instruments in this study consisted of tests of mathematical critical thinking skills and learning independence scales. The results showed that the improvement of mathematical critical thinking skills and increased self-regulated learning of students who applied the GeoGebra-assisted Discovery Learning model were better than students who applied conventional learning models

Improving the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women Who Experience Chronic Energy Deficiency with Spirulina Platensis

The highest prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnancy occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. The impacts that occur are abortion, premature birth, premature rupture of membranes, histitis, postpartum hemorrhage, and low birth weight (LBW). To prevent negative impacts, giving Spirulina Platensis is believed to improve nutritional status. This study aimed to analyze the effect of spirulina platensis extract on improving nutritional status in pregnant women. Using a Quasi-Experiment with a pretest and posttest control group design with a sample of 60 participants consisting of an intervention group of n=30 participants and a control group of n=30 participants. The intervention group received treatment, namely being given Spirulina Platensis extract, 1 capsule containing 300 mg, taken once for 30 days and standard care, while the control group received standard care only. The sampling technique used was simple side random. Chi-Square test results in the intervention group mean pretest nutritional status (m=22.04, SD=1.170) and posttest (m=23.33, SD=0.922) p-value=0.000, while the control group showed pretest nutritional status (m=22.16, SD=1.104) and posttest (m=22.39, SD=1.016) p-value=0.150. The difference between the mean posttest nutritional status in the experimental and control groups shows (m=23.33, SD=0.922) vs (m=22.39, SD=1.016) p-value=0.000. There is an increase in the administration of Spirulina Platensis extract on the nutritional status of pregnant women. As input for health workers, especially midwives, to provide non-pharmacological therapy to pregnant women who experience chronic energy deficiency (CED) by administering Spirulina Platensis.

تطوير مادة تعليم مهارة القراءة بالمدخل منهج 2013 على أساس برنامج لقتورا انفيير في مدرسة محمدية سوجه واراس الثانوية بوجونجارا

The result of requirement analysis showed that the teaching materials included on learning media has not been appropriate yet with the 2013 curriculum. One of the factors behind is the learning process in the classroom still uses lecture method and reading method. The purpose of this research is to know how to develop teaching materials by using Lectora Inspire software that can be used in learning qiraah, know its specification and apply the software in learning qiraah to increase students’ interest and learning outcomes. Research method used in this research is Research and Development (R &amp; D) with research design of pre-test and post-Test control group design. The steps in this study include the analysis of problems and needs, data collection, product design, design validation to media experts and material experts, design revisions, product testing to students of class X SMA Muhammadiyah Sugihwaras Bojonegoro with sample 25 students of experimental class. The teaching materials developed with lectora inspire software consist of six chapters which are all contained in the Arabic language of class X. Based on the results of media and material experts stated that those media developed belong proper category as learning media. The result of hypothesis test analysis by using T test showed that the value of significance = 0,000 &lt;0,05 which means Ha accepted and Ho rejected. The mean score of the students of the experimental class is (83.2) greater than the average score of the control class students (69.4). The results of student questionnaires also indicated that the responses and students' assessment of the media is also positive. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of reading skill with lectora inspire software for qiraah learning has a significant influence.

Traditional Games on Basic Movement Abilities of Elementary School Students

In elementary schools, physical education, sports, and health have experienced a decline in students' basic movement abilities, especially regarding running ability. This is in line with the increasing trend of inactive lifestyles among children, which has the potential to harm their physical health. This research aims to analyze the influence of traditional games on elementary school students' basic movement abilities. This research is a type of experimental research. This research uses a true experiment method with a Pre-test and Post-test Control Group Design. The research population was all class V students, totaling 42 students. Data was collected through interviews and tests. The instruments used in data collection were interview sheets and a 30-meter running test. The data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive and independent sampling t-test differences. This research shows that integrating traditional games significantly affects students' basic movement abilities. Therefore, traditional games can effectively develop elementary school students' basic movement abilities. This research implies that schools should consider introducing traditional games in their curriculum to improve students' basic movement skills while preserving local culture.

Impact of home care counseling on the quality of life of people with diabetes militus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term management to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications. The quality of life of diabetics is often affected by this disease, both physically, psychologically, and socially. Home care counseling has been one of the interventions considered effective in assisting diabetics in managing their condition. This study aims to evaluate the impact of home care counseling on the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This research is quasi-experimental with a randomized pretest and posttest control group design. Samples are taken from patients' medical records and selected by simple random sampling. Results: The mean score before the intervention was 60.55 with a standard deviation of 2.605, which increased to 71.35 with a standard deviation of 4.107 after the intervention. Statistically, there is a difference in the quality of life before and after counseling with a value of p = 0.000 (p &lt; 0.05), which means that home care counseling is effective for sufferers to improve the quality of life of D.M. sufferers. Conclusions: Home care counseling significantly impacts the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus. These interventions can improve the sufferer's self-management and provide the support needed to overcome the challenges faced in daily life. Therefore, home care counseling is recommended as part of comprehensive management for people with diabetes mellitus.

THE EFFECT OF 3M GAMES (THROWING, CATCHING, AND KICKING) ON EARLY CHILDHOOD GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

This study investigates the impact of 3M games (Throwing, Catching, and Kicking) on gross motor skills in early childhood in TK Harapan Bunda Empat Lawang. The research method used was an experiment with pretest and posttest control group designs. The sample of this study was 18 randomly selected early childhood children divided into two groups: the control group (n = 9) and the treatment group (n = 9). The treatment group was given an intervention in the form of 3M games for three weeks, while the control group did not receive the intervention. Data was collected using gross motor ability tests before and after the intervention. The results of the data analysis showed a significant improvement in gross motor skills in the treatment group after the 3M game intervention. In contrast, there was no substantial change in the control group. These findings indicate that 3M games effectively improve gross motor skills in early childhood. The implication of this study is the importance of including games involving throwing, catching, and kicking activities in early childhood learning programs to promote gross motor development.

Effects of interactive learning module technology on Kazakh as a second language learners’ achievement and communication skills

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interactive learning module technology (ILMT) in teaching Kazakh as a second language in secondary schools in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This research was carried out at Russian-medium secondary schools during the academic year 2021-2022. There were two groups in the sample: the experimental (n=63) and control (n=61). The experimental group received an education based on the ILMT while the control group received an education based on the curriculum's traditional technique. The study used a mixed research design and was divided into two sections: quantitative and qualitative. A semi-experimental pre- and post-test control group design was adopted in the quantitative section. The qualitative section employed phenomenology. The quantitative data were acquired using the students' knowledge assessment test and analyzed using comparative analysis. An interview questionnaire and observations were used to obtain qualitative data which was then evaluated using content analysis. The experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of mean post-test knowledge assessment test scores. The ILMT in teaching Kazakh as a second language is efficient in improving the quality of mastering Kazakh language by Russian-speaking students. Content analysis showed that the ILMT helps to reduce students' anxiety and increase independence which is necessary for the development of students' communication skills.

IMPROVING HISTORY LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH THE DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL FOR CLASS XII STUDENTS AT SMAN 2 MEDAN

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning learning model in improving student learning outcomes in history subjects at the senior high school level. The research was conducted at SMA Negeri 2 Medan, with the research subjects being class XII students. The experimental research method was used with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The experimental group applied the Discovery Learning learning model, while the control group applied conventional learning. Data was collected through pre- and post-tests as well as classroom observations. Data analysis was carried out using an independent t-test. The research results showed that students who participated in learning using the Discovery Learning model produced significant improvements in their learning outcomes compared to the control group. This research concludes that the application of the Discovery Learning model is effective in improving the history learning outcomes of class XII students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan. Implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Thus, the conclusion of this research is that the Discovery Learning learning model has the potential to improve student learning outcomes and make a significant contribution to efforts to improve the quality of education at SMA Negeri 2 Medan and perhaps also in other educational institutions.

THE EFFECT OF PjBL-STEM LEARNING MODEL ON STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE SKILL IN MATTER SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CHANGES SUBJECT

The background of this research was the results of the researcher's observations on 8th grade students of SMPN 14 Padang. Based on the results of observations, information was obtained that teachers had previously implemented the PjBL learning model but never had implemented the STEM approach, and teachers had never combined the learning model with the STEM approach. The purpose this research was to examine the effect of the PjBL-STEM learning model on students' cognitive skill regarding substances and their changes subject. The type of research used was Quasi Experimental, design, using a Posttest Control Group Design. This research used two classes, there were experimental and the control class. The experimental class uses the PjBL-STEM learning model, while the control class used a conventional approach learning model. Sampling in this study was carried out using a purposive sampling technique, based on almost the similliary average daily test scores. The instrument of this research were multiple choice test with 20 questions. The results of data analysis show that the cognitive skill of students in the experimental class are higher than those in the control class. The used of the PjBL-STEM learning model makes a good difference in students' cognitive abilities. The results of hypothesis testing based on posttest data obtained from the two sample classes showed that, H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, so it can be interpreted that there is a difference in the average cognitive abilities of students in the experimental class and the control class. There is an effect of the application of the PjBL-STEM learning model on the students’ cognitive skill on substance material and its changes subject.

EFEKTIVITAS MEDIA ARABIC TOWER UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MAHARAH KALAM SISWA SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 1 SIDOARJO

Language is a structured communication system with elements such as words, word sequences, and sentences. Arabic itself has a central role in the educational structure in Indonesia, especially as an integral part of religious education. This research aims to evaluate the effect of using Arabic Tower media on increasing the maharah kalam of grade 8 students at SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo. The research method used was an experiment with a Pretest Posttest Control Group design. The population used was grade 8 with 34 students as samples. Data was collected through observation, interviews and tests, then analyzed using SPSS version 19 software. The conclusion of this research is that there has been an increase in Maharah Kalam. Through hypothesis results with a Sig value. (2-Tailed) 0.000, in other words, Arabic Tower media is effective in increasing Maharah Kalam in class 8 students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo. The strengths and weaknesses of Arabic Tower media are also identified, providing insight into the potential and limitations of its use in Arabic language learning contexts.