Post Release Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Bio-adhesive Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Telmisartan

The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Bio-adhesive pulsatile drug delivery system of Telmisartan, an anti-hypertensive drug in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. The approach of combination of bio-adhesive pulsatile formulation is suitable for gastro retention and time specific drug delivery. The study was carried by preparation of fast disintegrating core tablet followed by incorporation of core tablet to design bio-adhesive pulsatile tablet by press coating. The press coated tablet was prepared with the polymersethyl cellulose and carbopol. The formulation was evaluated for precompression and post compression parameters, lag time, drug release and bio-adhesive study. All evaluation parameters were found within limits. The lag time expected for this disease was 8 hours as need of drug release for this disease was more likely to act in early morning. The 8 hour lag time was obtained in optimized formulation which has shown muco-adhesion for the same period. Thus bio-adhesive pulsatile drug delivery system could be the best precautionary alternative for the drugs having maximum absorption in stomach and used for diseases which follows circadian rhythm.

Cost of fear and radiation protection actions: Washington County, Utah and Fukushima, Japan {Comparing case histories}

Purpose: The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the role of regulatory limits and regulatory action on the total impact of nuclear contamination and accidents. While it is important to protect the public from excessive radiation exposures it is also critical to weigh the damage done by implementing regulations against the benefits produced. Two cases: Actions taken as a result of radioactive fallout in Washington County, Utah in 1953 from the atomic bomb testing in Nevada, and the actions implemented post release of radioactive materials into the environment from the damaged nuclear power reactor at Fukushima, Japan, are compared.Materials and methods: The Washington County radiation exposures and doses, resulting from the Nevada nuclear weapons tests, were taken from published reports, papers, and historical records. The protective actions taken were reviewed and reported. Recent publications were used to define the doses following Fukushima. The impact and/or results of sheltering only versus sheltering/evacuation of Washington County and Fukushima are compared.Results: The radiation dose from the fallout in Washington County from the fallout was almost 2–3 three times the dose in Japan, but the regulatory actions were vastly different. In Utah, the minimal action taken, e.g. sheltering in place, had no major impact on the public health or on the economy. The actions in Fukushima resulted in major negative impact precipitated through the fear generated. And the evacuation. The results had adverse human health and wellness consequences and a serious impact on the economy of the Fukushima region, and all of Japan.Conclusions: When evacuation is being considered, great care must be taken when any regulatory actions are initiated based on radiation limits. It is necessary to consider total impact and optimize the actions to limit radiation exposure while minimizing the social, economic, and health impacts. Optimization can help ensure that the protective measures result in more good than harm. It seems clear that organizations who recommend radiation protection guidelines need to revisit the past and current guides in light of the significant Fukushima experience.

Single-stage Composite Skin Reconstruction Using a Dermal Regeneration Template.

Background:Composite reconstruction with a dermal substitute followed by skin graft is sometimes used for reconstructing high-quality skin while preserving donor sites. This often necessitates 2 separate procedures, additional general anesthetic, and longer hospitalization. Concurrent use of dermal substitutes and skin graft in a single stage has been previously reported in small series. Here, we report our experience with single-stage skin reconstruction with Integra and split-thickness skin graft for coverage of wounds post burn eschar excision and post burn scar contracture release.Methods:This is a retrospective review of consecutive operations from 2013 to 2017 in which single-stage bilayer reconstruction (SSBR) was performed. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and perioperative photographs.Results:In this 5-year period, 13 surgical sites were identified in which SSBR was used in 8 subjects. Average and median graft take was 86.2% and 95%, respectively. Graft take was over 90% in 10 out of 13 cases. One case required regrafting after initial graft failure.Conclusions:In the appropriate setting, SSBR is a practical technique in covering wounds post burn eschar excision and post burn scar contracture release resulting in reasonable graft take. Use of noncontaminated wound beds is crucial. Although there is risk of regrafting, it is not clear whether this risk is any higher than in split-thickness skin grafting alone. This study was unable to evaluate contribution of dermal substitute to contraction, function, and mobility, nor how hypothesized improvement of skin quality compares to the original thick dermal substitute. We recommend further investigation.

A gender-specific model of trauma and victimization in incarcerated women

ABSTRACT Trauma, victimization and risk factors associated with women’s pathways to crime have been widely discussed. The focus of this manuscript is on trauma and victimization’s role in the development of negative trauma related cognitions in the lives of incarcerated women. To improve post release adjustment it is imperative to understand how trauma experienced prior to incarceration [PIT-pre-incarceration trauma] and trauma associated with the prison environment [IBT-incarceration-based trauma] impedes incarcerated women’s ability to engage in future oriented behavior, such as gaining sustainable employment. A conceptual framework to examine, explain and theorize the effects of childhood and adulthood trauma experiences on post release adjustment of incarcerated women has been presented. This manuscript has been organized in two broad sections which aim to to review theoretical perspectives on the influence of PIT, specifically multiple traumatic events, on the development of negative trauma-related cognitions and the discontinuity of self; and (2) to propose a gender-specific conceptual model as a lens through which to critically examine the role of PIT in the lives of incarcerated women. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of how PIT, and IBT affects women’s Post-Release Adjustment. Implications for trauma-informed intervention with incarcerated women and gender-specific programming in criminal justice and community settings to provide a continuum of care are discussed.

Generalized software release and testing stop time policy

PurposeAlmost everything around us is the output of software-driven machines or working with software. Software firms are working hard to meet the user’s requirements. But developing a fault-free software is not possible. Also due to market competition, firms do not want to delay their software release. But early release software comes with the problem of user reporting more failures during operations due to more number of faults lying in it. To overcome the above situation, software firms these days are releasing software with an adequate amount of testing instead of delaying the release to develop reliable software and releasing software patches post release to make the software more reliable. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have developed a generalized framework by assuming that testing continues beyond software release to determine the time to release and stop testing of software. As the testing team is always not skilled, hence, the rate of detection correction of faults during testing may change over time. Also, they may commit an error during software development, hence increasing the number of faults. Therefore, the authors have to consider these two factors as well in our proposed model. Further, the authors have done sensitivity analysis based on the cost-modeling parameters to check and analyze their impact on the software testing and release policy.FindingsFrom the proposed model, the authors found that it is better to release early and continue testing in the post-release phase. By using this model, firms can get the benefits of early release, and at the same time, users get the benefit of post-release software reliability assurance.Originality/valueThe authors are proposing a generalized model for software scheduling.

Post-release survivorship of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) captured in the California recreational fishery

In the eastern north Pacific, Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF, Thunnus orientalis) support seasonal fishing operations aboard a diverse fleet of commercial and recreational vessels. Recent PBF stock projections have identified a reduced spawning stock biomass, which has resulted in management restrictions and capacity reduction in all U.S. west-coast fisheries. Although recreational fisheries only account for a minor component of west coast harvest, a bag limit reduction from 10 to 2 fish person−1 day−1 was implemented in 2014. Considering the potential for increased number of PBF released in the fishery, this study assessed post-release disposition using a combination of electronic (Wildlife Computers sPAT) and conventional tags. Additionally, biochemical indices of capture stress were measured in the blood and coupled with tagging data to better understand the physiological response that is mounted as a result of time on the line (fight time). PBF were caught using standardized recreational fishing gear following protocols and techniques currently used by the southern California fleet. Survivorship was based on tagging data from 40 electronically tagged PBF ranging in size from 82 to 148 cm FL (∼11-63 kg) and blood sampling was performed on an additional 49 PBF (80 to 170 cm FL). Tagging results yielded only one immediate mortality for the fish with the longest fight time (280 min; 97.5% survivorship). Additionally, there was also one predation event that occurred seven days after release; if the predation is included as a capture-related mortality, the combined survivorship estimate is 95%. Results from the blood chemistry analyses show a direct correlation between fight time and the levels of blood stress indicators. When compared with the electronic tagging data, it is evident that the physiological impact of the angling event does not appear to be sufficient to impede post release survival, at least when time on the line is less that that examined in this study (<70 min). Collectively, these data show that when handled properly, PBF can tolerate and survive the acute effects of capture and release when using west coast recreational fishing methods.

Effects of the menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle phases on microvascular reperfusion.

What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of the menstrual (early follicular and mid-luteal) or monophasic oral contraceptive (inactive- and active-pill) cycle phases on vascular reperfusion of lower limb microvasculature in healthy, active women using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) vascular occlusion test (VOT) technique? What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that vascular responsiveness in the lower limb microvasculature remained unchanged between the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and inactive- and active-pill phases of the oral contraceptive cycle. These data support that controlling for the cycle phases, within the specific times evaluated in this study, might not be necessary when assessing NIRS-VOT reperfusion rates. The objective was to examine whether the menstrual or monophasic oral contraceptive cycle phases affect microvascular responsiveness of the lower limb in healthy, active women. During the follicular or inactive-pill phase and the luteal or active-pill phase of the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle, respectively, 15 non-oral contraceptive users (mean ± SD; 27±6 years of age) and 15 monophasic oral contraceptive users (24±4 years of age) underwent a lower-limb vascular occlusion test (5min baseline, 5min occlusion and 8min post cuff release). Menstrual cycle phases were verified using an ovulation test. Vascular responsiveness was assessed by calculating the near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen saturation (StO2 ) reperfusion slope (slope2 StO2 ) and the post occlusion StO2 area under the curve (StO2AUC ) of the tibialis anterior muscle. There were no differences in the reperfusion slope (as a percentage per second; follicular, 1.18±0.48; luteal, 1.05±0.48, inactive-pill, 0.95±0.23; and active-pill, 0.87±0.36; P=0.09) and area under the curve (as a product of the percentage and seconds; follicular, 1067±562; luteal, 918±414, inactive-pill, 945±702; and active-pill, 750±519; P=0.09) between the phases of the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle, regardless of pill generation. The duration of oral contraceptive use was not associated with changes in slope 2 StO2 (r=0.02, P=0.94) or StO2AUC (r=-0.34, P=0.22) between cycle phases. In conclusion, vascular responsiveness remained unchanged between the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and the inactive-pill and active-pill phases of the oral contraceptive cycle.

Postprandial regulation of prouroguanylin in humans of a healthy weight and those who are overweight or with obesity

Uroguanylin is a peptide gut hormone proposed to have a role in signalling post meal satiety. Uroguanylin circulates as its pro-hormone, prouroguanylin. There has been limited investigation of the regulation of prouroguanylin by food; therefore we investigated prouroguanylin regulation following meals. In separate experiments we investigated the effects of high calorie (1451 kcal) and medium calorie (725 kcal), high fat meals, on plasma prouroguanylin concentrations. We then examined the effect of a 722.5 kcal high carbohydrate breakfast on prouroguanylin concentrations, comparing the response in healthy weight adults versus those who are overweight/ with obesity. The 1451 kcal meal increased prouroguanylin concentrations, versus fasting at 60 (P < 0.05), 90 (P < 0.01) and 120 (P < 0.001) minutes. After the 725 kcal meal hormone concentrations rose more slowly and were significant versus fasting concentrations at 120 min (P < 0.01). The high carbohydrate breakfast 722.5 kcal, led to an initial suppression of hormone concentrations at 30 min. post meal (P < 0.05) followed by an increase in concentrations until they were significant versus fasting at 120 min. (P < 0.01). Participants overweight/ with obesity had lower fasting prouroguanylin concentrations (P < 0.05), but post meal concentrations did not differ between the groups. Our results suggest there is a delayed increase in prouroguanylin concentrations following, large and regular sized mixed macronutrient meals rich in fat or carbohydrate. Fasting levels are suppressed in people who are overweight/ with obesity, but the post meal response remains intact. There may be potential to target post meal release of prouroguanylin in obesity.

Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the Boston carpal tunnel syndrome questionnaire.

Objectives:To translate and validate the Arabic version of the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ-A).Methods:We recruited consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Reliability was assessed with Cronbach α, reproducibility with intraclass correlation coefficients, construct validity with factor analysis, and responsiveness post carpal tunnel release (CTR) with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results:In 134 patients, the mean total scores for the symptom severity scale (SSS) and functional status scale (FSS) were 32.0±8.4 (α=0.88, ICC=0.88) and 18.5±7.6 (α=0.87, ICC=0.89), respectively. As in the original Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ), a 3-factor model of the BCTQ-A best fitted the data. The BCTQ-A, SSS, and FSS scores were significantly lower post-CTR.Conclusion:The BCTQ-A is reliable, valid, reproducible, and responsive to interventions. The Arabic version can be now used with Arabic-speaking patients with CTS.

Duration of extremity tourniquet application profoundly impacts soft-tissue antibiotic exposure in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury

IntroductionExtremity tourniquet (TNK) application is an effective means of achieving compressible hemorrhage control in the emergency prehospital and clinical trauma setting. Modern United States military medical doctrine recommends TNK use to prevent lethal hemorrhage from extremity injury, followed by systemic prophylactic antibiotics to prevent wound infection. Because tissue pharmacokinetics of prophylactic antimicrobials during and after TNK-induced limb ischemia are largely unknown, this study was conducted to empirically determine the relationship between TNK application time and soft tissue antibiotic exposure in order to guide medical personnel in the management of extremity trauma. Materials and MethodsHind limbs of anesthetized male Sprague Dawley rats were exsanguinated, and ischemia maintained by a pneumatic cuff placed at the level of the mid femur on one limb; the non-ischemic contralateral limb served as comparison tissue. Systemic prophylactic antibiotics (cefazolin, moxifloxacin, or ertapenem) were administered intravenously before or after TNK release following 2 or 4 h of ischemia with subsequent re-dosing every 12 h for 3 days. Free antibiotic in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of the tibialis anterior muscle of both hind limbs was recovered via microdialysis during ischemia and over three periods during reperfusion: immediately following TNK release, at 24 h post TNK release, and at 72 h post TNK release. Plasma and ISF free drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. ResultsTourniquet application prevented delivery of prophylactic antibiotics into distal soft tissue for the duration of ischemia, and caused a profound reduction in skeletal muscle drug exposure for up to 72 h following TNK release. A progressive decline in tissue antibiotic exposure during reperfusion was observed as TNK times increased from 2 h to 4 h. The timing and severity of reduced drug distribution in post-ischemic skeletal muscle varied substantially among the three antibiotic classes evaluated. ConclusionsProlonged tourniquet application can significantly reduce distribution of prophylactic antibiotics into soft tissue during and after ischemia, potentially impairing prophylaxis of extremity wound infection. Our findings support the examination of alternative approaches to wound infection prophylaxis under conditions of delayed casualty evacuation when occlusive hemorrhage control measures are utilized.

Effects of early rearing enrichments on modulation of brain monoamines and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis) of fish mahseer (Tor putitora).

Enriching rearing environment is the strategy suggested for improving the post release survivorship of captive-reared animals. Here, an attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of early rearing enrichment on the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis), blood glucose, and brain dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of Tor putitora. Fifteen-day-old hatchlings of T. putitora were reared up to advanced fry stage in barren, semi-natural, and physically enriched environments and compared them with regard to pre-stress and post-stress levels of whole-body cortisol, blood glucose, brain serotonergic activity (5HIAA/5HT ratio), dopaminergic activity (DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios) and norepinephrine (NE) levels. Significantly low basal whole-body cortisol, glucose and brain NE levels were observed in a physically enriched group of fish as compared to the other two groups. However, after acute stress, all rearing groups showed elevated levels of cortisol, blood glucose, brain 5HIAA/5HT, DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios and NE levels but the magnitude of response was different among different rearing groups. The barren reared group showed a higher magnitude of response as compared to semi-natural and physically enriched groups. Similarly, the recovery rate of whole-body cortisol, blood glucose, and whole-brain monoamines were long-lasting in barren-reared mahseer. We illustrate that increased structural complexity (physical enrichment) during the early rearing significantly modulates various physiological and stress-coping mechanisms of mahseer.

Childhood trauma as a predictor of reoffending in a Northern Irish probation sample

BackgroundIt is well-documented that there is a high prevalence rate of childhood trauma experiences among the prison population, and studies have found a link between childhood trauma and later acts of violence. ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to investigate whether childhood trauma (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional abuse and physical neglect) among offenders who have served a life sentence in Northern Ireland was associated with general and violent reoffending patterns. The study also explored the relationship between childhood trauma resulting from the sectarian conflict “The Troubles” in the region and its impact on reoffending. MethodThe casefiles of 100 offenders were coded for trauma experiences and official reoffending data was extracted. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between trauma and reoffending. ResultsThe most common form of childhood trauma were emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect (n = 43), conflict-related trauma (n = 43) and physical abuse (n = 40). Only age (OR .91) and conflict-related trauma (OR 5.57) emerged as significant predictors (p < .05) of general reoffending at any time post release. Similarly, only age (OR .92) and conflict-related trauma (OR 4.57) emerged as significant predictors (p < .05) of violent reoffending. Although it did not reach significance (p = .09), childhood physical abuse was related to an increase in the odds of violently reoffending, of a large magnitude (OR 4.09). ConclusionsConflict-related trauma significantly predicted general and violent reoffending among offenders with previous violent convictions.

The effects of the analysis strategy on the correlation between the NIRS reperfusion measures and the FMD response

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived measures of microvascular responses using a range of different analysis and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether assessing NIRS and FMD simultaneously or non-simultaneously would affect this association. Thirty-five healthy young individuals (26 ± 13 years old) participated in the study. Twenty were submitted to a simultaneous NIRS/FMD test (NIRS probe placed below the cuff during FMD test) and fifteen to a non-simultaneous FMD and NIRS intervention (NIRS test performed 20 min after FMD). NIRS-derived oxygen saturation signal (StO2) during reperfusion was analyzed as follow: upslope of a 10 s (slope 10 s) and 30 s (slope 30 s) reperfusion window immediately following cuff deflation, time for the StO2 to reach the pre-occlusion (baseline) values after cuff release (time to baseline) and to reach the peak after cuff release (time to max), difference between the minimum and maximum StO2 value reached after cuff deflation (Magnitude) and; the total area under the reperfusion curve above the baseline value until the end of the 2 min post cuff release (AUC 2 min). There was a significant positive correlation between slope 10 s and FMD in the simultaneous (r = 0.60; p < 0.05) and non-simultaneous (r = 0.62; p < 0.05) assessments. There was no significant correlation between NIRS-derived slope 30 s, time to baseline, time to max, magnitude, and AUC 2 min and the FMD in both methods. The association between NIRS and FMD is analysis strategy dependent, regardless if assessed simultaneously or non-simultaneously.

Assessing the Impact of Restrictive Housing on Inmate Post-Release Criminal Behavior

The placement of inmates in restrictive housing (RH) units has become a staple of corrections policy in recent years. Despite its increased use, research on its continued effects is relatively rare when compared to the breadth of general correctional research. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effect placement in restrictive housing has on offender recidivism post prison release. Subjects include approximately 4000 inmates matched through Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques and followed 36 months post-release. The findings reveal that inmates placed in restrictive housing had elevated levels of recidivism and proportionally more new commitments for all crime types than those not placed in restrictive housing. Restrictive housing subjects also displayed shorter time to rearrest than non-RH individuals. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Do parasitoids reduce cereal losses? Estimating the impact of parasitoids on stem borer pest infestation and maize yield

Chilo partellus (spotted stem borer) is an economically important stem borer pest in Eastern Africa causing high yield losses in maize and sorghum. The larval endoparasitoid, Cotesia flavipes (parasitic wasp) was released in Kenya to manage C. partellus and post release studies showed it had established and stem borer parasitism was steadily increasing. Despite the rise in parasitism, doubts on whether parasitoids can effectively reduce stem borer populations have been raised.Objective: This study was carried out to estimate the impact of C. flavipes on stem borer infestation and the resultant effect on maize yield in Kenya. Methodology and results: Using insecticidal check method, selective insecticides were used to exclude stem borer pests and natural enemies in Treatments A and B respectively with controls designated as Treatment C. Results revealed significant differences in stem borer infestation (F2,9=5.835; p<0.05) and parasitism (F2,9 =91.97; p<0.0001) among the three treatments. Significantly higher infestation was recorded in treatment B (2.0±0.2%) compared to A (0.5±0.3%) and C (1.5±0.4%). Parasitism was significantly higher in treatment C (23.5±6.8%) compared to A (0.0±0.0%) and B (0.3±0.1%). However, there was no significant difference in yield among treatments showing that parasitoid action did not translate into changes in yield. Conclusions and application of findings: The parasitoid C. flavipes has made an important contribution towards suppressing stem borer population. This was shown by high infestation recorded in treatment B which was as a result of partial elimination of parasitoids. This deduction was further supported by the results which showed that pest exclusion using chemicals did not have a significant difference from parasitoid action as shown by insignificant difference in infestation between treatment A and C fields. Percentage infestation and parasitism results obtained from this study thus provide quantitative data on the impact of C. flavipes. Release of C. flavipes can therefore be done in other areas both within and beyond the country’s borders where C. partellus is still a problem. However, since reduced infestation and increased parasitism did not translate into yield increase, more suppressive effect may be achieved if the pest’s multiple developmental stages are targeted, most especially before it reaches the destructive larval stage. There is need to carry out further research on C. partellus’ egg parasitoids. Optimum yield may then be realized.Key words: Classical biological control; Chilo partellus ; Cotesia flavipes; parasitism; insecticidal check technique; Kenya

Characteristics of Offenders Participating in the Romanian Prison Service Credit System

Correctional assessment strategies and standards of practice should help to identify those offenders who are “good candidates” for earlier or conditional release while incarcerated. Several studies conducted on the Romanian prison population showed that a restricted set of items could accurately identify potential for early release decision-making and post release outcomes. Among a variety of relevant predictors identified was offender participation in a credit scheme with accompanying rewards and penalties. The Romanian Prison Service’s automated database was used to identify groups of offenders who had either earned (total, social reintegration activities or work) or lost credits for analytical purposes. These groups were used to make comparisons on a variety of case specific variables such as criminal history, sentence length, offence type and education. The present study extends previous research on prediction by unpacking offender participation in the credit scheme in relation to two outcome measures; early release from custody as well as subsequent returns to custody after early release.

Reproductive life-history traits of the classical biological control agent Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Using agent biology to support post release monitoring and establishment

It is important to develop efficient and cost-effective methods for monitoring the establishment and fitness of biological control agents. Understanding how simple and obtainable measurements of insects or their body parts relate to reproductive life-history traits could facilitate assessing the fitness of biological control agent populations in the field. Across many insect taxa, female size represents a principal constraint on potential fecundity. Here, we investigate the relationship between pupal measurements and aspects of potential fecundity in Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a recently released biological control agent against Vincetoxicum rossicum and V. nigrum (Apocynaceae) in Ontario Canada. We dissected adult H. opulenta females of different ages to assess their strategy of oogenesis by counting and measuring the number of eggs in their ovarioles and establishing the relationship between pupal measurements and potential fecundity. A second experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between pupal weight and adult longevity. While moths emerged with eggs in their ovarioles, oogenesis continued throughout the adult stage, and mean egg size increased with time after emergence. These observations place the moth closer to being an income breeder on the ovigeny index scale. We observed no significant relationship between pupal weight and total number of eggs; however, pupal weight was positively correlated with adult longevity. These results demonstrate the limited use of general size-fecundity relationships in post-release assessments for insects that are income breeders. However, they also highlight how the understanding of reproductive strategy in H. opulenta can provide important information to aid in its establishment and spread at release sites.

Combination of Pectoralis Major Muscle Massage and Endorphine Massage in Trimester III Pregnant Women for the Removal of Post Partum ASI in Palu City

The inhibiting factor in breastfeeding is the production of breastfeeding it self. The production of breast milk which is less and slowly exits can cause the mother not to give enough milk to her baby. Stimulating breastmilk production can be done by trying to stimulate prolactin and oxytocin hormones including by carrying out breast care on the skin, through pectoralis major muscle massage and endorphine massage to accelerate oxygen and make the mother feel relaxed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the combination of pectoralis major muscle massage and endorphine massage in third trimester pregnant women on breast milk release in post partum mothers. This type of research is quasi-experimental with the design of the Static-Group Comparasion. The study was conducted in September-November 2018 in the area of the Kamonji Health Center in the City of Palu. The population consisted of an intervention group of 24 people combined treatment of pectoralis major muscle massage followed by endorphine massage, and a control group of 24 people not given treatment. Sampling using the executive sampling technique. Univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of this study obtained by the intervention group had an average volume of breast milk of 1.36 cc, a minimum value of 05, cc and a maximum of 2.3 cc. while the control group has an average value of 0.38 cc, a minimum value of 0.1 cc and a maximum of 0.8 cc. it means there is a difference in the average volume of breast milk in the intervention group higher than the control group. This result is based on thestatistic Mann-Whitney Test obtained p value = 0,000. It was concluded, the combination of major pectoralis muscle massage and endorphine massage in third trimester pregnant women was effective against post partum breast milk release. Suggestion, the need for health center officers to apply this complementary therapy so that the target of exclusive breastfeeding is achieved.

Estimating Natural Mortality of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Using Acoustic Telemetry

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are highly migratory fish with a contemporary range spanning the North Atlantic Ocean. Bluefin tuna populations have undergone severe decline and the status of the fish within each population remains uncertain. Improved biological knowledge, particularly of natural mortality and rates of mixing of the western (GOM) and eastern (Mediterranean) populations, is key to resolving the current status of the Atlantic bluefin tuna. We evaluated the potential for acoustic tags to yield empirical estimates of mortality and migration rates for long-lived, highly migratory species such as Atlantic bluefin tuna. Bluefin tuna tagged in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) foraging ground (2009–2016) exhibited high detection rates post release, with 91% crossing receiver lines one year post tagging, 61% detected after year two at large, with detections up to ~1700 days post deployment. Acoustic detections per individual fish ranged from 3 to 4759 receptions. A spatially-structured Bayesian mark recapture model was applied to the acoustic detection data for Atlantic bluefin tuna electronically tagged in the GSL to estimate the rate of instantaneous annual natural mortality. We report a median estimate of 0.10 yr−1 for this experiment. Our results demonstrate that acoustic tags can provide vital fisheries independent estimates for life history parameters critical for improving stock assessment models.

Information Leakage Prior to SEC Form Filings–Evidence from TAQ Millisecond Data

We investigate the stock price movements prior to the publication of publicly-listed firms' SEC form filings. By analyzing the time-stamps of all SEC form filings as well as the stock prices in the 30-minute interval pre- and post-publication, utilizing the TAQ millisecond data, we find strong evidence of information leakage in the 30-minute intervals around Edgar acceptance timestamp of corporate SEC filings, in that if the stocks are ranked into 5 portfolios based on the price run-up prior to filing release, for all form types, the events with the highest run-up would also have the highest price increase post filing release. Regressing pre-publication return on buyer-initiated (classified according to Lee and Ready) minus seller-initiated trade volume fraction yields a positive and highly statistically-significant coefficient. Also, depending on the type of the SEC filing, for filings that could contain both positive and negative information, for example, form 8K 10K and 10Q (as opposed to 13D or 13G which generally can only be good new for stock price), the events with the most run-down prior to the release would also have the most price decrease post filing release. The results are not driven by momentum, and they remain even after the SEC's server fix in March, 2015, as Bolandnazar et al. (2018) have documented information leakage in the several-minutes range due to a technical issue related to SEC's dissemination through FTP and PDS services, which is also a different time-horizon than the 30-minute range we are focusing on. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that documents this phenomenon.