Positive Urine Samples Research Articles

Molecular Detection of CMV in Biological Fluids Other Than Plasma. Clinical Relevance After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Abstract 2240Poster Board II-217Molecular monitoring of the CMV viral load in the blood after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) assays is considered as the most important measure for CMV disease prevention and may prompt the initiation of preemptive therapy. Molecular assays have a high negative predictive value, yet their precise role in the establishment of CMV infection in biological specimens other than plasma has not been defined conclusively. Furthermore, several technical aspects remain unresolved, in particular the use of cut-offs for positivity, given that, generally, viral loads (viral genome copies, VGC) less than 0,5-2,5log10 cannot provide linearity in the results. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical significance of positive RQ-PCR tests for CMV DNA in biological fluids other than plasma from 73 patients after allo-HCT, with a special emphasis on samples with a low viral load (<500 VGC/ml). All patients had undergone allo-HCT for hematologic malignancies after myeloablative (62/73) or reduced intensity conditioning regimen (11/73). The prevention strategy for herpesviruses reactivation included anti-viral chemoprophylaxis with acyclovir/valacyclovir, IVIG prophylaxis and the administration of leukodepleted blood products. The viral load in plasma and urine was monitored once weekly by RQ-PCR. Other bodily fluid samples were tested only in symptomatic patients. We evaluated 92 CMV positive samples documented in urine (n=67), gastric fluid (GF) (n=13) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), (n=12). RQ-PCR examination of paired plasma samples revealed concordant CMV viremia in only 23/92 cases (25% in urine, 31% in GF, 17% in BAL). Overall, forty-six of 92 (50%) samples were obtained from cases with clinically symptomatic disease: (i) cystitis, n=23/67 (34%) cases; (ii) gastritis, n=13/13 (100%) cases; (iii) pneumonia, n=10/12 (83%) cases, of which, however, only two were attributed solely to CMV (the remainder were considered of mixed etiology, either concomitant bacterial/fungal infection or GVHD-related). All cases with symptomatic disease received appropriate treatment with valgancyclovir/gancyclovir or foscarnet for a minimum of 15 days. To further refine the interpretation of RQ-PCR results and ensure linearity, a cut-off of 500 CMV VGC/ml was applied. With this cut-off, samples were assigned to a low- or high-positive group (A or B, respectively). Group A included 41/67 urine samples (61%), 7/13 GF samples (54%) and 5/12 BAL samples (42%). Among cases with a low-positive urine sample assigned to group A, resolution of the infection (negative RQ-PCR in at least two subsequent samples) without treatment was noted in only 14/41 cases (34%). The remainder (27/41, 66%) had persistent CMV positivity and eventually developed CMV cystitis, as did all group B cases. Concomitant CMV viremia was detected in 4/41 (9.7%) group A and 10/27 (37%) group B cases with a positive urine sample. We conclude that the molecular determination of CMV viral load in biological fluids other than blood by RQ-PCR offers diagnostic information of clinical relevance for the detection and prevention of CMV cystitis and, also, CMV gastritis after allo-HCT. A low molecular viral load in urine should alert the clinician to the possibility of impending CMV disease. Larger prospective studies are strongly warranted in order to define universally accepted thresholds that would assist in clinical decision-making and thus minimize the toxicity of unnecessary treatment. The clinical utility of this approach in BAL samples remains questionable. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

A 96-well Plate Based Dot-ELISA Array for Simultaneous Detection of Multi-Drugs

Drug abuse is rising day by day and becoming a big problem in countries around the globe. The existing drug testing methods could not effectively cope with the problems in the sensitivity and specificity of the diversified drugs. Dot-ELISA, as a complement of ELISA, has been widely used in many fields. In this study, we optimized and applied the Dot-ELISA technique as a maneuverable assay for rapid detection of multiple drug abuses via a kind of 96-well plates-based Dot-ELISA array. In total 92 positive urine samples were tested with high-throughput and all results were confirmed by commercial drug testing kits.

Buprenorphine medication versus voucher contingencies in promoting abstinence from opioids and cocaine.

During a 12-week intervention, opioid dependent participants (N = 120) maintained on thrice-a-week (M, W, F) buprenorphine plus therapist and computer-based counseling were randomized to receive: (a) medication contingencies (MC = thrice weekly dosing schedule vs. daily attendance and single-day 50% dose reduction imposed upon submission of an opioid and/or cocaine positive urine sample); (b) voucher contingency (VC = escalating schedule for opioid and/or cocaine negative samples with reset for drug-positive samples); or (c) standard care (SC), with no programmed consequences for urinalysis results. VC resulted in better 12-week retention (85%) compared to MC (58%; p = 0.009), but neither differed from SC (76% retained). After adjusting for baseline differences in employment, and compared to SC, the MC group achieved 1.5 more continuous weeks of combined opioid/cocaine abstinence (p = 0.030), while the VC group had 2 more total weeks of abstinence (p = 0.048). Drug use results suggest that both the interventions were efficacious, with effects primarily in opioid rather than cocaine test results. Findings should be interpreted in light of the greater attrition associated with medication-based contingencies versus the greater monetary costs of voucher-based contingencies.

Intermittent Marijuana Use Is Associated with Improved Retention in Naltrexone Treatment for Opiate‐Dependence

Naltrexone is a theoretically promising alternative to agonist substitution treatment for opioid dependence, but its effectiveness has been severely limited by poor adherence. This study examined, in an independent sample, a previously observed association between moderate cannabis use and improved retention in naltrexone treatment. Opioid dependent patients (N = 63), admitted for inpatient detoxification and induction onto oral naltrexone, and randomized into a six-month trial of intensive behavioral therapy (Behavioral Naltrexone Therapy) versus a control behavioral therapy (Compliance Enhancement), were classified into three levels of cannabis use during treatment based on biweekly urine toxicology: abstinent (0% cannabis positive urine samples); intermittent use (1% to 79% cannabis positive samples); and consistent use (80% or greater cannabis positive samples). Intermittent cannabis users showed superior retention in naltrexone treatment (median days retained = 133; mean = 112.8, SE = 17.5), compared to abstinent (median = 35; mean = 47.3, SE = 9.2) or consistent users (median = 35; mean = 68.3, SE = 14.1) (log rank = 12.2, df = 2, p = .002). The effect remained significant in a Cox model after adjustment for baseline level of heroin use and during treatment level of cocaine use. Intermittent cannabis use was also associated with greater adherence to naltrexone pill-taking. Treatment interacted with cannabis use level, such that intensive behavioral therapy appeared to moderate the adverse prognosis in the consistent cannabis use group. The association between moderate cannabis use and improved retention on naltrexone treatment was replicated. Experimental studies are needed to directly test the hypothesis that cannabinoid agonists exert a beneficial pharmacological effect on naltrexone maintenance and to understand the mechanism.

Simple method for determination of cocaine and main metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS

In this work, a simple method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine (COC) and five COC metabolites (benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene (CET), anhydroecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester and ecgonine methyl ester) in human urine using CE coupled to MS via electrospray ionization (CE-ESI-MS) was developed and validated. Formic acid at 1 mol/L concentration was used as electrolyte whereas formic acid at 0.05 mol/L concentration in 1:1 methanol:water composed the coaxial sheath liquid at the ESI nozzle. The developed method presented good linearity in the dynamic range from 250 ng/mL to 5000 ng/mL (coefficient of determination greater than 0.98 for all compounds). LODs (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) were 100 ng/mL for COC and CET and 250 ng/mL for the other studied metabolites whereas LOQ's (signal-to-noise ratio of 10) were 250 ng/mL for COC and CET and 500 ng/mL for all other compounds. Intra-day precision and recovery tests estimated at three different concentration levels (500, 1500 and 5000 ng/mL) provided RSD lower than 10% (except anhydroecgonine, 18% RSD) and recoveries from 83-109% for all analytes. The method was successfully applied to real cases. For the positive urine samples, the presence of COC and its metabolites was further confirmed by MS/MS experiments.

Driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol in Salzburg and Upper Austria during the years 2003–2007

Until 2002 in Austria a blood sample could not be drawn due to regulations stipulated by the Austrian constitution. During the years 2003–2007 alcohol, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs were analyzed in 1167 blood samples from cases of suspected and drugged drivers. In accordance with the findings of the EU-project Rosita, a wide variety of illicit drugs and medications could be found in blood samples of the drivers where cannabis (50%), opiates (20%), amphetamines (18%), cocaine (15%) and benzodiazepines (20%) were those with the highest prevalence. To enable police and medical officers to identify drivers under the influence of cannabis, a newly developed urinary road-site-test system, Check 24 ® (Protzek GmbH, Germany), with two different cut-off values for THCCOOH-glucuronide was used. So far, it was not possible to draw any conclusions from a cannabinoid positive urine sample to the actual influence of a driver due to the previous consumption of cannabis. Using this test a better differentiation between recent and temporal earlier consumption was possible. In addition to using the Check 24 ® system the technology of pupillography (AMTech GmbH, Germany) was applied in cases of drugged driving. For the first time the authors were able to predict the presence of at least one central nervous active substance in the blood of a drugged driver.

WITHDRAWN: Carbamazepine for cocaine dependence.

Cocaine dependence has become a public health problem, developing a significant number of medical, psychological and social problems. Although there is no consensus regarding how to treat cocaine dependence, effective pharmacotherapy has a potentially major role to play as part of a broader treatment milieu. The anti-convulsant carbamazepine, a tricyclic medication that is widely used to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, has been used for treatment of cocaine dependence, although its effectiveness has not been established. To determine whether carbamazepine is effective for the treatment of cocaine dependence. We searched: Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library issue 1, 1999), MEDLINE (f1966 - October 1997), EMBASE (1980 - October 1997), PsycLIT (1974 - July 1997), Biological Abstracts and LILACS (1982 - 1997); scan of reference list of relevant articles; personal communication; conference abstracts; unpublished trials from pharmaceutical industry; book chapters on treatment of cocaine dependence. The specialised register of trials of Cochrane Group on Drugs and Alcohol until February 2003. All randomised controlled trials focused on the use of carbamazepine versus placebo on the treatment of cocaine dependence. Trials including patients with additional diagnosis such as opiate dependence were also eligible. The reviewers extracted the data independently, Odds Ratios, weighted mean difference and number needed to treat were estimated. Qualitative assessments of the methodology of eligible studies were carried out using validated checklists. The reviewers assumed that people who died or dropped out had no improvement and tested the sensitivity of the final results to this assumption. Where possible analysis was carried out according to the "intention to treat" principles. 5 studies were included (455 participants). No differences regarding positive urine sample for cocaine metabolites. Scores on Spielberg State Anxiety Inventory slightly favoured carbamazepine, but not statistical significance. Dropouts were high in both groups, less dropout occurred in the carbamazepine group (RR 0.87 95%CI 0.71-1.06). When no retention in treatment was due to side effects no differences were found. The number of participants presenting at least one side effect, was higher in the carbamazepine group (RR 4.33 95% CI 1.45-12.91). There is no current evidence supporting the clinical use of Carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Larger randomised investigation must be considered taking into account that these time-consuming efforts should be reserved for medications showing more relevant and promising evidence.

Evaluation of self-collected urine dip swab method for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis

The present study is an evaluation of a self-collected urine dip (SCUD) swab as an alternative sampling method for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in urine samples that conforms to postal service regulations in Australia. Sixty urine samples, previously identified as CT positive were used to prepare SCUD swabs in vitro. In addition, replicate SCUD swabs were prepared from known CT positive urine samples and stored at room temperature, or sent through the postal system. All samples were tested for CT and an inhibition control using the Roche TaqMan 48 Real-time polymerase chain reaction system. Overall, 58/60 (97%) SCUD swabs generated positive CT results. Triplicate SCUD swabs prepared from five known positive urine samples and stored up to 7 days at room temperature, showed positive results in all samples. Ten replicates of SCUD swabs from five known CT positive samples were also tested after being posted from different regions in Australia, with a transit time of 2-7 days, back to the Melbourne laboratory. There was 94% positivity of the SCUD swab samples. The present study demonstrated SCUD swabs to be a sensitive and robust method of self-collecting samples for detection of CT subsequent to sending the samples through the postal service.

A simple and rapid ESI-LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous screening of doping agents in urine samples

Objective:The use of performance enhancing substances is banned in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Though most prohibited substances can be detected by GC/MS, inclusion of corticosteroids and designer drugs has made it essential to detect these critical doping agents on LC/MS/MS due to their better separation and detection.Materials and Methods:A common extraction procedure for the isolation of acidic, basic and neutral drugs from urine samples was developed. A total of 28 doping drugs were analyzed on API 3200 Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using C18 column in atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of 1% formic acid and acetonitrile with gradient time period.Results:The method developed was very sensitive for detection of 28 doping agents. The linearity was performed for each drug and the total recovery percentage ranged from 57 to 114. Limit of detection is found to be 0.5 ng/ml for carboxy finasteride and 1-5 ng/ml for other drugs. The method was successfully used to detect positive urine samples of 3-OH-stanozolol, methyl phenidate, mesocarb, clomiphene metabolite and carboxy finasteride.Conclusion:The method developed based on controlled pH extraction method and HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis allowed better identification and confirmation of glucocorticosteroids and a few other drugs in different categories. The validated method has been used successfully for testing of 1000 In-competition samples. The method helped in detection of chemically and pharmacologically different banned drugs in urine in a single short run at a minimum required performance limit set by WADA.

Risk factors associated with continued heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment in Guizhou province, China

To investigate the proportion of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients continuing to use heroin and to explore its associated risk factors. All 1003 heroin addictive patients were recruited from eight MMT clinics in Guizhou province and followed up for 14 months. During the 14 months, each MMT client received random urine tests. MMT clinics, gender, marital status, employment, ethnicity, religion, previous drug using method, having a history being in detoxification program, age, methadone dosage, education level and length of drug use were treated as potential predicting variables into the GEE model. The average age of the 1003 clients was (33.3 +/- 6.1) years old, the average length of drug use was (8.0 +/- 4.0) years, and the average daily methadone dosage was (38.0 +/- 16.6) mg. Among the 1003 clients, 26.0% were female drug users, 15.5% were divorced and 35.8% had a full time job. The rate of positive urine samples was approximately 30% for the first 10 months of follow-up, after which the positive rate decreased. The model found that different MMT clinics, the average daily methadone dosage (RR = 0.98, P = 0.003), treatment duration (RR = 0.95, P = 0.029) and years of education (RR = 0.94, P = 0.014) were associated with patients positive urine test. Continued heroin use was common in MMT clinics in Guizhou province; increasing the dosage of methadone and the duration in the treatment program might decrease the continued use of heroin among clients in MMT clinics.

Ultrasensitive immunoassay of 7-aminoclonazepam in human urine based on CdTe nanoparticle bioconjugations by fabricated microfluidic chip

The present paper described a rapid and ultrasensitive detection method using a microfluidic chip for analyzing 7-aminoclonazepam (7-ACZP) residues in human urine. A microfluidic chip-based immunoassay with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection based on the water-soluble denatured bovine serum albumin (dBSA)-coated CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was prepared for the ultrasensitive detection of 7-ACZP. The whole procedure including the chip and the control software was designed and constructed in our own laboratory. The detection of 7-ACZP could be completed within 5min. The results demonstrated that under the optima conditions, 7-ACZP residues could be detected with a precision of 5% relative standard deviation (RSD), and the linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) for 7-ACZP were 1.1–60.1 and 0.021ngmL−1, respectively. This method was compared with ELISA and showed a good correlation. This microfluidic chip with LIF detection was applied to the determination of 7-ACZP residues in positive human urine samples, and the results were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This ultrasensitive detection technique was proved to be practical for clinical use.

Substitution of Human for Horse Urine Disproves an Accusation of Doping*

In order to detect switching and/or manipulation of samples, the owner of a stallion asked our lab to perform a DNA test on a positive doping urine sample. The objective was to compare the urine DNA profile versus blood and hair DNA profiles from the same stallion. At first, 10 microsatellite markers were investigated to determine the horse identity. No results were obtained when horse specific markers were typed in the urine sample. In order to confirm the species origin of this sample we analyzed the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. This analysis from blood and hair samples produced reproducible and clear PCR-RFLP patterns and DNA sequence match with those expected for horse, while the urine sample results were coincident with human. These results allowed us to exclude the urine sample from the questioned stallion and determine its human species origin, confirming the manipulation of urine sample.

Antibody development to testosterone and its application in capillary electrophoresis‐based immunoassay

The present report describes a rapid, simple, and highly selective approach to perform testosterone competitive immunoassay by CE and LIF detection. The method involves using synthesized fluorescence-labeled testosterone as a tracer to compete with testosterone. Two polyclonal antibodies (antibody (Ab) arised from T-3-BSA (Ab(3)) and Ab arised from T-17-BSA (Ab(17))) and their respective tracers have been optimized and Ab(3) system is used for the quantification of testosterone by CE-based immunoassay. The method is developed with a wide working range of 3.70-2000 ng/mL and an LOD at 1.11 ng/mL. Tests for normal and positive urine samples show that this method has the potential to be applied in testosterone doping control.

Urine Monitoring of Diazepam Abuse—New Intake or Not?

Testing for drugs-of-abuse in urine is requested for multiple reasons, including legal and workplace policies. Two cases were studied in which there was a suspicion that the patients continued to abuse diazepam, because of repeatedly positive urine samples. In these cases, diazepam metabolites were measured in urine samples by gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of diazepam metabolites were subsequently creatinine correlated. Very long elimination times were found in the described cases. None of them had in fact ingested diazepam again during the study period. By the use of pharmacogenetic typing, one of the subjects was found to have a slow metabolism for CYP2C9 as well as for CYP2C19. In the second case, there was a possible drug interaction between diazepam and zolpidem.

The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis In Ogbadibo Local Government Area Of Benue State, Nigeria

The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogbadibo local government area, Benue State, Nigeria was investigated. Out of 657 urine samples examined, 300 (46.6%) showed the presence of Schistosoma haematobium. Of the 300 positive samples, 152 (23.13%) were from males and 148 (22.52%) were from females Owukpa and Eha zones showed higher prevalence 10.8% and 10.35% respectively) than the other three zones. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of the disease in the study are is neither sex, nor age dependent. There was a close relationship between haematuria and positive urine samples. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus species, and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area.

The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis In Ogbadibo Local Government Area Of Benue State, Nigeria

The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogbadibo local government area, Benue State, Nigeria was investigated. Out of 657 urine samples examined, 300 (46.6%) showed the presence of Schistosoma haematobium. Of the 300 positive samples, 152 (23.13%) were from males and 148 (22.52%) were from females Owukpa and Eha zones showed higher prevalence 10.8% and 10.35% respectively) than the other three zones. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of the disease in the study are is neither sex, nor age dependent. There was a close relationship between haematuria and positive urine samples. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus species, and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area.

Elucidation of urinary metabolites of fluoxymesterone by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

The suitability of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the elucidation of fluoxymesterone metabolism has been evaluated. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation in LC-MS/MS and electron impact spectra (EI) in GC-MS have been studied for fluoxymesterone and two commercially available metabolites. MS(n) experiments and accurate mass measurements performed by an ion-trap analyser and a QTOF instrument respectively have been used for the elucidation of the fragmentation pathway. The neutral loss scan of 20 Da (loss of HF) in LC-MS/MS has been applied for the selective detection of fluoxymesterone metabolites. In a positive fluoxymesterone doping control sample, 9 different analytes have been detected including the parent compound. Seven of these metabolites were also confirmed by GC-MS including 5 previously unreported metabolites. On the basis of the ionization, the CID fragmentation, the accurate mass of the product ions and the EI spectra of these analytes, a tentative elucidation as well as a proposal for the metabolic pathway of fluoxymesterone has been suggested. The presence of these compounds has also been confirmed by the analysis of five other positive fluoxymesterone urine samples.

A Pooled Analysis to Study Trends in Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs Among Nurses

Several studies have shown that exposure to antineoplastic drugs can cause toxic effects on reproductive health as well as carcinogenic effects. Numerous studies have corroborated that hospital workers are exposed to these drugs. This study focused on trends in exposure to antineoplastic drugs since the introduction of guidelines in The Netherlands. Data from three cross-sectional exposure surveys conducted in The Netherlands were pooled to examine trends in occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide. Nurses' 24 h urine samples were analyzed in separate fractions, surface contamination was determined and gloves used during preparation or while handling patient urine were collected. The difference in detectable urine samples between 1997 and 2000 was determined by a generalized estimating equations (GEE) binomial regression model. Mixed models were used to study the time trend in surface and glove contamination levels. The percentage of nurses' urine samples with detectable cyclophosphamide had decreased 4-fold between 1997 and 2000. Median cyclophosphamide levels in the positive urine samples were 3-fold lower in 2000 than in 1997. Surface and glove contamination had statistically significantly decreased between 1997 and more recent years. Nurses working at outpatient clinics or oncology wards are still being exposed to cyclophosphamide, but their exposure decreased considerably between 1997 and 2000, presumably due to the introduction of detailed guidelines and regulations in The Netherlands, the subsequent increased use of LuerLock connections and infusion systems prefilled with saline, and growing hazard awareness of nurses working with antineoplastic drugs.

Workplace Contamination with Antineoplastic Agents in a New Cancer Hospital Using a Closed-System Drug Transfer Device

Objective To determine levels of environmental chemotherapy contamination in a new cancer hospital that has exclusively used a closed-system drug transfer device (PhaSeal) for preparing and administering all compatible antineoplastics. Methods After 6 months of operation, surface samples were collected from pharmacy and nursing areas to determine levels of contamination with cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. In addition, urine samples were collected from pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and nurses to determine employee exposure to these agents. All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results Twenty-one percent (7/34) of surface samples collected tested positive for cyclophosphamide contamination. Twelve percent (4/34) of surface samples tested positive for ifosfamide. To place this into perspective, historical data collected at our outpatient oncology infusion clinic 6 months after converting to PhaSeal from conventional methods of antineoplastic preparation showed 33% (7/21) and 71% (15/21) of samples tested positive for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, respectively. The level of ifosfamide contamination found in samples that tested positive at our new hospital also appeared to be lower than in positive samples at the outpatient infusion clinic. In the current study, the urine of one participant (1/11), a pharmacy technician, tested positive for low levels of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. To compare, 71% and 0% of participants tested at the outpatient infusion clinic had positive urine samples prior to and 6 months after implementation of PhaSeal, respectively. Conclusions: Compared with historical levels of contamination in our outpatient oncology infusion clinic, levels of chemotherapy contamination appeared lower. However, some contamination was still present in our new cancer hospital where PhaSeal had been used exclusively.

Gold Nanoparticle as an Alternative Tool for Urine Microalbumin Test: The First World Report

Urine microalbuminuria is a common indicator for occult preclinical nephropathy. At present, urine microalbumin test is routinely performed by clinical chemistry test. Here, the authors used the advanced nanomedicine technique for modification of the urine microalbumin test. Materials and methods. The preparation of gold nanoparticle solution in this study was according to the standard method reported by Frenkel et al. The author performed an experiment on both microalbumin positive and negative urine samples. First, the mixture between equal amount (500 microliter) of gold nanoparticle solution and urine sample was prepared. Results. The microalbumin-positive mixture becomes purple, while the pregnancy-negative mixture becomes gray. Conclusion. This application can help the diagnosis of microalbumin and can be the alternative way for this urine microalbumin test. This is the first world report on this application.