In order to have sustainable tourism development, there should be integrated approaches to establishing a proper balance between economic growth, environmental stewardship and socio- cultural well-being and overcome challenges (including climate change, overtourism, global crises) simultaneously. The study will consider the four fundamental pillars of sustainable tourism governance, namely, policy frameworks, economic models, stakeholder engagement, crisis resilient planning and destination carrying capacity management. A combination of research methods such as policy analysis, stakeholder surveys and case studies of some of the destinations of interest can be used to examine the issue of how the governance structures, incentive mechanisms and regulation impacts sustainability performance of tourism systems. The results show that the destinations that have consistent policy frameworks, participatory governance and well defined carrying capacity limits experience better environmental safeguards, stronger local economic connection and resilience during crisis compared to destinations that utilize fragmented and growth- oriented strategies. Considering this set of findings, a suggested comprehensive governance framework will connect the sustainable tourism policy, destination management and stakeholder collaboration to facilitate. An efficient cooperation between policymakers and practitioners in the developing economies. Creating an estimated 20-30 percent increase in the rate of higher local retention based on studies by Oxford Economics. In India, the Kerala state has an exemplar of the Responsible Tourism Mission which proves to be scaled, enhancing the resilience of the small and medium enterprises by establishing diversified sources of revenue. Pandemics, natural disasters and overcrowding in terms of crisis management, resilience and carrying capacity are pushing tourism to the edge in the case of natural calamities. Those categories of carrying capacity measures – physical (quantity of visitors/day measures), ecological (loss of biodiversity measures), and perceptual (resident tolerance measures) – have played well in assessing capacity constraints in the tourism industry, as evidenced by the experimental 55 Euro entry fee in Venice to curb tourism peaks by 20%. Strategies of resiliency like scenario planning, creation of an early warning system and diversification of tourism portfolios can help the destinations to enhance their post crisis recovery plans. Risk and Emergency Management Framework, is one of the examples of crisis management frameworks, which involve the reduction of risks and adaptive governance in managing tourism crises and is increasingly using digital tools to monitor real-time information of the status of the tourism and the economy relative to potential crises.

How does the Manufacturing Sector in India Respond to the Economic Crisis of 2007-08? A Pre-and Post-Crisis Analysis

Real estate markets are fundamental to macroeconomic stability and growth. This study provides a comparative analysis of government policies aimed at regulating the macro real estate economy in the United States and China. It examines the theoretical foundations for intervention, including addressing market failures like externalities and asymmetric information. The study traces the policy evolution in both nations, from the market-oriented responses post-2008 crisis in the U.S. to China’s administrative measures like purchase restrictions. By comparing the goals, tools, and effectiveness of these distinct approaches, the analysis reveals that while the U.S. relies on indirect, market-based mechanisms, China employs direct, government-led controls. Both models present unique challenges: the U.S. struggles with affordability and supply shortages, while China contends with speculative bubbles and economic distortions. The paper concludes that neither model offers a perfect solution, and it provides tailored policy recommendations for each country to enhance market stability and housing affordability, contributing to the broader fields of comparative political economy and real estate policy studies.

This article examines the biopolitical mechanisms through which the Vox party instrumentalizes the unresolved historical trauma of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the Francoist dictatorship (1939-1975), as a central strategy for political mobilization in the context of the post-2008 economic-financial crisis. Starting from the assumption that the "pact of forgetting" of the Spanish democratic transition suspended and crystallized, rather than resolved, the collective trauma, it is argued that this freezing produced the structural conditions for the programmatic reactivation of authoritarian imaginaries. The investigation demonstrates that the Vox party does not offer a critical elaboration of the past, but rather its performative repetition, mobilizing emotional communities grounded in resentment, fear, and nostalgia. This operation reduces political life to its emotional dimension, a mechanism we characterize as "political bare life." The analysis of the authoritarian politicization of cultural heritage, exemplified by the "Concord Laws" and disputes over sites of memory, such as the Valley of the Fallen (Valle de Los Caídos) and the Paterna Cemetery, reveals how contemporary sovereignty is exercised through the normalization of authoritarian narratives in public space. By examining the transnational dimension of the phenomenon, through the circulation of memorial repertoires, it is shown that the instrumentalization of trauma is not a Spanish particularity, but a manifestation of a global biopolitical logic. Finally, it is concluded that Spanish democracy faces not only an institutional crisis, but a fundamental crisis of critical elaboration of the past, whose overcoming requires the construction of a functional memory based on truth, justice, and reparation. Key words: historical memory; biopolitics; far-right; francoism; controversial heritage; political trauma.

Background: Responses to mental health crises have recently gained significant attention, recognizing that these interactions may have substantial, potentially life and death consequences for those already in distress. Standard responses to mental health emergencies may involve 9-- dispatchers, paramedic services, police services, hospital emergency department (ED) services and a range of other community services. Demands for emergency mental health care in Canada and internationally have increased, and many people experience repeat visits to the ED and have needs that remain unmet. Of particular focus are individuals of lower socioeconomic status, Black and Indigenous communities, racialized people, 2SLGBTQ+, and immigrant communities. Members of these communities are disproportionately affected by intersecting structures of oppression that negatively affect their mental health and are at greater risk for negative interactions with emergency services. Approach: Framed by critical theory, we aimed to identify what is working well, what is needed, and the core components of a best practice approach to mental health crisis care. Specific to this approach was an intentional engagement with the needs of underserved communities who continue to have disproportionately negative interactions with crisis care systems, and an intent to consider non-medicalized approaches to mental health support, including those that account for the social determinants of health. The research team, partnered with Middlesex-London Paramedic Service and TAIBU Community Health Centre, conducted a critical qualitative ethnographic case study exploring emergency mental health response in Ontario, Canada. Semi-structured interviews (n=53), open-ended surveys (n=60), and document analyses were carried out from January 2022-December 2023. Interviews and surveys were conducted across various sectors. Participants included people who have required crisis support needs, health care management, and frontline workers from community-based organizations, paramedic services, police services, and hospital emergency department staff. Data were coded and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: From these data, key themes were identified, and 9 key components of crisis care responses were developed into a framework. This framework was co-developed with community partners, and additional feedback from community organizations was sought, and service users were involved in reviewing the framework. This feedback was integrated into the final framework which includes pre-crisis, crisis, and post crisis phases. Integral to the application of this framework is ongoing, continuous critical reflection on all 9 components. The key components of this model include: . Relational care 2. Choice 3. Accessibility 4. Spaces of care 5. Social determinants of health 6. Collaboration 7. Community-engagement 8. Trauma-informed, and 9. Continuity of care. Implications: The model holds the potential to diversify mental health crisis responses and make metal health services more inclusive and sensitive to the needs of the specific community in which they are deployed. Application of this framework requires ongoing, continuous, critical reflection of all nine components, and aims to inform ongoing assessment of existing crisis care responses and to inform development of new response models of crisis care.

Startups have become key drivers of economic growth and innovation worldwide, including in Indonesia. PT. EF, once a leading unicorn in Indonesia that delivered innovative smart feeder technology in aquaculture industry, faced a crisis after financial manipulation and revenue inflation were revealed, leading to massive layoffs and a drastic decline in revenue. This thesis aims to support strategic decision making in the post crisis recovery and sustainability of PT. EF by applying Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART). The research methods include both internal and external analyze using frameworks such as VRIO Framework, PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, as well as SWOT Analyze and TOWS Matrix to generate various recovery strategy alternatives. Data used in this study is obtained from interviews with key stakeholders and secondary data related to the aquaculture industry. Based on these analyze, the alternatives are then evaluated using SMART to provide the most suitable recommendations to ensure sustainable recovery and long term growth for PT. EF. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable insights for startup in Indonesia in facing crisis challenges and designing effective strategies. This research also contributes to the development of crisis management theory for startups by applying SMART in the context of a company struggling to recover after crisis.

This study uses daily data from 2014 to 2024 to evaluate the effectiveness of ARIMA model in predicting Boeing's share price and reveals the significant limitations of the sample during the crisis despite its strong performance. This analysis identifies persistent volatility aggregation, non-normal residuals, and asymmetric responses to shocks. The analysis demonstrates that operational disruptions, particularly the 737 MAX grounding, led to substantially more severe losses with a 34.7 percent stock price decline, whereas macroeconomic shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a modest 4.2 percent price recovery. Although the weak seasonality reflects Boeing's defense sector's buffering of cyclical demand, the strong autocorrelation and post crisis volatility mechanism highlights the need for hybrid models (such as ARIMA and GARCH) and operational reforms (such as AI driven quality control). The study emphasized the importance of integrating the event risk framework into the traditional time series model to accurately predict crisis sensitive industries, and proposed policy measures such as real-time safety monitoring and circuit breakers to mitigate systemic risks. This finding is helpful to the financial modeling in academic literature and practical applications, especially for the study of the industry's ease of operation and systematisms.

We find that the relationship between monetary policy and corporate borrowing spreads changed during the global financial crisis. This relationship is only significantly positive after the global financial crisis, which means that the credit channel is effective in Korea. As for the corporate asset size classification, this is only significant after the global financial crisis. As for the corporate equity ratio attribution, the coefficient of monetary policy for low-equity ratio companies is significant after the global financial crisis. In contrast, the coefficient for high-equity ratio companies is only significant after the global financial crisis. In addition, after the global financial crisis, the contraction of US monetary policy had a positive impact on the borrowing spreads of domestic companies. Coincidentally, the relationship between the above structural spread and US monetary policy reversed before the global financial crisis.

ABSTRACT This article explores the impact of political reforms on labor protests, and on the unions and organizations supporting them. In doing so, we complement theories centered on economic factors and workplace dynamics as key dimensions influencing labor action with insights from contentious politics. We focus on labor protests in post-2008 Italy, a country deeply affected by the 2008 recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to these crises, a series of reforms was implemented, significantly impacting workers’ rights, wages, job precarity, and overall working conditions. We examine how the passage of such reforms influenced labor mobilization and reshaped the union and organizational field. We use a dataset built through protest event analysis (PEA) covering 9,527 labor protests. We analyze levels of labor action over time, the unions and organizations involved from 2008 to 2022, with particular attention to variations during periods of reform implementation. The results show that labor protest spikes are closely aligned with the passage of reforms throughout the period. Furthermore, political reforms expand and transform the field of unions and organizations mobilizing workers, though the extent of involvement varies across groups. Throughout the post-2008 crisis, union federations have been the primary actors involved in collective actions. However, the political decisions implemented during the COVID-19 period mark a significant turning point, with both established and grassroots unions showing decreased participation, while professional organizations and non-worker categories experiencing a marked increase. Despite these shifts, our results illustrate that union federations remain resilient to change, maintaining their dominant position within the field throughout the entire period, while newer actors act at the periphery of labor action.

This study analyzes the impact of various factors on financial distress in Indonesian companies, focusing on profitability, institutional ownership, firm size, firm age, interest expense, dividend payout, retained earnings, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the research was to understand the effects of those internal and external factors before crisis, during crisis and post crisis. Data from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (excluding the financial sector) from 2013 to 2022. The numbers of the sample based on the criteria were 691 companies, which makes 6132 observation points in total as the sample for this research. The sample was analyzed using logistic regression to determine the relationship between these variables and financial distress. The study found that profitability significantly reduces the likelihood of financial distress, while firm size, firm age, high interest expenses, high retained earnings, and the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increase the likelihood of financial distress. Based on the findings, this study analyzed the impact of a company's condition during a crisis and the effect of external factors on the probability of financial distress and its impact on the company. The study can be used as a basis for company planning under external pressure conditions, considering the possibility of future events like pandemics or other crises.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for digital transformation, particularly among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which often lack financial resilience during crises. This study investigates the impact of accounting digitalization on the financial performance of MSMEs in the post pandemic recovery period. It aims to explore how digital accounting tools influence profitability, liquidity, and operational efficiency, and to examine the moderating role of digital maturity in this relationship. A qualitative case study method was employed, utilizing semi structured interviews and document analysis from selected MSMEs that had adopted digital accounting systems for at least one year. Thematic analysis revealed that digitalization led to measurable improvements in financial indicators, including increased net profit margins, better current ratios, and reduced operational costs. Moreover, enterprises with higher digital maturity experienced significantly stronger financial gains, highlighting the role of internal readiness in maximizing the benefits of digital tools. However, common challenges such as poor internet connectivity, limited technical skills, and resistance to change were also identified as barriers to successful implementation. The study concludes that accounting digitalization can serve as a strategic recovery mechanism for MSMEs, provided that adequate digital infrastructure and training support are in place. These findings contribute to the literature by empirically linking digital practices with financial outcomes in a post crisis setting and offer practical insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to promote digital adoption among MSMEs.

Surge in the prices of oil and food has led to the analysis for the volatility spill over between agriculture commodity market and crude oil market. Returns from major agriculture commodities from Pakistan and crude oil have been taken for the post crisis period as 2006M1: 2013M13 for the available data. Different extensions of GARCH model have been employed to see the volatility between the prices in either markets. Causality in variance test is used to examine the volatility spillover between the markets. No spillover effect has been found between both of the markets in case of Pakistan. However, long run relationship for shocks transmission between commodity and oil returns is depicted through VAR analysis.

This study carries out a systematic review on L2 online assessment during the pandemic. PRISMA approach is applied in this review to identify, evaluate and select the literature. Data include 23 empirical studies retrieved from Scopus database, ranging in publications dated from January 2020 to January 2022, and are categorized into three main themes: L2 stakeholders’ perspectives of online assessment; cheating issues, as well as the evolution of technology enhancing e-assessment. The findings show that L2 e-assessment is moderately accepted by HEI stakeholders who flexibly applied and took diverse alternative assessment forms in their pedagogy. Yet there are some great concerns about cheating challenges in e-assessment practices in the studies. Our discussions indicate that the adaptation of quality assurance framework for ensuring assessment integrity and aligning pedagogical practices of e-assessment with technology-enabled testing would guarantee a successful implementation of L2 e-assessment in HEIs in the post crisis time.

The purpose of this article is to use prior public policy and administration research on policy learning in relation to crises to assess the Swedish government's learning in response to COVID-19. To make sense of the learning processes at play, the pandemic is framed as a creeping crisis. The analysis is temporally organized according to conceptualizations of inter- and intracrisis learning and post crisis reform, and further focused by known challenges to crisis learning from previous research. The study underscores the importance of shedding light on challenges to crisis learning in order to be better prepared when future crises occur. More specifically, the analysis shows how internal disagreements on the objectives of the response strategy and polarisation on how to handle the crisis restrained the Swedish government's ability to learn from crisis experiences ( intercrisis learning ). Although instances of policy learning during the crisis ( intracrisis learning ) are observed, prerequisites for reform are limited due to interorganisational collaboration difficulties, politicisation of the crisis management initiative as a whole, and emerging challenges crowding out the agenda.

Separated by a gap of 27 years, Anna Reynold’s Jordan (1992) and Gary Owen’s Iphigenia in Splott (2015) offer, on the surface, dramaturgically similar critiques of the impact of poverty...

The 2021 floods struck the Belgian heritage sector while it was ill–prepared. Amid an ad hoc response and post–crisis management, evaluation methods played a crucial role in raising awareness of the situation, advocating for a response, and organising longer–term support for the most affected sites. Reviewing the assessment tools available at the time and their application prompts reflection on their limitations and suggests a more suitable blend between traditional narrative assessment methods and newer crisis management tools. Finally, contemplating how to assess tangible cultural heritage in a disaster context reveals how value assessment and our definitions of cultural heritage are reaching critical junctures in such circumstances.

The main objectives of this study are to determine the interactions between deposit interest rates, foreign exchange rates and Shariah Compliance stock market index in Indonesia pre and post crisis 2008. The data period before the crisis is October 2000 until November 2008. The data period after the crisis is December 2008 until December 2015. Descriptive analysis method is performed by using analytical table and graphic. Quantitative analysis method is performed by making a regression equation econometric model with time series method to describe the presence or absence of the influence of the independent variable towards the dependant variable. The result showed that during the pre crisis 2008, unidirectional causality existed from Deposit Interest Rates towards Foreign Exchange Rates, Shariah Compliance stock market index towards Deposit Interest Rates, Deposit Interest Rates towards Shariah Compliance stock market index, and Shariah Compliance stock market index towards Foreign Exchange Rates. The result post crisis 2008 showed that unidirectional causality existed from Foreign Exchange Rates towards Deposit Interest Rates, Deposit Interest Rates towards Foreign Exchange Rates, and Shariah compliance stock market index towards Foreign Exchange Rates. It is found that the direction of causality between the three variables tends to demonstrate a hit-and-run behavior and changes according to the lag selection.

This paper examines the evolution of individual subjective well-being (SWB) in Spain from 2013 to 2022, with special focus on its relationship with income. Of the many driving forces of SWB identified in the literature, income is one of the most controversial. We use a large sample of individuals to analyze how income and SWB interacted during the post-2008 crisis period. As expected, our findings show that income is positively related to SWB, but at a decreasing rate. The time interaction with income reveals that the effect of income has also diminished over time. Therefore, as material conditions have improved in Spain during the period under analysis, the relevance of income in determining SWB has not.

This paper examines the effect of Constructive Intervention on Ukraine’s decision to relinquish the nuclear weapons left in its possession after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Constructive Intervention is conducted by international organizations and involves capacity building and socialization of newly independent or post crisis states. The aim of Constructive Intervention is to familiarize states with international law, Western practices and norms, and integrate the state with the international community. The extended Constructive Intervention that took place in Ukraine facilitated its decision to relinquish the nuclear weapons.

La pandemia ha originado un impacto muy fuerte a la economía mundial, aumentando la desigualdad de ingresos en todo tipo de negocios y en todos los sectores. El impacto económico asociado con el COVID-19 ha afectado negativamente a la actividad turística, el empleo, los ingresos y la pobreza en el contexto ecuatoriano. La presente investigación plantea como objetivo establecer los factores claves para la viabilidad de emprendimientos gastronómicos post crisis sanitaria (COVID-19) en Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. Se propone un diseño metodológico de carácter cualitativo-cuantitativo, combinando un enfoque exploratorio y deductivo en tres fases: 1) se realizó un diagnóstico turístico para identificar problemáticas en los negocios gastronómicos; 2) se practicó un estudio de mercado para caracterizar a los emprendimientos gastronómicos (196 cuestionarios) y a la demanda turística (385 encuestas). Por último, 3) se determinaron los elementos del modelo de negocio CANVAS en emprendimientos gastronómicos. Los resultados muestran que la gran mayoría de los emprendedores han registrado una disminución significativa de sus ingresos (87%) y de sus actividades (79%). Se concluye que la competitividad y sostenibilidad de los emprendimientos gastronómicos dependerá de una fuerte orientación a favor de la diversificación e intensificación productiva y la cooperación entre actores. Palabras clave: Emprendimiento; gastronomía; viabilidad de los negocios; crisis sanitaria (COVID-19); Portoviejo, Ecuador.