Post Processor Research Articles

Research on the impacts of GPF on RDE emission behaviors

In this research, RDE tests were carried out on a pre-China 6 TGDI vehicle in the two cases of installing or not installing GPF to explore the impacts of GPF on RDE emission behaviors. The results indicated that the GPF can effectively filter PN emissions, especially at low speed, high load engine operating conditions, where the PN emissions can be reduced to about 1/200 of the original emissions. For TGDI vehicles, the installation of GPF can reduce the RDE PN emissions by more than 30 times, which indicates that the GPF is the key post-processing device for TGDI vehicles to meet the China 6 regulation. And in the upgrade process of China 5 vehicles to China 6 vehicles, especially for TGDI vehicles, the engine, the post processor and the turbocharger all needs re-calibrating or re-matching to concur a series of problems the back pressure raise caused by the installation of GPF, which may bring deterioration of engine combustion process, decrease of catalyst temperature and similar conditions that will worsen the vehicle emissions.

To study the Aerodynamic Effects of Spoiler of a Car (Sedan – Segment) using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Aerodynamic is an important aspect in consideration with regard to automotive design. Efficient diagnosis of aerodynamic forces’ effect on a car body becomes necessary when automobiles run at very high speed. In recent days, almost all automobile products coming into the market are designed considering the effect of aerodynamic forces.
 The objective of this analysis is to simulate the flow of air over a car body and to estimate the effect of aerodynamic forces like drag and lift. The prediction of drag becomes necessary for vehicle running at higher speeds, may lead to higher fuel consumption, dropping the efficiency. The induced “LIFT” will disconnect wheels and road, which may lead to accidents. The current analysis we are performing, will analyze the effect of these forces on car, with and without spoiler, to understand the spoiler’s presence helping in reducing the drag and its contribution to increase the efficiency of the car. Hypermesh is used for pre-processing and ANSYS Fluent is used as a solver and post processor.

Evaluation of the additional shear demand due to frame-infill interaction: a new capacity model

During earthquakes, masonry infills exert a significant stiffening and strengthening action which can be favourable or adverse to face the earthquake-induced demand. Infills transfer the force increment to the RC frame members as an additional shear force. Because of this, local shear failures at the end of the columns, or at the end of the beam-column joints can occur. This is particularly true in the case of non-seismically conforming frame structures, as also shown by post-earthquake damage revealed by recent and past earthquakes. Assessment of this additional shear demand is not possible using the common equivalent strut model for the infills. On the other hand, 2D inelastic models are not computationally effective to be used for seismic analysis of large and complex buildings. Because of this, the actual shear demand on columns is underestimated in most cases. In order to maintain the simplicity of the equivalent strut approach without losing the information about the actual shear force on the columns, the current paper provides a detailed study about the infill-frame shear transfer mechanism. Refined 2D inelastic models of real experimental tests on infilled frames have been realized in OpenSees with the aid of the STKO pre and post processor platform. Shear demand on the columns is extracted as on output of the simulations and compared to the axial force resulting from the same simulations made with the equivalent strut models. An analytical relationship allowing estimate the additional shear demand as a function of the current axial force on the equivalent struts and the geometrical and mechanical properties of the infilled frames is finally proposed. The formula can be easily used to perform shear safety checks of columns adjacent to the infills in seismic analyses.

A FRAME WORK FOR SEAMLESS INTEGRATION OF DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING USING CNC

Machining is an important manufacturing process that is used in a wide range of applications. From aerospace applications to the manufacturing of energy systems we see a major reliance on machining. Nowadays, CNC machining is found in many industries to aid production by manufacturing process. CNC machining is absolutely essential for manufacturing and it is important. Some major benefits of CNC machining is manufacturing are greater efficiency, more accuracy and fabrication. In this project focus on gaining an improved understanding of the mechanics of machining and different factors that contribute to part quality. The aim of this work is to develop a frame work for seamless integration of design and manufacturing using CNC machine. For this process involves some steps. The selection of the component and design a 3D model of the component using CATIA software is presented here. Later generate the tool paths and program (contains G & M codes) using Dell CAM software. A post processor is used to converts the CAM data into specific commands that can be read a machine controller to move the cutting tool along the programmed paths. After the basic selections and decisions the preparation of a program will be done. After the lots of observation will go for fabrication of component using CNC vertical milling machine to achieve a designed shape with smooth finished surface, high accuracy and less machining time which directly increases the productivity.

A FRAME WORK FOR SEAMLESS INTEGRATION OF DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING USING CNC

Machining is an important manufacturing process that is used in a wide range of applications. From aerospace applications to the manufacturing of energy systems we see a major reliance on machining. Nowadays, CNC machining is found in many industries to aid production by manufacturing process. CNC machining is absolutely essential for manufacturing and it is important. Some major benefits of CNC machining is manufacturing are greater efficiency, more accuracy and fabrication. In this project focus on gaining an improved understanding of the mechanics of machining and different factors that contribute to part quality. The aim of this work is to develop a frame work for seamless integration of design and manufacturing using CNC machine. For this process involves some steps. The selection of the component and design a 3D model of the component using CATIA software is presented here. Later generate the tool paths and program (contains G & M codes) using Dell CAM software. A post processor is used to converts the CAM data into specific commands that can be read a machine controller to move the cutting tool along the programmed paths. After the basic selections and decisions the preparation of a program will be done. After the lots of observation will go for fabrication of component using CNC vertical milling machine to achieve a designed shape with smooth finished surface, high accuracy and less machining time which directly increases the productivity.

Generating direct diamond shaping tool paths using special-purpose computer-aided-machining post-processor

ABSTRACT Ultra-precision direct diamond shaping (DDS) is an attractive method for manufacturing highly accurate and complex features. DDS employs 4 of the 5-axes in an Ultra-Precision Machine (UPM) with a conventional diamond tool to machine features on a workpiece mounted on a rotary axis. It has been proven to be effective and flexible in manufacturing intricate features, from microfluidics to Fresnel lenses. However, a significant technical hurdle in the practical implementation of DDS is the complexity of its non-conventional tool path generation. Current practices in generating DDS tool paths rely on programming and significant mathematical manipulation. This is not only time consuming but also requires the user to overcome a steep learning curve. Moreover, conventional Computer-Aided Machining (CAM) software does not support DDS tool paths, but instead supports tool path generation for common machining processes like milling and turning. This paper discusses the use of a special-purpose post processor to bridge the compatibility gap between CAM and DDS tool path generation. The mathematics and logic of converting CAM milling tool paths to DDS would be discussed. Finally, the post processor was experimentally verified using a case study.

Development of machine steering with use of PLC as introduction to 4.0 Industry

Article was written in order to make an attempt at developing a simple steering system for numerically controlled machines, with use of virtual modelling environment and an actual driver together with HMI panel. It was made as a response to demand of centralized system for steering a smart factory containing many machines. In the article, creation of a simple single machine steering system was described, which can be upscaled to the entire production hall. Used steering in this case is setting of position in an absolute system, in which only 3 variables X, Y and Z are known, and the operator can perform a correction of location and speed. Obviously, in real conditions these values will be set by a different program - like a post processor generating G-code. Usage of one data communication server can allow integration of devices within one production, and this allow creation of a smart factory suitable for 4.0 industry. In order to obtain such communication, an OPC server was used. Furthermore, the process of creating and connecting machines or programs to it was briefly presented.

DBSCAN-Based Tracklet Association Annealer for Advanced Multi-Object Tracking.

Recently, as the demand for technological advancement in the field of autonomous driving and smart video surveillance is gradually increasing, considerable progress in multi-object tracking using deep neural networks has been achieved, and its application field is also expanding. However, various problems have not been fully addressed owing to the inherent limitations in video cameras, such as the tracking of objects in an occluded environment. Therefore, in this study, we propose a density-based object tracking technique redesigned based on DBSCAN, which has high robustness against noise and is excellent for nonlinear clustering. Moreover, it improves the noise vulnerability inherent to multi-object tracking, reduces the difficulty of trajectory separation, and facilitates real-time processing through simple structural expansion. Through performance test evaluation, it was confirmed that by using the proposed technique, several performance indices were improved compared to the existing tracking technique. In particular, when added as a post processor to the existing tracker, the tracking performance owing to noise suppression was considerably improved by more than 10%. Thus, the proposed method can be applied in industrial environments, such as real pedestrian analysis and surveillance security systems.

Simulation of CO2 Gas Adsorption Process Flow at Cyclone Gas Outlet in Palm Oil Mills Using Computation Fluid Dynamic Simulation

Cyclone separator is equipment used to control emissions from gas flow in industrial processes. The principle of removing particulates from the gas flow in this tool is to use the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force generated from the rotating flow will make dust particles wasted into the cyclone wall where the dust will then fall into the hopper. Adsorption is a series of processes for the accumulation of a substance (adsorbate) on the surface of another substance (adsorbent). Adsorption can occur because of the energy on the surface and the attraction force on the surface. This study aims to obtain a good CO2 adsorption efficiency from modifying the cyclone separator using an adsorption column, analyzing the CO2 gas adsorption process produced from the biomass system at the utility unit boiler station at the Palm Oil Mill (PMO) using a modified cyclone. This simulation was carried out using the Autodesk Inventor Professional 2017 (Student Version) application for the descripction of the tool as a preprocessor and Ansys 2019 R3 (Student Version) applications as a processor and post processor. The variations that were applied included the adsorption column bed height of 3100 mm and 4650 mm, respectively, CO2 gas flow rates of 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5 dan 25 m/s and mass loading 0,001 kg/s. The results obtained in the most optimal modification of the cyclone separator are at a bed height of 3100 mm with the highest adsorption percentage 93.437%, the highest flow 91.974% with a pressure drop of 1000 Pa.

Research on nxug10.0 impeller automatic programming and DMU50 five axis machining center

Taking nxug10.0 software as the platform and impeller as an example, this paper analyzes the structural characteristics and processing difficulties of impeller, reasonably formulates the NC processing scheme, and uses nxug10.0 impeller processing module to plan the tool path, generate the tool path file, and simulate the processing to verify the correctness of the tool path. The NC program of impeller is generated by special post processor and uploaded to DMU50 five axis NC machining center to complete the actual processing of impeller. Through the detection of impeller, the results show that the impeller fully meets the design and use requirements.

Synthesising of flexural spindle head micro drilling machine tool in PLM environment

The advantage of building a machine in virtual environment helps in detection of the collision of the machine tool components with the work piece and effective process planning. Further every machine tool is virtually planned, designed and developed in product lifecycle management (PLM) platform before it is actually manufactured. This paper explains the synthesis of flexural spindle head used for micro drilling is in the PLM platform. The systematic procedure is adopted for validating the machine tool design in PLM environment. The first step deals with the hierarchy of assembly components that are designated using various possible kinematic chains. The second step involves assigning the required motions of the assembly components. The final step is the virtual control of the machine tool movements with the help of the virtual controller and respective post processor. On completion of all the steps the validation is carried out on the work piece.

Synthesizing of Flexural Spindle Head Micro Drilling Machine Tool in PLM Environment

The advantage of building a machine in virtual environment helps in detection of the collision of the machine tool components with the work piece and effective process planning. Further every machine tool is virtually planned, designed and developed in product lifecycle management (PLM) platform before it is actually manufactured. This paper explains the synthesis of flexural spindle head used for micro drilling is in the PLM platform. The systematic procedure is adopted for validating the machine tool design in PLM environment. The first step deals with the hierarchy of assembly components that are designated using various possible kinematic chains. The second step involves assigning the required motions of the assembly components. The final step is the virtual control of the machine tool movements with the help of the virtual controller and respective post processor. On completion of all the steps the validation is carried out on the work piece.

Research on CNC Machining Technology of the Upper Shell of Electro-hydraulic Servo Valve

The CNC machining technology of the upper shell of electro-hydraulic servo valve is complex, and the machining accuracy is required to be high. According to the existing cutting tools and machine tools, the CNC machining process with CNC lathe and 4-axis machining center is designed. First of all, the aluminum alloy blank is roughened and finished on the CNC lathe. After the processing is completed, the two ends of the blank are processed on the CNC lathe, and rough milling, fine milling, drilling and boring processing are carried out with the 4-axis machining center. After the 3D CAD model of the upper shell is constructed, the tool path of rough machining and finish machining is generated by MasterCAM software, and then the G code is generated by the post processor and input to the machining center for machining. The NC machining technology of the upper shell can effectively improve the machining efficiency and accuracy.

Development of the PC-based Integrated Interface System of STEP file for CNC Machining Application: Circular Features

STEP is a general data format that observes the international standard ISO 10303-21. STEP means Standard for the Exchange of Product model data. It consists of the 3D geometry of a computer-aided design (CAD) model in the configuration of boundary representation (B-rep). By extracting, refining and decoding the geometric data correctly, the data can be utilized for writing G-code for Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining application. Usually G-codes can either be manually generated by skilled machinists or automatically generated by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. However, manually generated G-code is inefficient and susceptible to error. Meanwhile automated generation G-code requires significant setup cost. This paper describes the design and development of an integrated interface system, an instrument aimed to be used to analyze STEP files and generate machining tool path based on ISO 6983 format. This developed interface reduces the need for high setup cost as well as eliminates human limitations. The interface at present is able of detecting circular machining features on the workpiece. Circular machining features are created by 3D modelling software and retained as STEP file. The STEP file which contains geometrical data is then uploaded to the interface system as an input file which is structurally analyzed and processed. Finally, the ideal machining tool path in the G Code format is proposed and generated. By bypassing the CAM software and its proprietary post processor, the outcome of this research is important to enhance compatibility between different CNC machine systems

Based on PowerMill and K2X8 Five Axis CNC Machine of Realization of Integral Impeller Machining

Based on the powermill2019 software platform, taking the integral shunt impeller as an example, this paper analyzes the overall structure characteristics and machining difficulties of the integral shunt impeller, reasonably formulates the NC machining process plan, and uses the powermill2019 impeller machining module to plan the tool path, so as to generate the tool path file, and verifies the correctness of the tool path by simulation machining. Through the special post processor of powermill2019 five axis machining center, the NC program of integral shunt impeller is generated and uploaded to k2x8 five axis CNCmachining center to complete the actual processing of integral shunt impeller. Through the inspection of impeller, the results show that the impeller fully meets the design and use requirements.

A Review on Hardware Accelerator Design and Implementation of CORDIC Algorithm for a Gaming Application

Co-ordinate Digital rotation computer is the full form of CORDIC.CORDIC is a process for finding functions using less hardware like shifts, subs/adds and then compares. It's the algorithm used for some elementary functions which are calculated in real-time and many conversions like from rectangular to polar co-ordinate and vice versa. Rectangular to polar and polar to rectangular is an important operation in CORDIC which are generally used in ALUs, wireless communications, DSP processors etc. This paper proposes the implementation of physical design for CORDIC algorithm for polar to rectangular and rectangular to polar conversions, by the use of RTL code in written in Verilog and fed to pre-processor, cordic core and post processor. This type of implementation results with greater efficiency, throughput by reducing power consumption and implanting it with high frequency. Hence due to great efficiency with low power it can be used for gaming applications.

Impulse noise reduction using hybrid neuro‐fuzzy filter with improved firefly algorithm from X‐ray bio‐images

AbstractNoise filtering performance in medical images is improved using a neuro‐fuzy network developed with the combination of a post processor and two neuro‐fuzzy (NF) filters. By the fact, the Sugeno‐type is found to be less accurate during impulse noise reduction process. In this paper, we propose an improved firefly algorithm based hybrid neuro‐fuzzy filter in both the NF filters to improve noise reduction performance. The proposed noise reduction system combines the advantages of the neural, fuzzy and firefly algorithms. In addition, an improved version of firefly algorithm called searching diversity based particle swarm firefly algorithm is used to reduce the local trapping problem as well as to determine the optimal shape of membership function in fuzzy system. Experimental results show that the proposed filter has proved its effectiveness on reducing the impulse noise in medical images against different impulse noise density levels.

Development of professional competencies for artificial intelligence in finite element analysis

ABSTRACTThis study identified the competency requirement for artificial intelligence in finite element analysis. The 10 Delphi group members included 5 field engineers in mechanical fields and 5 scholars from a technology institute. Next, 10 field experts were invited to participate. Using the Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process, questionnaires were designed to assess competency indicators of artificial intelligence in finite element analysis. The data collected from questionnaires were analyzed using a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Z value of the Kolmogorov–Smirnovone (KS) test, and relative weight. To fulfill the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed to collect data for 40 general competencies in 10 domains: (1) introduction to the finite element method, (2) pretreatment, (3) coordinate system, (4) model construction skills, (5) boundary conditions and solutions, (6) post processor application, (7) machine learning, (8) neural network, (9) deep learning, and (10) artificial intelligence in finite element analysis. The results of the three rounds of the Delphi technique expert questionnaire revealed essential professional competencies for AI in FEA. These findings can be used to devise a training and development plan and provide valuable references for educators in the field of engineering and technical education.

FEM/CFD analysis of wings at different angle of attack

As we are moving towards future, our natural energy resources are exploited day by day so we have to limit our usage for future generation but simultaneously our need is also increasing drastically so we cannot limit our self by using them, but we can modify/alter the design of object so that we can increase the fuel efficiency. As wings are made of Airfoil section, so we can increase the lift force corresponding to drag force generated by the flow of air over airfoil section.The main motive of this study is to compare coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag at different angle of attack for constant air velocity at different airfoil sections provided by The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). We selected NACA 2412, NACA 2414 and NACA 2415 using Computational Fluid Dynamics.To obtain the solution we have to solve steady state governing equations, momentum equations with standard k-epsilon viscous model. The geometry is first imported in design modular of ANSYS, and then import the file into Ansys15 software using Fluent as a solver and CFD – Post as post processor.

Interactive system to control the kinematic error of a five-axis milling machine

The kinematic error (KE) of a five-axis milling machine is an important measure of the accuracy. The proposed software allows to interactively position the cutter contact (CC) points to reduce the KE. The system helps to optimize the tool path by a trial and error approach and provides a learning experience for the users of five-axis machines. The code works with the STL and OFF files as well as with parametric surfaces. The Interactive system (IS) was offered to unexperienced users as a game with a goal to reduce visible kinematic errors while keeping the number of available CC points. The users were able to achieve a decrease of of the maximum KE by 91.73% and of the average KE by 43.70%. The program has been verified with a post processor from HAAS VF-2TR machining center (Trunnion VMCs).