Tukey's HSD Post-hoc Test Research Articles

Effect of Preheating Cycles on Microshear Bond Strength of Nanohybrid Resin Composite Luted to CAD/CAM Ceramic

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the microshear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to Leucite-reinforced CAD/CAM ceramic and compare it with that of prewarmed nanohybrid resin composite. Materials and methods: Sixty Empress CAD ceramic plates were prepared. Each ceramic plate received five Tygon tube micro-cylinders filled with bonding agents creating 5 resinous micro-cylinders on each ceramic plate. In the first group (GpA), they were filled with resin cement, nanohybrid resin composite as a bonding agent was applied in the second group (GpB), after warming at 50℃, in the third group (GpC), two prewarming cycles were performed. Light-curing for 20seconds was applied. Micro-shear bond strength testing (μSBS) was performed using universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure occurred. The μSBS was calculated in MPa by dividing the load (Newton) over the respective surface area (mm 2 ).Data were tabulated and analyzed and showed normal distribution when checked using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. One-way ANOVA used to compare between the tested groups for μSBS data followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Significant level was set at 5% (α=0.05). Results: One- way ANOVA showed a significant difference between tested groups (p < 0.001). Where heated composite (two prewarming cycle) showed the highest mSBS compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, heated composite (one prewarming cycle) showed an improved μSBS compared to resin cement group, but the increase was insignificant (p=0.081). Conclusion: pre-heated nanohybrid resin composites seem to be a potential alternative to resin cement to lute ceramic restorations.

Altitudinal Distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera: Insecta) on the Eastern Slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Andean Amazon, Colombia

Objetive. The objective was to determine the altitudinal distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera) on the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Andean Amazon, Colombia. Scope. Promote knowledge of the diversity of Calliphoridae in the Colombian Andean Amazon, which can be used as forensic indicators in this region of the country. Methodology. The study was done in an altitudinal gradient from 250 to 2,500 meters. During March, April, and June (high rainy season) and September, November, and December (low rainy season), using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decomposing fish. Results. A total of 4,437 specimens of Calliphorid were collected, distributed in nine genera and 14 species; the most abundant species were Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey HSD test showed that the two sampling seasons and the five sampling stations were not statistically different. Species accumulation curves were used to measure sampling effort and a rarefaction curve based on the number of specimens was used to compare species richness between sampling stations. Shannon diversity index showed that the most diverse altitude was Macagual at 250 meters (H = 2.39), and the Simpson index showed that the locality with the highest dominance was Los Lirios at 1400 meters (D = 1.33). Species showed specific altitudinal range distribution based on the results from a Factorial Correspondence Analysis and on an altitude range grouping using cluster analysis. Conclusions. The results showed that the distribution and diversity ofthe Calliphoridae species the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Colombian Andean Amazon are strongly influenced by weather conditions.

Analysis of sex and age differences in performance of young Canadian freestyle swimmers

This study is intended to determine sex and age differences in young Canadian freestyle swimmers aged from ≤10 to 18, for all 6 distances from 50m to 1500m in both short and long course indoor pools. The data set used in the studies is publicly available and categorized into sex/age/course/distance groups during seasons from 2008 to 2019. The sex differences in swimming speed were determined using independent Z-tests (two-sided, unequal SD). The age differences in swimming speed over all ages were analysed using classic one-way ANOVA with subsequent pairwise Tukey-HSD post-hoc tests and Welch’s ANOVA followed by pairwise Games-Howell post-hoc tests. They were then determined using paired two-sample t-tests (two-sided). Young male swimmers outperformed young female swimmers in most groups. Groups with similar performances or no significant differences were in younger age groups (10-year and 11-year). Sex differences increased as age increased, ranging from −0.96% to 13.54%. Sex differences in shorter distances and short course were smaller than in longer distances and long course for ≤12 years and became greater than in longer distances at ≥13 years. Age speed differences decreased as age increased until 17–18-years old, ranging from 12.79% to −0.37%. The performance of female swimmers became stable earlier than that of male swimmers. The age-to-age speed differences of male swimmers were greater than those of female swimmers. These gaps increased from 10–11-year to 13–14-year groups and decreased after that. Age differences in shorter distances and short course were greater than in longer distances and long course. Further studies are required to confirm and extend this research to swimmers at other age groups, in other strokes, and from other countries.

Polymers for conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing of occlusal devices differ in hardness and flexural properties but not in wear resistance

ObjectivesTo investigate the wear resistance of polymers for injection molding, subtractive and additive manufacturing of occlusal devices in comparison with enamel antagonist wear and material properties (i.e., hardness, flexural strength, and flexural modulus). MethodsInjection molding was compared with milling and the additive technologies stereolithography, low force stereolithography, and digital light processing. For each material, eight specimens were produced for wear measurements. Extracted human premolars served as indenters. All samples were subjected to two series of a 2-body wear test consisting of 200,000 circular loading cycles with an applied load of 1) 20 N and 2) 50 N in a thermocycling environment (5/55 °C, 30 s, 3860 cycles, H2O). Wear resistance was characterized by means of maximum depth and volume of the resulting traces. In addition, enamel wear of the indenters and Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the polymers were determined. Wear was statistically analyzed with linear general models for repeated measures and material properties with one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey-HSD tests. ResultsWear of the antagonists was not influenced by the material (P ≥ 0.343). Likewise, no differences in wear resistance were found between materials after cyclic loading with 20 N or 50 N (P ≥ 0.074). Material properties investigated revealed decreased values for the resins for the additive manufacturing with the exception of flexural strength of one material. SignificanceWithin the limitations of this in-vitro study, arylates for conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing of occlusal devices differ in material properties but not in wear resistance and antagonist wear.

English

BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of gum which surrounds and supports the teeth. Globally, periodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases. Unhealthy periodontium has been connected to systemic conditions like pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Periodontal disease affects individuals of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in elderly patients. According to the World Health Organization, nearly 65 % of people have respiratory problems due to periodontal disease. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is defined as the maximum rate and speed of expiration of an individual. We wanted to determine and compare PEFR in acute and chronic periodontitis. METHODS The present case control study was carried out among patients in the 20 - 40 years age group, who were attending outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Study participants were grouped into three categories as ‘normal individuals’, ‘patients with acute periodontitis’ and ‘patients with chronic periodontitis’; each group had 20 people. Spirometer was used to detect the peak expiratory flow rate. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS. P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS Results were obtained and expressed as mean ± SD. The Tukey HSD Post-hoc Test was used. Significance value is &lt; 0.05. PEFRs are 420 ± 21.37 and 317 ± 21.05 in control and periodontitis individuals, respectively. P values for these criteria were &lt; 0.05. Males have a high PEFR when compared to females in normal individuals group. This difference was statistically not significant. Females have a high PEFR when compared to males in patients with acute periodontitis. This difference was statistically not significant. Males have a high PEFR when compared to females with chronic periodontitis. When compared within and between groups, it was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis could be a key source of respiratory disorders. This study shows that acute periodontitis expiratory flow rate was greater than chronic periodontitis expiratory flow rate. Proper maintenance of oral health and early detection of periodontitis may aid in reducing the frequency of respiratory problems due to periodontitis. KEY WORDS Acute Periodontitis, Chronic Periodontitis, Peak Flow Meter, Respiratory Disease

Differentiation of endangered butter catfish, Ompok bimaculatus populations along the selected habitats of South-western Bangladesh: Evidence from morphological characters

The intraspecific morphological variations of the butter catfish, Ompok bimaculatus has been assessed from two fish farms viz., Chanchra Fish Farm, Jashore (CFFJ) and Fish Seed Complex, Khulna (FSCK) and two natural wetlands viz., Bohni beel, Gopalganj (BBG); Dakatia beel, Khulna (DBK) in the south-western part of Bangladesh. A total number of 80 samples were collected comprising 20 individuals from each sampling location. Five meristic characters, 18 morphometric characters and 21 truss-based morphometric characters were measured respectively. Meristic, morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters were exposed to one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey-HSD post-hoc test at 5% significance level. Significant differences were observed in two meristic characters viz., CFR and PevFR, and five morphometric and four truss morphometric characters. However, morphometric and truss measurements showed highly intermingled among four populations in discriminant functions (DFs) analysis and discriminant space as well. DFs showed that 6-7, PrDL, HL, PSDL, 1-2, 4-6, FL, ED, 3-9, 5-6, SnL and 4-5 characters contributed 62.8% in first DF, while 2-9, HD, 1-9, 2-3, 2-6, 3-6, 3-4, LAB, 3-8, 9-10, IO and MXBLR characters contributed 20.6% in second DF, and the remaining characters contributed 16.6% in third DF. In cluster analysis, two distinct clusters were made, where BBG demonstrated a solitary group, and FSCK and CFFJ jointly shaped alternative clusters, while the DBK population found a subgroup with CFFJ. These results postulate the occurrence of intermingling populations of this species from four aquatic habitats. These morphological discrepancies play an important role in establishing proper decisions in order to achieve appropriate management and conservation as well as mass seed production for their future sustainability.

AN IN VITRO STUDY TO ASCERTAIN THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF DENTURE BASE RESIN REINFORCED WITH TWO DIFFERENT FIBERS AND THEIR COMBINATION

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the transverse strength of denture base resin reinforced with two distinct fibers and their combination with the denture base resin without any reinforcement. MaterialsandMethod: Atotal40testsamplesofclearheatcureresinwerefabricatedwiththehelpofa customized metallic die and divided in to four groups- Group1: samples fabricated with clear acrylic resin without any reinforcement(Control group),Group2: samples reinforced with carbon fiber epoxy resin composite block, Group3: samples reinforced with glass fiber epoxy resin composite block, Group 4: samples reinforced with combination of carbon and glass fiber epoxy resin composite block. After finishing and polishing all the samples were having final dimension of 3 cm × 1 cm × 0.3cm with a ±0.02 error measured with digital vernier caliper. Samples were immersed in water for 7 days in an incubator. A 3-point bend test was done in a universal testing machine, and load to fracture was recorded (MPa). Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by tukey HSD post-hoc test to compare mean transverse Strength in four groups.&#x0D; Results: Group 2 and group 4 showed highest strength with significant difference with all other groups and non-significant with each other. Group1(control group) showed lowest transverse strength among all the groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: carbon fiber and glass fiber alone provided either good transverse strength or good esthetics respectively while unique combination of carbon and glass fiber epoxy resin composite significantly increased the transverse strength of acrylic resin along with good esthetics.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Elution properties of a resorbable magnesium phosphate cement

ObjectiveThis study tests the elution capabilities of a magnesium phosphate cement (MPC). Study objectives were to quantify the passive release of magnesium ions from MPC and to assess the effects of antibiotic-loaded MPC on bacterial growth and osteoblast viability. MethodsMPC constructs were created and incubated in fetal bovine serum (FBS). At 2, 4, and 17 weeks, a sample was collected for magnesium ion concentration analysis. Control and vancomycin-loaded (vanc) MPC beads were also created. Zone of inhibition was measured after incubating beads on Staphylococcus aureus agar plates for 24 h. Osteoblasts were seeded onto control and vanc beads and cultured for 9 days. Metabolic activity was measured via a resazurin assay. ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests and t-tests were performed. ResultsMagnesium ions were eluted at 2 and 4-week time points without significant difference, but demonstrated a significant spike at the 17-week time point. Zones of inhibition for the bacterial species was observed for Vanc-MPC beads, but not control beads. No cytotoxic effects on osteoblasts were noted. ConclusionMPC has potential to improve bone regeneration based on its ability to passively elute magnesium. Additionally, antibiotic-loaded MPC inhibits bacterial growth while avoiding osteoblast cytotoxicity.

Comparing the Repair of Veneered Zirconia Crowns with Ceramic or Composite Resin: An in Vitro Study.

Statement of problem: Current techniques for repairing porcelain-chipped restorations have several limitations. With advances in CAD/CAM technology, the combination of resin cements and high-strength ceramic materials might offer new options for repairing the chipping of veneering ceramic. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the load-to-failure of veneered zirconia crowns repaired by different materials. Material and Methods: Veneered zirconia crowns were made on aluminum dies (n = 10/group). Feldspathic porcelain (Vita VM9, Vident) was applied to the zirconia coping (Vita In-Ceram YZ, Vident) in a cylindrical shape (Ø 10.5 mm, height 7.5 mm). A bevel cut on the porcelain veneer (45 degree, 3 mm width) was made at one side of each crown to simulate porcelain chipping. The crowns were then divided into four different groups according to the repair materials: 1. Conventional resin composite (A; Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent); 2. Flowable resin composite (B; G-aenial Universal Flo, GC america); 3. CAD/CAM milled feldspathic ceramic (C; Vita Trilux Forte, Vident); 4. CAD/CAM milled lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (D; IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent). Resin cement (Multilink Automix, Ivoclar Vivadent) was used to cement the CAD/CAM ceramic materials to the beveled crowns. Each crown underwent 5000 cycles of thermocycling. The strength test was performed on an Instron universal testing machine by loading force on the center of repaired part to record load-to-failure. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: Mean loads-to-failure (in Newton +/− SD) of repaired veneered zirconia crowns were: Gr. A: 660.0 ± 200.5; Gr. B: 681.7 ± 175.9; Gr. C: 1236.0 ± 188.8; Gr. D: 1536.3 ± 286.1. Catastrophic failure was the most dominant failure mode in every group. Few specimens exhibited cohesive failure. Only one specimen in group D had adhesive failure. Conclusions: Within the limitation of the study, veneered zirconia crowns repaired with CAD/CAM ceramic materials have significantly higher load-to-failure than veneered crowns repaired with resin composite (p ≤ 0.05). Clinical Implications: Traditionally, porcelain-chipped restorations are often repaired with resin composite and bonding technique. Repairing chipped porcelain with CAD/CAM ceramics fitting the fractured parts can be alternative option with potential advantages. More well-designed studies are necessary to justify this novel repair technique.

Nurses as antimicrobial stewards: Recognition, confidence, and organizational factors across nine hospitals

There are national calls to engage nurses as antimicrobial stewards, but it is unknown how patient safety culture influences nurses' antimicrobial stewardship (AS) involvement. Cross-sectional survey to determine bedside nurses' recognition and performance confidence in AS. Nine hospitals ranged in size from 42 to 562 beds serving pediatric and adult populations in 2 different metropolitan areas. Composite scores for nursing practices, performance confidence, and organizational factors were developed and correlated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests and nonparametric (Kruskal-Wallis) tests with Bonferroni adjusted P values for multiple comparisons were used to evaluate differences by clinical unit and years of clinical experience. Free text comments were categorized by theme. A total of 558 nurses participated (13% response rate). A significant positive association rs = 0.454, P < .001 was found between nurses' beliefs about nursing practices that contribute to AS processes and their confidence to perform. Ninety one nurses provided comments with 50 statements indicating the primary barrier to stewardship were organizational factors including perceived lack of a safety culture. Nurses identified a professional role in AS processes, though safety culture inhibited their involvement. These findings can help enhance the inclusion of nurses in AS efforts.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on clinical and laboratory parameters of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Summary Purpose The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on clinical, as assessed by the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), and anthropometric measures, and laboratory parameters of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Forty-three adolescents with ADHD diagnosis were randomly assigned into two groups: Intervention group (male/female, n = 9/17) and Control group (male/female, n = 11/6). Intervention group performed 20 m running program repetitions with 20–30 s resting between intervals at 85% max heart rate for 6 weeks. Anthropometric and body composition measures (body mass index-Z-score; BMI-Z-score, body fat mass; BFM), Interleukin-13 (IL-13), Interleukin-16 (IL-16), lactate, and CPRS were evaluated at baseline and after 6 weeks. Data were analyzed by means of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, two-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD post-hoc test. The statistical significance was set at P Results After 6 weeks, BMI-Z-score and BFM reduced significantly in the intervention group (P 0.05). Conclusion HIIT seems to exert beneficial effects for adolescents with ADHD.

Antibacterial Efficacy of the Grape Seed Extract as an Irrigant for Root Canal Preparation.

Objective:The purpose of this research was to compare relative effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite 5.25% (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) and 6.5 % grape seed extract (GSE) against Enterococcus faecalis using instrument Reciproc R25 in root canal preparation.Methods:Forty-five mesiobuccal root canals from extracted human maxillary molars were collected and infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The samples were divided into five groups according to the different types of irrigants: saline (positive control) (n=5); in the other groups were used 10 root canals for each group: NaOCl+EDTA; CHX gel+EDTA; GSE solution+EDTA; GSE gel+EDTA. All the groups were prepared with reciprocating instruments Reciproc R25. Bacterial reduction was measured by two-way ANOVA (P<0.001) followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, from the counting of colony forming units (CFUs) from samples collected before instrumentation and after. The significance level established at 5% (P<0.05).Results:The group prepared with the NaOCl resulted in highest antimicrobial capacity among of all (P>0.05), followed by CHX and GSE gel (P<0.05). Control and GSE solution showed similar results (P<0.05) and resulted in the lowest percentage of the reduction of the microorganism into the root canals.Conclusion:NaOCl had the higher elimination capacity of Enterococcus faecalis than GSE and CHX.

A perspective on the potential health risks from PCBs and heavy metals contamination of M. merluccius from Mediterranean Sea.

In this study, we determined the concentration of six marker PCBS congeners and four trace elements, all having a maximum tolerable level of intake set by EU regulation, in samples of European hake taken from the Mediterranean Sea. The results showed that the contaminant levels were below the recommended international limits in all samples, although with higher PCBs concentrations in samples from Ligurian and Adriatic Sea. The relationships between the contaminants and the sampling sites were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests. Statistical analysis revealed significant interactions especially between the PCBs, the sum of PCBs and the sites. To evaluate the potential health risk from consumption, we calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) for adults, finding that total health risk index (HRI) value was low (< 1) in the case of chronic consumptions, despite the non-negligible mercury concentration.

Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength between fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth generation bonding agents: An In Vitro study.

To evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using eighth generation dental adhesive (G-Premio Bond) with fifth, sixth, and seventh generation dentin adhesives. A total of 64 freshly extracted non-carious, intact human premolar teeth were selected. Class V cavity was prepared by using high speed hand piece. The prepared samples were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 16). Group I: Adper single Bond 2 [fifth generation] (ASB-5), Group 2: Clearfil SE [sixth generation] (CSE-6), Group 3: Single Bond Universal [seventh generation] (SBU-7), Group 4: G-Premio Bond [eighth generation] (GPB-8). Bonding agents were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and light cured. Then, the Nano composite Filtek Z350 was placed in a two layer increment using Teflon Jig (2 × 2 × 2 mm) and was light-cured for 40 s. Shear bond strength was tested by a universal testing machine. This study was carried out by using Tukey HSD post-hoc test where P ≤ 0.05 was considered as a statistical significant. The highest value of shear bond strength was obtained from G-Premio Bond (eighth generation) showed statistically significant difference when compared to seventh generation bonding agent. However, there is no statistical significant difference between eighth and fifth, sixth generation. The study concluded the G-Premio Bond (eighth generation) showed effective shear bond strength than other bonding agents. This bonding agent is compatible with self-etch without use of primer which gives highly long lasting esthetic, wear resistant, and it is ideal for hypersensitive tooth.

Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Root Dentin Treated with Calendula Officinalis L. and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments- An In vitro Study

Introduction: Intracanal Medicaments (ICMs) play a major role in disinfection of root canal system. The use of interappointment ICM during endodontic treatment may affect the mechanical properties of dentin which results in decreased fracture resistance of teeth. The use of synthetic medicament is associated with many limitations such as antibiotic overdose, side effects and cytotoxic reactions. In order to overcome this, recent research has been directed towards herbal ICMs with better efficacy and lesser side effects. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a novel herbal ICM Calendula officinalis L. (CO) on fracture resistance of root dentin in comparison to Calcium Hydroxide (CH). Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Thirty freshly extracted single rooted human premolar teeth were selected for the in vitro study and randomly assigned into three groups: Group 1: No medication (Control group) (n=10), Group 2: CH (n=10), Group 3: CO (n=10). The samples were decoronated and biomechanical preparation was done followed by placement of respective ICMs in the root canal space, sealed with glass ionomer cement and immersed in saline for a storage period of 7 and 14 days. Each group was subdivided into 5 teeth, depending on the storage period. After each storage period, ICMs were removed and samples were subjected to fracture resistance test using universal testing machine. Data were analysed using One-way Anova followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test with level of statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: On evaluation of compressive strength, CO group showed more fracture resistance compared to CH group on 7th day and no statistical significant differences were seen between CO and CH groups on 14th day. Conclusion: CO can be efficiently used as an alternative to CH because of its low toxicity and increased resistance to fracture.

Prevalence of Oral Microbial Flora during Orthodontic Space Closure: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances especially during the retraction stage makes it challenging to maintain the oral hygiene. Attachments used, such as elastic chains, loops and springs, result in changes in the oral environment due to the accumulation of plaque and increase in the levels of bacterial count mainly Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli species. Aim: To determine the prevalence of oral microbial flora during orthodontic space closure. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional pilot study conducted during the month of December 2019 which consisted of eight patients who were randomly selected among the age group of 18-25 years. Mean and SD of age in Males (4) and Females (4) were 22±2.16 years and 22.25±1.70 years, respectively and had reported to the Department of Orthodontics of a private dental college, Saveetha Dental College. In each patient, after 6-8 months of orthodontic treatment, plaque samples were collected only once around the orthodontic brackets at the cervical aspect of the maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary premolar, mandibular canine, mandibular premolar in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quadrant respectively, by the method of cotton swabbing for the evaluation of micro flora. Independent paired t-test and One-way ANOVA with Post-hoc Tukey HSD test were done to estimate the prevalence of microorganisms at different sites. Results: Independent paired t-test showed highly significant differences in the levels of Streptococcus mutans when compared to Lactobacillus (p&lt;0.001) with mean values of 4.8±2.5 and 23.1±9.2 for Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, respectively. One-way ANOVA with Post-hoc Turkey HSD analysis showed significant difference at the region of maxillary lateral incisor compared to other sites whereas Lactobacillishowed no significant differences between the various sites tested (p-value&lt;0.001). Kappa statistics was performed which revealed an inter examiner reliability of 0.91. Conclusion: During orthodontic space closure, bacterial count of Streptococcus mutans showed a statistically significant difference between different sites (maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular canines, maxillary and mandibular premolars) with highest being the maxillary incisor region followed by that of mandibular canines. However, the incidence of Lactobacillusacidophilus did not show any difference between the various sites evaluated.

Influence of curing modes on the degree of conversion and mechanical parameters of dual-cured luting agents

PurposeTo investigate the effects of different curing modes, including tack cure, on the degree of conversion (DC) and mechanical parameters of dual-cured luting agents for all-ceramic restorations. MethodsImmediate light curing, intermittent light curing (2-s tack cure and a 1-min interval before the main cure), delayed light cuing (2-min delay) and chemical or no light curing were used to cure two dual-cured luting agents, RelyX Unicem and PermaCem 2.0, through a 1.5-mm thick lithium disilicate ceramic slide. DC (n=3), micro-hardness (n=5), shrinkage strain (n=4) and shrinkage stress (n=3) were measured under the aforementioned curing modes. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test, with the level of significance set at α=0.05. ResultsFor both luting agents, all the light-curing modes produced similar final DC, but using chemical cure only could significantly reduce the DC. The mechanical parameters followed a similar pattern. There were positive but nonlinear correlations between DC and the other mechanical parameters, with the increase in these parameters with DC being slower initially. ConclusionsProvided adequate light curing is applied to a dual-cured luting agent, delaying the light curing or using a tack cure first to facilitate seating of a restoration may not have a significant impact on the luting agent’s final degree of conversion. However, using chemical cure only may result in inadequate cure of the luting agent and is recommended only for highly opaque restorations.

Anti-α Gal Antibodies in the Context of Blood Group and Stool and Tumour-Adjacent Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Abstract Background Gut microbiome plays a role in the development and clinical course of colorectal cancer (CRC). Natural antibodies against galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) are highly abundant in humans due to regular stimulation from gut bacteria. Similarly, Abs against AB0 blood group antigens are produced as cross-reacting with intestinal bacteria and α-gal epitope has similar structure to blood group B Ag. Blood group antigens may be associated with an expansion families of gut bacteria. Methods CRC patients (n = 114) were sampled for stool, tumour tissue swab and blood prior to anti-cancer pharmacotherapy. The level of anti-α-gal Ig was quantified by ELISA in CRC patients and age-matched healthy subjects. 16S rDNA sequencing was analyzed on genus level and data were treated as composition and normalized using centered log-ratio transformation. Anti- α-gal Ig and microbiome composition was tested using linear model and differences between blood groups using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test. Results 1/ The level of anti-α-gal IgA, but not IgG or IgM, is higher in colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. 2/ There was no association between CRC stage and anti-α-gal Abs level. 3/ The level of anti-α-gal IgG and IgM is lower in CRC patients with blood group B Ag. 4/ The level of anti-α-gal IgG is positively associated with abundance of Tyzzerella and negatively with Eubacterium ruminantium group and Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 in both patient stool and tumour swabs. 5/ The level of anti-α-gal IgA is positively associated with abundance of Collinsella, Barnesiella and Dorea and negatively with Filifactor and Acinetobacter in CRC tumour swabs. 6/ The level of anti-α-gal IgM is positively associated with abundance of Fusicatenibacter and Megamonas and negatively with Lactobacillus and Coprococcus in both stool and tumour swabs. 7/ Prevotella and Victivallis were less and Bacteroides more abundant in tumour swabs from CRC patients with blood group 0. Conclusion The level of anti-α gal antibodies CRC patients is related with various metabolism influencing bacteria. Blood group antigen B is related to reduced IgM and IgG but not specific microbiome composition. Legal entity responsible for the study Czech Ministry of Health. Funding Project AZV 16-31966A (Czech Ministry of Health). Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Method validation for protein quantitation of fish muscle tissues from Lake Taal, Batangas

Lake Taal is one of the largest producers of inland fish in the Philippines and has one of the largest freshwater wet markets in Luzon. These unregulated wet markets sell fishes in unreasonable prices and thereby, exploit the knowledge of consumers on the validity of the prices. This study was designed to quantify the proteins in fish muscle tissues and to validate the effectivity of the various protein quantitation methods. Twelve different species of fish samples were freshly collected from Lake Taal. Muscle tissues were removed and lyophilized before subjecting to comparative protein quantitation methods using direct photometry, ovalbumin assay, and Bradford’s assay. These techniques were selected due to their accessibility and the use of photometry for quantitation. The results show that the means were significantly different for all the methods according to ANOVA. These results were confirmed with post-hoc Tukey HSD test, Scheffe test, and Bonferroni and Holm multiple comparison (BHMC) tests with p &lt; 0.01. Bradford’s Assay was the ideal method with an RSD of less than 1% for all the samples, with no negative concentrations, and with concentration ranging from fifteen to twenty percent. P. leopardus had the highest amount of proteins, followed by M. cephalus, L. plumbeus, C. chanos, H. quoyi, and A. semipunctata. Interestingly, the study revealed that O. niloticus, which is one of the species with a high market price had the lowest protein concentration. With these results, the lowly commercialized fishes such as M. cephalus, L. plumbeus, H. quoyi, and A. semipunctata which are used as gamefish, fish bait, and aquarium displays should be commercialized more than the unstable populations of P. leopardus and C. chanos. Overall, this study revealed comparative information on protein quantitation methods, and market price-nutritional values correspondence.

Effects of maxillary expansion on hearing and voice function in non-cleft lip palate and cleft lip palate patients with transverse maxillary deficiency: a multicentric randomized controlled trial

IntroductionThe association between the treatment of transverse maxillary deficiency and the recovery of hearing and voice functions has gained attention in recent years. ObjectiveThis prospective controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on hearing and voice function in children with non-cleft lip palate and bilateral cleft lip palate with transverse maxillary deficiency Methods53 patients (26 non-cleft and 27 bilateral cleft lip palate; mean age, 11.1±1.8 years) requiring rapid maxillary expansion for correction of narrow maxillary arches were recruited for this trial. Eight sub-groups were established based on the degree of hearing loss. Pure-tone audiometric and tympanometric records were taken for each subject at four different time periods. The first records were taken before rapid maxillary expansion (T0), the second after expansion (T1) (mean, 0.8 months), the third after three months (T2) (mean, 3 months) and the fourth at the end of retention period (T3) (mean, 6 months). ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. Additionally, voice analysis was done using an updated PRAAT software program in a computerized speech lab at T0 and T2. A paired-samplet-test was used for comparisons of mean values of T0 and T2 voice parameters within both groups. ResultsRapid maxillary expansion treatment produced a significant increase in the hearing levels and middle ear volumes of all non-cleft and bilateral cleft lip palate patients with normal hearing levels and with mild conductive hearing loss, during the T0–T1, T1–T2, T0–T2, and T0–T3 observation periods (p<0.05). The significant increase was observed in right middle ear volumes during the T0–T1, T0–T2 and T0–T3 periods in non-cleft patients with moderate hearing loss. For voice analysis, significant differences were observed only between the T0 and T2 mean fundamental frequency (F0) and jitter percentage (p<0.05) in the non-cleft group. In the cleft group, no significant differences were observed for any voice parameter between the T0 and T2 periods. ConclusionCorrection of the palatal anatomy by rapid maxillary expansion therapy has a beneficial effect on both improvements in hearing and normal function of the middle ear in both non-cleft and bilateral cleft lip palate patients. Similarly, rapid maxillary expansion significantly influences voice quality in non-cleft patients, with no significant effect in BCLP patients.