Post-reform Era Research Articles

Commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

The article considers the formation process of the commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the post-reform era. Despite there are scientific works that cover the topic of the formation and development of commercial and industrial entrepreneurship in the Samara province, the issue presented in the article can be considered as one of the unstudied. The scientific literature is not yet clearly defined the main factors that influenced this process. These factors include natural and climatic conditions, pace of establishment and development of agricultural production and other branches of farming industry, modernization of transport and financial infrastructure. The source base of the article is presented by administrative documentation, guidance and statistical materials, sources of personal nature, and fiction. The most significant sources include the documentary publications that contain a large amount of historical information, for example, «Lists of populated areas» for 1859, 1889, 1900, 1910. They contain valuable information about the geographical location of trade and industry facilities. On the basis of these and other materials, comparative-historical, analytical, methods of periodization and systematization, conclusions were formulated about the stages of the formation and development of shopping and industrial centers, their geographical placement, as well as that the modernization of transport and financial infrastructure gave a powerful impetus to the development of trading -Industrial activities of both the provincial capital and county centers, as well as a number of settlements, which at the end of the XIX-early XX centuries were shopping and industrial centers.

Revitalizing Pancasila Ideology in Post-Reform Indonesia: An Analysis of Presidential Decree No. 24 of 2016

The revitalization of Pancasila ideology has become crucial in the post-Reformation era, considering that Pancasila once lost its role as the nation's ideological foundation. Presidential Decree No. 24 of 2016 was issued as a response to address the historical distortion that occurred during the New Order period, which marginalized Bung Karno's role in the formation of Pancasila. However, there has been little research that comprehensively discusses the impact of this Presidential Decree on the revitalization of Pancasila and the mainstreaming of its ideology in state policies after the Reformation. This study employs a qualitative design with a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the meaning and implications of the decree. The results of the study indicate that Presidential Decree No. 24 of 2016 successfully corrected historical inaccuracies and re-established Pancasila’s position as a dynamic ideology. The establishment of the Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP) is a strategic step in ensuring that Pancasila's values are integrated into every government policy, allowing Pancasila to function as a living and contextual ideology. The implications of this research show that the revitalization of Pancasila through government policies is not only important for correcting historical narratives but also for ensuring that Pancasila remains relevant and adaptive in addressing ideological challenges in the globalization era.

Agricultural Value Chains and Gender in the Post-reform Era

This article systematically reviewed literature on agricultural market reforms, value chains and gender, selected from Global South developing countries to generate evidence on the changes in smallholder agricultural value chains and gender relations, following liberalization reforms. The study specifically aimed to; identify and critically analyse previous attempts to categorize agricultural value chains; and provide new value chain categorizations and associated gender relations. We found that only 5% of the reviewed 60 publications have attempted to categorize agricultural value chains, however with no consideration of gender relations. A new value chain typology has been provided as: “Traditional”, Digitally-led”, “Group-led” and “Firm-led” value chains, respectively basing on 13%, 35%, 32%, and 24% of the publications. With regard to gender relations, the main finding was that unequal gender relations are inherent in all forms of value chains but tend to be experienced differently by value chain actors –men and women – depending on the type of value chain. The commonly identified underlying factors for gender inequality included; patriarchal structures that bestow upon men decision-making power and control over production resources mostly land. Related were social norms that confine women to the domestic realm, proscribe their mobility and participation in higher value chain nodes and farmer groups. Lastly were gender disparities in education, skills and income leading to differences in access, ownership and use of ICTs. From the results, we note that inasmuch as different forms of value chains present some opportunities for actors, the evolution in smallholder value chains continues to engender equality challenges, mostly affecting women. We contributed to filling the knowledge gap on transformations in post-reform value chains and its effect on gender relations.

Transformasi Tatanan Hukum dan Demokrasi: Analisis Perubahan Struktural Pasca Reformasi

This research aims to examine the transformation of the level of law and democracy after the Indonesian reformation, of course after independence Indonesia experienced many structural changes from the pre-Reformation era to the post-reformation era. At all times, Indonesia has always tried to develop and improve Indonesia’s structural order, so this research uses two problem formulations, namely how the legal order in post-reformation Indonesia is and how democracy is implemented in post-reformation Indonesia. This research is qualitative research with a normative juridical approach. The results of this research show that the legal order in Indonesia after the 1998 reform, Indonesia experienced significant changes in its legal order and democratic system. The following are the main points related to several things, namely the constitution, government system, elections and political parties, legal developments, human rights protection, and regional autonomy. Overall, post-reform, Indonesia has moved towards a more mature democratic system with improvements in the legal order, more open elections, and increased protection of human rights.

Judicial Corruption in the Post-Reform Era: Assessing the Effectiveness of Legal Reforms in Indonesia

Judicial Corruption in the Post-Reform Era: Assessing the Effectiveness of Legal Reforms in Indonesia

External shocks and dynamics of resource use patterns: empirical evidence from the Indian manufacturing sector

While promoting manufacturing growth is imperative to boost economic growth, potential adverse consequences on natural resources and ecology have created sustainability-related concerns and challenges. In India, with the reform processes deepening further and the business environment becoming more market-oriented over the years, the adoption of appropriate measures for sustainable manufacturing growth under such conditions would require a deeper investigation of the underlying dynamics, particularly to address the impacts of external shocks. This is especially true when external shocks alter market dynamics and, hence, input is used significantly in the manufacturing sector. Given this backdrop, the present paper examines how the major external shocks to the Indian economy during in the post-reform era have altered the resource use patterns in selected manufacturing industries. The paper uses secondary data collected from the KLEMS database of the Reserve Bank of India for the period from 1980–81 to 2019–20 and applies descriptive statistics and econometric techniques to address the research objective. It is found that energy intensity, vertical integration, capital intensity, and rate of growth of total factor productivity decreased over the decades, whereas labour productivity experienced an increasing trend in most industries. However, the trends are mixed in the case of material intensity. Further, the regression results indicate significant effects of external shocks on resource use, factor productivity, and structural changes. There are also industry-specific differences in the nature and extent of such changes. Hence, a deeper investigation of the underlying factors and impacts at a disaggregate industry level is necessary to draw more robust insights.

Class Bias in Indonesian’s Post-Reformation Film Revival

This paper describes how the Indonesian film industry has experienced a revival to counter Hollywood dominance since the beginning of the Reformation Era in the 2000s. However, conditions that hinder the growth of the Indonesian film industry are mainly due to the concentration of movie theatres and film screens in big cities. Indonesian films are predominantly consumed by groups from the upper socioeconomic levels and ignored by the middle and lower economic strata. This article seeks to portray whether the movement against Hollywood dominance would be effective if Indonesian films were only directed at this particular audience segment. To analyse the development of the Indonesian film industry in the post-reformation era (2000-current), the authors used a nationwide survey from Saiful Mujani Research and Consulting, conducted from August 31 to September 9, 2019, shortly before the COVID-19 Pandemic hit globally. To corroborate the survey's findings, the authors also distributed a closed questionnaire to 100 students at Undergraduate Program in Communication, Universitas Indonesia, and followed this with in-depth interviews with several students. The authors seek to study the revival of Indonesian films despite the decade-long dominance of Hollywood films and, recently, South Korean films. The research question proposed in this paper is: Can Indonesia break away from Hollywood's dominance? For this reason, this research focuses on the availability and modality of Indonesian market-targeted millennial and post-millennial film audiences to support the revival of the national film industry to compete with the dominance of Hollywood films. Keywords: Class bias, Indonesian films’ revival, taste culture, movie theaters, Hollywood films.

Towards a More Illiberal Pluralism? Reexamination of the Nahdlatul Ulama’s Turn Against Islamic Fundamentalist Groups in Contemporary Indonesia

The rise of Nahdlatul Ulama’s intolerant response to Islamic fundamentalist groups has revived the long-standing scholarly debate on the future of Indonesian pluralism in post-reform era. Some scholars have overlooked that NU's response is contrary to the principles of liberal pluralism because it violates religious freedom for minority groups. Some others argue that such response actually confirm the consistency of NU's stance as a moderate Islamic organization in protecting and advocating religious pluralism in Indonesia. However, only a few scholars have studied how intolerant responses within NU and its various forms are discussed from a more critical, emphatic and comprehensive perspective. This article examines the conflicting response within NU over Islamic fundamentalist movements. This article is a qualitative research that employs a pluralism perspective as its main approach to analyzing the data. Based on a case study of local NU in Jember (East Java), it was found that many elements of NU Jember used a repressive approach in countering Islamic fundamentalist movements. This was due to the disbandment of the FPI, the termination of religious gatherings of the HTI by the State, and the rejection of the establishment of Imam Syafi'i Islamic Junior High School by the Salafis. Some, however, used non-repressive strategy against puritanical preaching of HTI, FPI and Salafi groups that are often considered heretical and in conflict with the belief of other religious groups. As result, the NU’s attempt to protect the religious freedom from fundamentalist attack turned into a threat to principles of pluralism. Indonesia’s religious freedom, I argue, is now in slow but perceptible process of deconsolidation.

Strategic Leadership of Indonesia's Presidents in the Post-Reform Era: Protecting Sovereignty in the South China Sea

Post-Reformation, Indonesia faces significant geopolitical challenges in the South China Sea, an area with a high potential for conflict due to overlapping territorial claims, especially with China. This article analyzes the leadership strategies implemented by Indonesian presidents from the Reformation era to the present in dealing with this issue. Using a qualitative approach, this research explores the diplomatic and defence policies implemented to maintain regional sovereignty and stability. Abdurrahman Wahid to Joko Widodo have implemented various approaches, ranging from multilateral diplomacy within the ASEAN framework, building naval capabilities, to strengthening international cooperation. The results of the analysis show that although the leadership style and policy priorities of each president are different, there is continuity in the commitment to upholding international law, especially UNCLOS, and strengthening regional cooperation as the main foundation for facing this challenge. This article also highlights the future challenges and opportunities facing Indonesia in the context of evolving global political and security dynamics.

LITERATUR REVIEW: REFORMASI ANGGARAN DAERAH DAN AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAERAH

This literature study was carried out with the aim of knowing the implementation and analyzing budget and financial accounting reforms in regional government. This research uses a literature review or what is also known as a literature review. Based on the results of research conducted on the Google Scholar site, 15 articles were determined that met the criteria determined by researchers from a total review of 15,400 articles published on the Google Scholar site in the 2014-2024 period. The findings obtained from the results of the literature review are that in this post-reform era, regional budget management is required to be transparent and accountable. The financial accounting system during the reform period applies the accrual principle which is expected to produce specific, complete and informative descriptions of regional government financial reporting.

Structural change, labour reallocation, and productivity growth in post-reform China

Abstract Why has the structural bonus been so small during China’s post-reform era? This article explains the puzzle by exploiting the heterogeneity in structural-change patterns across Chinese provinces. Using an original database covering production and factor inputs in 8 sectors and 31 provinces over 1993–2016, I show only those provinces where labour was reallocated from agriculture to manufacturing and services benefited from a structural bonus on labour productivity growth. In the other provinces, this structural-change effect was minimal or negative. Regarding the structural-change effect on total factor productivity (TFP) growth, I find both labour and capital reallocation played a limited role. Labour reallocation has little potential in boosting aggregate TFP growth, as marginal labour returns are similar across sectors. Capital reallocation has a far greater potential but remains restrained, suggesting substantial reallocation frictions. China’s TFP growth is mostly explained by within-sector technological progress, which has been dissipating since 2008, leading to declining TFP growth.

Judicial Progress of Electronic Administrative Law in the Post-Reform Era of Digital 4.0

Over the past decade in Indonesia, especially in the field of administrative justice or state administrative justice, there has recently been major reform in the justice system, starting with the enactment of Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning the Openness of Information to the Public, until recently with the enactment of Law no. 9 of 2018 concerning non-tax state revenues, there has been a very rapid expansion of the absolute jurisdiction of state administrative courts so that now they are not only allowed to examine beschikking but are also authorized to adjudicate all types of government administrative decisions, as long as they are not included in statutory regulations. invitations, and also to resolve disputes about factual actions. 1 of 2019 which opens a new paradigm for the justice system in Indonesia, or electronic courts (e-court). The method used is a bibliographic search method or a search that takes sources from related literature and is related to the discussion. In this document, it can be concluded that it is necessary to update the substance of the State Administrative Courts Law which is outdated in the digital era 4.0.

Українське селянство 19 ст. у матеріалах повітового суду: мікроісторичний вимір у контексті повсякдення

The object of the article is to systematically highlight the materials of the court archive of one of the largest districts of Kyiv province, namely Uman district, in particular the court cases in which peasants were involved. These materials complement the concept of everyday Ukrainian peasantry in the 19th century. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and a systematic approach in the analysis of historical sources, which are used in this article. Such special historical methods as descriptive, problem-chronological, historical-systemic and heuristic ones have proven to be effective. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the materials of the judicial and investigative practice of Uman County Court were used to highlight such an aspect of everyday Ukrainian peasantry as crimes and punishments. Chronological and thematic systematization of court cases in which peasants were involved showed a quantitative superiority of cases about abuse of peasants, peculiar forms of peasant protest in the form of escapes from serf owners and deviant acts in the pre-reform years. Dissatisfaction with the agrarian reform of 1861 created the basis for the deviant behavior of peasants in the everyday life of the post-reform years. Conclusions. During the functioning of Uman County Court (1800-1872), 1,817 cases were postponed in its archive, 269 of which are the materials of court proceedings on the claims of peasants or their prosecution. Most of the court cases date back to the pre-reform years and contain evidence of social tension in the villages. But the agrarian reform of 1861, despite its positive aspects, did not eliminate the reasons for such tension even in the post-reform era. In the everyday life of the peasantry of the first half of the 19th century, there was abuse of landowners, housekeepers and estate managers, which served as a reason for peasants to run away, commit suicide, commit crimes, and deviant behavior in everyday life. The materials of the district court’s judicial and investigative practice show that wealthy peasants appealed to the court regarding the purchase of land plots. The abolition of serfdom and the gaining of personal freedom by the peasants did not relieve social tension, and in the everyday life of the peasantry, illegal actions took place as a manifestation of despair, rudeness and violence.

Limits of Possibility: Practices of Administrative Sanctions Against Russian Periodical Press at Beginning of 20th Century

The study examines the mechanisms of censorship restrictions on Russian periodical press that had become widespread by the beginning of the 20th century. It explores the history of the development of censorship during the post-reform era and the stages of reorganization of the censorship apparatus in the context of changing Russian realities in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The issue of legislative initiatives regulating the coverage of domestic political events in the pages of Russian periodicals is addressed. Special attention is given to the practice of using administrative resources in the form of mandatory decrees by governors to establish control over local press. The documents for analysis were extracted by the authors from the archives of the Police Department of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. They contain information about specific instances of administrative penalties and fines imposed by governors on newspaper editors. Comparing this information with the content of articles subjected to penalties allowed for the identification of "the limits of possibility" for periodical press that existed locally in the perceptions of administrators. The review conducted led to the conclusion that mandatory decrees provided provincial administrations with the right, based on their own biases and convictions, to censor political content in print publications, thereby influencing public opinion.

Did the Economic Reforms Change the Macroeconomic Drivers of the Indian Economy in the Post-Reform Era? An ARDL Bounds Test Approach

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the macroeconomic forces that have been driving the Indian economy during both the pre-reform and post-reform eras, that is, from 1950-1951 to 1990-1991 and from 1991-1992 to 2022-2023 respectively. 
 Problem: The Indian economy underwent significant economic and financial sector reforms in 1991-92, with the goal of reviving its stagnant growth. These reforms are intended to spur the economic growth of India. What were the main forces behind the Indian economy before and after the reforms? Is the research question. The goal of the current study is to determine if the economic reforms shifted or maintained the pre-reform era’s driving forces for the Indian economy in the post-reform era. 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The gross domestic product (GDP), the gross domestic savings (GDS), the private consumption expenditure (PFCE), the government final consumption expenditure (GFCE), the inflation rate, the exchange rate, the exports, the imports, the internal and external borrowings of the government, personal remittances, foreign direct investment (FDI), and foreign portfolio investments (FPI) are all taken into consideration in order to fill the research gap that has been identified as a result of the comprehensive review of the literature. Following an analysis of the selected variables' fundamental characteristics, an econometric model is developed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test Model. 
 Findings: There is no evidence of long-run causation and association between the variables, but the findings of the ARDL Bounds Test showed that in the pre-reform period, PFCE is the major driver of the GDP in the short-run, with strong support from imports. However, since the reform, PFCE, GDS, and Exports are the primary short- and long-term contributors to GDP. 
 Practical Implication: These findings indicate that India's macroeconomic system is shifting. The Indian economy has undergone a dramatic shift, moving away from a reliance on imports and toward one that is consumer-driven and export-driven. As savings and consumer expenditures are the main drivers of the Indian economy’s growth in the post-reform era, policies should be designed to increase savings and consumption as well as increase exports.

Islamic Philanthropy and Public Policy: A Study of Zakat Fatwas from the New Order Era to the Post-Reform Era

Islamic Philanthropy and Public Policy: A Study of Zakat Fatwas from the New Order Era to the Post-Reform Era

Поміщицьке підприємництво Макарівщини кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.: історична спадщина

Optimizing the use of local resource potential based on the development of entrepreneurship is an important factor in the recovery of the Ukrainian economy. The purpose of the article is a historical and economic analysis of the entrepreneurial activity of Ukrainian landowners, namely the specifics of agro-industrial entrepreneurship of the Makariv Oblast in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of the formation of entrepreneurship in Ukraine, the main development trends and specifics of the formation of landlord entrepreneurship are characterized on the example of the Makariv District. It is shown that the entrepreneurship of the post-reformation era occupied an important place in the noble-landlord economy. As a result of the combination of cultivation of agricultural products and their processing, noble-landlord farms turned into agrarian-industrial complexes. Specialization was conditioned by natural and climatic conditions. In the course of the research, it was revealed that the technical processing of agricultural products: sugar, distillery, tobacco, flour mill production has gained a powerful development. It was determined that the existence of a practically closed production cycle was characteristic of entrepreneurial type landlord farms. The landowners of the Makariv region introduced such productions that best corresponded to natural, financial conditions and market demands. Simultaneously with the production of agricultural products, they made investments in distilleries, breweries and mills, sawmills that were part of the estates. Combining the production of agricultural products with their industrial processing provided the owner with stable profits. The entrepreneurial activity of the landowners, focused on the most effective use of local natural resource potential, acquired the character of agrarian and industrial entrepreneurship, which, along with ensuring profits, performed social and economic functions in the development of the Makariv district. The formation of a strategy and specific ways of recovery of regions and transformation of agricultural production affected by Russian aggression should be formed taking into account positive historical experience.

Loan Operation in the Issues of Revisions of “Reliability of Capitals and Cashiers” of Mining Associations of State-Owned Mining Plants (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries)

This article discusses some fragmentary known aspects of the history of mining partnerships – the first domestic institution created in addition to state pension guarantees for retired "free rural residents" of state-owned mining plants in the Caucasus, the Urals, Karelia and Eastern Siberia.
 When writing the article, materials from two Russian archives and, mainly, pre-revolutionary author's publications in the Mining Journal, the official publication of the Mining Scientific Committee, were used.
 The problematic characteristics of loan transactions are analyzed by the content of the identified facts of "neglect" and "damages" investigated during inspections of the activities of the Kusinsky, Zlatoust and Satka partnerships in 1881, 1877–1884 and 1911–1913, respectively. The indicators of financial and material "sustainability" of the system of partnerships as new formations of the post-reform era are given.
 For citation: Orlov P.A. Loan Operation in the Issues of Revisions of “Reliability of Capitals and Cashiers” of Mining Associations of State-Owned Mining Plants (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.46–59. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.46-59 (In Russian)

Struggling for Multiculturalism: The Revival of Chinese Festivals in Three Cities of Java during the Post-Reformation Era and Its Challenges

In the Reformation era, the Chinese-Indonesians enjoy more freedom in expressing their ethnic identity in the public sphere, which was once oppressed under Soeharto’s New Order (1967-1998). The return of the Chinese festivals appears to indicate the end of discrimination and the celebration of multiculturalism, which recognizes the acculturation between the Chinese and local cultures. However, several festivals received backlash and resentment from local Islamic groups. Based on fieldwork and observation on the Chinese New Year folk festivals 2019-2020 in Semarang, Solo, and Yogyakarta, this article describes the socio-political dimensions behind the revival of Chinese New Year folk festivals. The findings show that while Chinese cultural icons become obvious, these folk festivals accommodate the acculturation between the Chinese and local ethnic and/or religious cultures, which made them closer to the expression of hybrid and multicultural identities. However, the Islamic groups still felt the exposure of Chinese culture was beyond limit and the hybridity is disturbing the Islamic faith. They protested to limit or cancel these festivals. In mitigating the protests and conflicts, the local governments tend to take pragmatic problem solutions, rather than educating the public regarding multiculturalism and tolerance.

Rethinking National Identity Construction Through Independent Films In Indonesia Creative Industry

Background: The creative industry in Yogyakarta, since the post-reformation era, specifically the independent film industry, has been producing films that challenge the meaning and interpretation of national identity in its society. Yogyakarta independent films offer different discourses concerning the constructions of national identity. Thus, within this current context of the post-reformation era, the notion of national identity needs proper scrutiny. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to define and understand the manifestations of Indonesian national identity as depicted in independent films during the post-reformation era within Yogyakarta’s creative city, utilizing Benedict Anderson’s (2006) imagined community concept. Methods: This study conducted a qualitative research methodology using the text analysis of four selected independent films and in-depth interviews with 27 informants located in Yogyakarta. The primary source of the data collected in this study were the textual analyses and the in-depth interviews. Results: The results of this study indicate that within the horizontal comradeship dimension, the notion of multiple interpretations of national identity was highlighted through the issues on the diversity of ethnic identity, modernization, Islamic fundamentalist organization, the promotion of local language, and community attachment to the nation’s symbols. Meanwhile, in the context of the geographical boundaries dimension, the regional attachment within the territory where the communities live implied the important role of the Yogyakarta Monarchy system and as a sovereign power of a Special Region in influencing the diverse interpretations of national identity. Implications: The findings indicated that the past historical meaning of Pancasila, which underscored a requirement for homogeneous identities within the society, contrasted with the evidence found, which demonstrated the evidence of diversity or heterogeneous identity.