Position Of Victim Research Articles

The procedural legal status of migrants transported by smugglers in European jurisprudence

In this paper, we present the approach of criminology and criminal procedure law to migrant smuggling, a phenomenon that is also significant at the European level. The characteristics of migrant smuggling as defined by the UN Protocol are presented, followed by the responses at the European level and the most recent statistics. The procedural status of smuggled persons, their status as victims, witnesses or perpetrators (suspected or accused), and the approach taken by the different branches of law are also discussed. After that, we summarize the results of our research conducted in the spring of 2024 with the cooperation of EUROJUST and Legicoop members. The following research questions were formulated, concerning the procedural status of migrants transported by smugglers in their countries  In criminal cases of migrant smuggling, what is the procedural position of the person transported by the migrant smuggler? (victim, witness, instigator, abettor) Are there any individual criminal proceedings or other (i.e. administrative, misdemeanour) procedures against the person transported by the migrant smuggler?In most European countries, migrants are considered victims of migrant smuggling and in the criminal proceedings that have been initiated, they take the position of victims: at most they are questioned as witnesses. Due to illegal border crossing, no separate criminal proceedings are usually initiated against them, most of the time these cases are resolved within the framework of public administrative proceedings.

Peran Regulasi Emosi dalam Perilaku Mencari Bantuan pada Korban Kekerasan dalam Pacaran

The stage of early adulthood in human development is to establish romantic relationships with the opposite sex. Therefore, having a romantic relationship is important for individuals at that age. Out of these four types of violence, emotional violence is the one that cannot be seen in real life, and even the victims don't really feel that what they are experiencing is a form of emotional violence. In emotional violence, the perpetrator will play a role by manipulating the victim, so that the victim does not even realize what he is experiencing, but gradually the impact of the violence is felt in everyday life. Meanwhile, the position of victims who are manipulated and unaware of the violence they experience, makes them feel that their perception of the situation they are experiencing is unrealistic, victims usually do not recognize or recognize emotional violence, and they develop coping mechanisms such as denial and minimize the violence they experience. With this condition it is difficult for victims to seek help for what they are experiencing. There are predictors that can influence the behavior of seeking help, including the regulation of the victim's emotions, the intensity of the search for help itself, and so on. In order to seek help from a manipulative, emotionally abusive state, the victim must have trust in others. Conditions that are astonishing and difficult to understand and believe are like victims of natural emotional abuse, forcing them to only want to open up to people they truly trust.

Narratives of Resistance: Discursive Strategies in Nigeria’s 2020 #EndSARS Protest

The #EndSARS hashtag, which started in 2017, was one of the tools used to share, on Twitter, experiences and advocacy on police brutality in Nigeria. Extant works have explored the use of social media for civic engagement, consciousness re-awakening, counter-narratives and societal disruption, amongst other uses. The present study focuses on how discursive strategies of resistance were deployed to create and sustain agitations using Twitter as a mobilising force of mass movement to achieve political goals. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with insights from computer-assisted textual analysis was used to analyse a corpus of 1,000 tweets with the #EndSARS hashtag. Findings show that blame attribution, recontexualisation of events, categorisation, victim positioning, and cross-border appeal are discursive resistance strategies used to sustain solidarity, create bonds and negotiate power among the marginalised people. Through these, protesters were able to create defiance and directive acts in the people. These strategies not only create a contest for political power between the government and the masses but also help in the construction of a resistance ideology among the people. Hence, new perspectives on social media should consider the paradigm shift that has resulted in how narratives are sustained and negotiated during online social movements.

Global Models, Victim Disconnect and Demands for International Intervention: The Dilemma of Decoloniality and Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka

Abstract This article uses Sri Lanka as a case study to impel engagement of decoloniality with transitional justice. It identifies gaps in the literature critical of transitional justice, specifically structural interpretations of power hierarchies, state-centrism and disregard of ethnicity and religion. It thereby uses a decolonial analytical lens on empirical findings from Sri Lanka’s failed transitional justice process to identify and understand continuing colonial power structures, including epistemic coloniality. The empirical findings offer three new insights. First, an ideational, structural and procedural disconnection between victims and the global transitional justice model is noted. The article traces how victim positioning and this disconnection were disregarded in favour of an internationally authoritative, credible and universal model of transitional justice. Second, the ethno-religious challenges to transitional justice, which include its reliance on the state as a neutral provider of justice, are highlighted. The third finding, however, on victim demands for greater international involvement, presents a dilemma to future decolonial consideration of transitional justice. Despite only using decoloniality as an analytical tool, the article nevertheless demonstrates the need for deeper reform, including at the epistemic level, for transformation to occur within the field.

형사절차에서 범죄피해자 지위의 재정립

This paper begins with the question of why the participation of crime victims is necessary in criminal proceedings. Is a procedure that excludes the victim fair? Does the criminal responsibility borne by the defendant realize justice? To answer these questions, a paradigm shift and a reinterpretation of the position of crime victims are needed. First, the paper addresses the fundamental question of why it is essential to find the position of crime victims in criminal proceedings. In the process of answering this question, the concept of restorative justice is introduced. Historically, the legitimacy of state punishment was established by excluding private vengeance. Therefore, a mechanism focused on resolving issues between the parties might be seen as a regression to the era of revenge, posing a potential threat to the carefully constructed criminal justice system. This perspective has led to distortions in the understanding of restorative justice. The paper seeks to correct these distortions by introducing the basic principles necessary for applying restorative justice within the judicial sphere. Finally, it returns to the initial question, finding an answer to why the participation of victims in criminal procedures is essential. It emphasizes the need to consider the various perspectives and positions of those affected by the crime, recognizing the impact on their lives. The paper suggests that we seek answers together regarding the scope of criminal law and the realization of justice.

Comperative Legal Analysis Regarding Efforts To Prevent Sexual Violence And Legal Protection For Women In The Credit And Law Number 12 Of 2022 Concerning Actions Criminal Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is a criminal act which basically requires very strict law enforcement. The dimensions of sexual violence regulated in the Criminal Code are not yet able to fully regulate the forms of sexual violence that occur, where regulations related to sexual violence are regulated in articles 281-295 of the Criminal Code which have limited clarification. on rape and molestation. So, with the enactment of law number 12 of 2022 concerning criminal acts of sexual violence (UU TPKS) on May 9 2022, it becomes the new legal basis for enforcing criminal acts of sexual violence. The TPKS Law becomes a specialist Lex for regulations previously contained in the Criminal Code. The presence of the TPKS Law is a new positive law that provides clear and specific updates regarding the types of criminal acts that are classified as criminal acts of sexual violence, the rights of victims of criminal acts of sexual violence, as well as protection for victims of criminal acts of sexual violence in law enforcement. The formulation of the problem in this research is how to compare legal regulations and legal protection between the Criminal Code and Law number 12 of 2022 regarding criminal acts of sexual violence. This research uses normative juridical research methods, using secondary data sources, with primary legal materials in the form of related laws which are supported by secondary legal materials in the form of related books and journals. Based on the results of this research, the research results will be summarized as to what the position of victims is. criminal acts of sexual violence which are in the Criminal Code and Law no. 12 of 2002 which regulates different legal provisions and legal protection which in the Criminal Code is not clearly regulated regarding legal protection for victims of criminal acts of sexual violence which in law number 12 of 2002 is clearly regulated regarding the protection of victims and prevention efforts against the occurrence of criminal acts of sexual harassment.

Consistency of Criminal Sanctions Regulations in Protecting Women Victims of Non-consensual Pornography Content Dissemination

The law is enacted to protect the rights. Along with technological developments, the scope of legal protection certainly needs to be expanded. Resolution of the Human Rights Council dated July 1, 2016, Number 32/13, concerning the Promotion, Protection, and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the internet, that individual rights must be protected offline and online. At present, there are many cases of electronic-based sexual violence, also known as Online Gender-Based Violence. One of the many forms of action that occurs is the spread of pornographic content without the consent of the person who is the object of the recording or shooting (Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Images/NCDII). In Indonesia, Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence has been enacted, but when the NCDII case occurred, women who were victims were not protected legally. Often, women are considered as parties involved in the manufacture of immoral goods, so they are subject to criminal sanctions. This paper is a result of normative juridical research, specifically analytical descriptive research. This research uses statute and conceptual approaches, using legal materials such as regulations and legal theories. This research concludes that there is no common understanding between the public and law enforcers that in cases where pornographic content is spread without consent, women are in the position of victims. Protection for victims is still difficult to obtain because the regulations that are currently in force do not specifically state that disclosing content without the consent of the depicted person is a crime.

Stories of digital sexual assault: an analysis of victim positions in news media

ABSTRACT Digital sexual assault, the non-consensual sharing of intimate images, is becoming an increasingly debated topic leaving victims and survivors to negotiate a large number of stories about and representations of digital violence in the public sphere. This article investigates the construction of victimhood in the Danish press coverage of digital sexual assault. The study shows that victims’ stories and perspectives are under-represented in public discourse, and further analysis of selected media articles leads to the identification of five dominant victim positions: 1) The innocent girl; 2) The forever-ruined victim; 3) The greedy, guilty victim; 4) The local, working-class victim; and 5) The heroic victim. These victim positions frame victims either as passive or as responsible for the assault, its consequences, and their own recovery. It is the conclusion of the study that the public media’s construction of victimhood lacks nuance and diversity and risks marginalizing victims and their experiences of digital victimization.

The Necessity of Developing Psychological Resilience in Individuals who have Experienced Domestic Violence: Analysis of the Issue

Introduction. The article is aimed at analysing the problem of overcoming the consequences of domestic violence through increasing the victim’s resilience. The relevance of the study is explained by several factors: firstly, the increasing frequency of domestic violence, and secondly, the necessity of including in rehabilitation programs blocks for the development of those personal characteristics that will allow not only to overcome the experienced stress, but also to reduce the possibility of getting into situations of violence again. Adequate levels of psychological resilience are seen by the authors as a necessary condition for optimizing the exit from the victim position. The novelty of the study is expressed in the fact that for the first time in our country resilience is considered as a factor influencing overcoming the consequences of violence.Objective. To explore the importance of developing psychological resilience in victims of domestic violence.Definition of violence and its types. The authors provide the main theoretical provisions regarding the psychological analysis of violence, the consequences of violence for the victim, and psychological resilience. Violence is distinguished from aggression and conflicts by its systematic nature and actions aimed at suppressing the will of the victim.The effects of violence on the victim. The authors mention the main consequences of violence, which include deterioration of physical and mental health, changes in behavioural patterns, and suicidal tendencies. The concept of psychological resilience. Psychological resilience as a factor influencing the recovery of a victim of violence is understood by the authors as the ability to withstand difficult life situations while maintaining mental and physical health.Discussion. The authors’ ideas about the mandatory development of resilience in victims of domestic violence are confirmed by the opinion of researchers of victim behaviour. The development of victim psychological resilience is associated with the replacement of victim behaviour with assertive behaviour. The ability to resist violence is also influenced by the development of such aspects of psychological resilience as fight avoidance, meaningfulness, emotional regulation, and building supportive social ties. In general, an adequate level of psychological resilience affects the ability to part with the subject of violence, as well as the development of psychological disorders in victims. The author’s position is expressed in the opinion that the formation of resilience in victims of violence will lead to the possibility of their self-change, which will transform public opinion about them.

The Post-Ongwen Case Period and the Reconciliation Process in Northern Uganda: Local Communities as a Site of Knowledge

Abstract By providing victims with more space in the Ongwen case, the International Criminal Court (icc) has significantly contributed to the healing of the trauma and community reconciliation in northern Uganda. That said, this court has also raised issues that could affect local efforts to achieve peace, namely the positioning of victims of child soldiers vis-à-vis criminal child soldiers. Drawing on qualitative data collected through focus group discussions with some community members from locations under investigation by the icc, this sociolegal study examines the victims’ narratives about child soldiers and the different ideas of human rights that emerge. Then, it explores how these ideas may shape future transitional justice mechanisms designed in the global sphere. Finally, it discusses the extent to which they may impact the relevance of current justice initiatives. Overall, this paper analyzes the substantive effect of victim participation in the Ongwen case on local peacebuilding initiatives in northern Uganda.

Basic Considerations of Judges in Imposing Criminal Code Article 81 Paragraph 2 of the Child Protection Law Against Children Who Have Sexual Intercourse on the Basis of Consent

In this study, the author raises the issue of the basis of the judge's consideration in imposing punishment on children who commit Copulation on the basis of mutual consent. This is motivated because it is not clearly regulated in the Child Protection Law regarding the crime of sexual intercourse committed by a child if the sexual intercourse is carried out on the basis of mutual consent without any element of violence or persuasion from the perpetrator to the victim, causing a vacuum of norms. The formulation of this problem is How is the evidentiary arrangement of the case of sexual intercourse committed by a child on the basis of mutual consent in Indonesia and What is the basis for the judge's consideration in imposing a criminal decision based on Article 81 paragraph (2) of the Child Protection Law against children who have sexual intercourse on the basis of mutual consent. The objectives in this study are (1) To know and analyze the criminal proof of sexual intercourse committed by children on the basis of mutual consent in Indonesian criminal law enforcement. (2) To know and analyze the basis of the judge's consideration in handing down a verdict against minors who have consensual sexual intercourse. To analyze this problem, the theories that will be used as guidelines for analysis are the theory of evidence, the theory of justice, expediency and legal certainty. This type of research uses normative legal methods consisting of a statutory approach (statue approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach) and case study approach (case law). The results of this study, the author concludes that the Child Protection Law does not recognize the term consensual because the position in child sexual intercourse against children who are consensual, children are seen in the position of victims. Although in the proof the act is done consensually or child fornication. The criminal regulation is regulated in Article 81 of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection

Victim position of personality: correlations with early maladaptive schemas domains in adults

The article contains the results of experimental research on the correlations between 5 domains of early maladaptive schemas and the peculiarities of personality victim position. A total of 262 adults participated in the experiment. Significant positive correlations between the indicated variables were identified. The personality victimhood has a significant positive correlation with all 5 domains of early maladaptive schemas (the strongest correlation was identifi ed with Domain IV "Dependence on others"). Different types of manifestation of the victim pozition of personality are most positively correlated with Domain IV „Dependence on others”, Domain V. ”Hypervigilance” and Inhibition”, and Domain I “Separation” and Rejection”.

The Sociability of Narrative: Freedom, Vulnerability, and Mediation in the Intercultural Novel

From the 1980s to the early 2010s, intercultural novels were often characterized by a liberal impulse to question prejudices and free characters from victim positions as well as cultural and identity-political constraints. This process has been analyzed and sometimes celebrated by scholars in countless literary studies claiming that hybrid actors and multivoiced narratives have replaced passive tales of suffering. More recent novels replace the heterogeneity and freedom of narrative agents with their experiential vulnerability and perceptions of discrimination. The central thesis of this essay is that this shift from freedom to vulnerability closely correlates with the disappearance of figural effects of mediation. The disappearance of a mediating function, which according to Georg Simmel is what makes face-to-face interaction social in the first place, fundamentally changes the intercultural narrative situation, the structure of encounter, and ultimately the forms of sociability in postmigration society. For the future of diversity-oriented and interdisciplinary research in German studies, it will be crucial to grasp this change precisely to develop new theories of inter- and transculturality from these insights.

Revealing Student Murder Cases: How Criminology and Criminal Law See this Phenomenon?

In this writing, the author takes the murder case against DS Students of the Indonesian Art Institute (ISI) in Yogyakarta which was carried out by YF for analysis. The victim group consisted of a total of six people using two-wheeled vehicles who came from the west and met about two to five perpetrators in the Sewers, Mataram. When they passed each other, the two groups did not want to give in to each other and a fight broke out between the two groups. The bickering continued until the perpetrator finally challenged the group of victims to a fight and then the victim was stabbed by the perpetrator, namely YF. The method used by the author is a research method with a normative juridical method with a case approach approach, the author uses several references as legal material to analyze the object of writing. This paper discusses the Role of Criminal Law in Overcoming the Crime of Murder of ISI that occurred in Yogyakarta and the Position of Victims of Murder of ISI in the Study of the Criminal Law of Murder in Positive Law and According to Victimological Studies. The conclusion of this paper is that the law has various functions and objectives to be achieved. Indonesia is a state of law, in Indonesia there is a Criminal Code which regulates various crimes, especially murder.

The Feasibility of Spiritual Counseling for Child Victims in the Turkish Legal Support System

In judicial processes, giving value to and providing support for the victim is a new understanding. With the acceptance of child protection laws and the implementation of the judicial support system in our country, the protection and rehabilitation of children are ensured by laws. The measures to be applied for children and the procedures for adjudication are determined by laws. Cases involving children can be categorized into two main groups: civil and criminal proceedings, which can vary significantly from divorce to guardianship, from ordinary crimes to severe offenses like abuse. Additionally, children can be involved in judicial processes as victims, plaintiffs, witnesses, or offenders. To support children in these processes, judicial support specialists are assigned to accompany and assist them. This is because the judicial process can be traumatic and cause secondary trauma for children. This paper will question the feasibility of providing spiritual counseling within the scope of help activities designed and envisaged for children in the victim position during the judicial process, rather than focusing on child adjudication procedures. Spirituality is a concept that individuals may need at any time and is known to be an internal resource that provides strength during difficult times. The attitudes and competencies of judicial support specialists are important regarding spiritual counseling, but the feasibility of spiritual counseling within the legal framework points to a structural issue. Indeed, this subject has academic, public, and practical dimensions. In the academic dimension, field research and theoretical and practical aspects highlight scientific knowledge, while in the public dimension, legal and institutional regulations ensure the implementation and effectiveness of services for victimized children. In practice, there are both public and academic practices. In this study, by using the documentation method, laws, regulations, and legislation related to the judicial support system were examined, and the feasibility of spiritual counseling for victimized children within the judicial support system was analyzed. As a result, even though there is no explicit provision in the legislation, spiritual counseling can be implemented within the scope of preventive measures and activities. However, it was found that this implementation may encounter difficulties and that the institutions and specialists involved may need to take individual initiatives and responsibilities. Therefore, it is evaluated that specialized laws, institutions, and academic studies are necessary for the implementation of spiritual counseling for victimized children.

Brottsenhet vid koppleri och människohandel

AbstractBefore the 2010s, questions regarding conflict of crimes had not gained much attention in the Finnish criminal jurisprudence. However, in more recent years such questions have been increasingly discussed. This is largely attributable to the Supreme Court of Finland having taken a stance on this question several times in the 2000s. Themost recent precedent on conflict of crimes was issued by the Supreme Court in the beginning of 2022. In the precedent KKO 2022:2, which concerned human trafficking for the purpose of labour, the Supreme Court took a stance on the counting of criminal offences in the context of human trafficking. It follows from the precedent that weight shall be given to the number of injured parties (crime victims) when determining whether individual acts constitute one or several criminal counts in the context of crimes that strongly violate legal interests linked to a person, such as health, freedom and the right to self-determination. The current paper uses the recent precedent to suggest how counting should be done within the context of other types of human trafficking and closely related crimes, such as procuring.The analysis concludes that when counting criminal offences, one must pay attention to differences between various types of crime, including the legal interests protected by the provision in question. Moreover, the circumstances of the case and the differences in criminal methods will affect the count, thus leading to different results. Criteria developed from case law and jurisprudence are given different weight depending on the applicable penal provisions and the circumstances of the case. It is noteworthy that neither the counting criteria nor the weights applied are permanent, but can vary as a consequence of social change. Social change regarding the position of crime victims has, in fact, affected the counting of criminal offences in the sense that nowadays more weight is given to the number of crime victims.

Gender and role associations between domestic violence during childhood and dating violence: Victimization among male college students mediated through violence justification beliefs

BackgroundAlthough the victimization experiences of male college students in dating relationships are gaining increasing scholarly attention, there is still limited empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of the mechanism through which male victims of domestic violence experience subsequent dating violence. ObjectiveThis study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms through which male victimization of domestic violence during childhood transmits to dating violence experience in adulthood. Whether the intergenerational transmission of violence may be explained by gendered pathways or by male participants' identification with the victim's position will be tested. Participants and settingParticipants included 526 South Korean male college students in Seoul. MethodsChild abuse, witnessing interparental violence, and beliefs justifying and accepting violence were divided based on the gender of the offender and victim to assess distinct effects. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the relationships between dating violence victimization and child abuse/witnessing interparental violence and the mediation effect of beliefs justifying violence in the relationships between the variables. ResultsBoth paternal and maternal abuse have significant direct relationships with male dating violence victimization. Witnessing mother-to-father violence had a significant and direct relationship with male victimization while witnessing father-to-mother violence did not. The mediation effect of justification of female-to-male violence was confirmed between witnessing mother-initiated violence and male victimization, whereas justification of male-to-female violence did not show a mediating effect between witnessing father-initiated violence and male victimization. ConclusionBoth role and gender associations were confirmed. The results imply that there are different ways through which children learn about violence. More specific targets should be addressed in education programs to break the vicious cycle of violence.

Child Trafficking Mitigating System using Transfer Learning and Modified Deep Learning

In India, the National Human Rights Commission said that 11,000 of the 40,000 kidnapped children go unrecoverable each year. This project suggests a method for creating a useful app to locate a missing person by correlating the database and the identification feed. To check if the suspected child is a victim of child trafficking and is listed as a missing child, the person can scan their image. A facial recognition system has been employed which uses CNN (Convolution Neural Network ) a deep learning technology for digital image processing and to identify or confirm a person. Current world scenarios and technology make substantial use of facial feature detection and recognition but here we have also introduced alert system The problems of the modern world, on the other hand, have remedies thanks to artificial intelligence. To improve communication between humans and machines, artificial intelligence (AI) has been developed. Convolution neural networks and deep learning will be heavily utilised to analyse images and make appropriate inferences as part of the implementation of the aforementioned solution. By sending the victim's position information and photo to the closest police station, the user initiates the rescue effort and minimises the area that needs to be searched for the youngster.

Study on Chest Injuries Due to Blunt Object in Road Accident

In India, people use local transport for travel. Since accidents prevail in these developing countries, India is not exceptional. The number of vehicle increases daily, and road accident occurs every two minutes. Chest injuries are widespread during accidental cases. This significantly contributed to the trauma during unintentional cases. Trauma generally affects young adults. Based on the above facts, the present study aims to determine the pathologies associated with chest injuries due to blunt objects in road accidents and to assess the blunt chest injuries among accident victims traveling in different road transportation modes and furthermore, to observe the injury pattern and its correlation with the victim's position during the road traffic accident. The study was carried out in the Branch of FMT, Raj Rajeswari Medical College and Hospital Bangalore. Data were collected from 100 cases of death caused by a road traffic accident that was presented for medico-legal post-mortem at the mortuary in the FMT department from December 2013 to May 2015. The study reports the maximum number (42%) of chest injuries occurred between the age group of 21-30 years, followed by 24% in the age group 31 � 40, with a maximum (62%) accidental cases in two-wheeler riders. The result showed that 48% of patients had rib fractures, 12% vertebral fractures, 10% sternum fractures, and 4% clavicle fractures during accidental cases, with haemothorax in 56% of cases. The result also showed that death was due to shock and hemorrhage in 92 patients and 6% due to coma. Specific injury prevention programs focusing on road safety should be implemented to limit and control the incidence of such injuries in light of our results.�

Characteristics of the Distance and Space Required for Knife Slashing Using a Motion Capture System.

To investigate the relationship between the perpetrator's sex, victim's position and slashing location as well as anthropometric parameters on distance and space required for slashing, to provide the theoretical basis for the judgment of whether the crime scene was consistent with the criminal activity space. The kinematics data of 12 male and 12 female subjects slashing the neck of standing and supine mannequins as well as the chest of the standing mannequins with a kitchen knife were obtained by using a 3D motion capture system. The relationship between the perpetrator's sex-victim's position, the perpetrator's sex-slashing location, and anthropometric parameters and the distance and space required for the slashing were analyzed by two-factor repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis respectively. Compared with slashing the neck of supine mannequins, the distance (L) and normalized L (l) of slashing the neck of standing mannequins were greater, while vertical distance (LVR) and normalized LVR (lVR) of the knife side were smaller. Compared with slashing the neck of standing mannequins, the L and l slashing the chest of standing mannequins were greater, while LVR and lVR were smaller. Horizontal distance (LHR) and normalized LHR (lHR) of the knife side in males were greater than that in females. Height and arm length were positively correlated with L, LHR, and LVR when striking the standing mannequins. When slashing the neck of supine or standing victims, the slashing distance is shorter and the slashing height is greater. Furthermore, the distance and space required for slashing are correlate with anthropometric parameters.