Portuguese Trade Research Articles

Reviews of Book

Reviews of Book

:Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs. 1580-1640

a superbly researched work, rich in provocative and revisionist interpretations, whose sources, ideas, and references will be mined by many scholars, Boyajian adopts a comparative approach to study Portuguese commercial links to Asia, reassess crown involvement in trade 'vis a vis' private participation, place the Cape trade within the context of global trade, and throw newlight on Portuguese merchant families.--'Canadian Journal of History.' In 'Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs' Boyajian reassesses the consequences of Portugal's flourishing private trade with Asia, including increased tensions between the growing urban merchant class and the still-dominant landed aristocracy. He also shows how Portuguese-Asian trade formed part of a global trading network that linked not only Europe and Asia, but also--for the first time--Asia, West Africa, Brazil, and Spanish America. And he argues that, contrary to previous scholarly opinion, nearly half of the Portuguese Asian trade was controlled by New Christians--descendants of Iberian Jews forcibly converted to Christianity in the 1490s.

Reviews and Short Notices

Reviews and Short Notices

Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640, by James C. Boyajian

<i>Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640</i>, by James C. Boyajian

Anglo-Portuguese Trade in the Fifteenth Century

My concern in this paper is essentially the complementary commercial links of the two countries against the background of political friendship.Eighty years ago Miss Shillington put forward a very positive picture of the strength of Anglo-Portuguese trade, and apart from some work by Professor Carus-Wilson and Dr Livermore, not much has been done on this trade since, although almost all other aspects of Portuguese activity in northern and Mediterranean markets and in exploration have been considered, and the relationship of northern trade in Portugal's seemingly dramatic expansion into colonial adventure has not infrequently been raised. Writers may passingly refer to Anglo-Portuguese trade as vigorous, regular, modest, increasing or decreasing: but on what scale? Is vigorous trade two, five, or ten ships a year in the context of Anglo-Portuguese trade? I first became interested in Portuguese trade years ago as I wrote on Castilian trade, when it seemed to me that, despite good political relations Anglo-Portuguese trade was modest, while the Basque and Castilian trade flourished in much less welcoming political circumstances. The approach of 1992 with its promised closer commercial links in the European community (now including Portugal) seems a good time to review England's medieval links with what is commonly called her oldest continuous ally and trading partner. What I intend to do in this paper is at once limited (to examine England's trade with Portugal and the Portuguese role in it) and very broad (to sweep a whole century to provide a context for this activity).

Nation, Bolsa, and Factory: Three Institutions of Late-Medieval Portuguese Trade with Flanders

Portuguese centuries provides an interesting example of how late-medieval commercial institutions were represented and organized in a foreign country, and of the significant role said to have been played there by the Portuguese Crown. Flanders, which had commercial ties with Portugal since the twelfth century, was to remain, for the rest of the Middle Ages, one of Portugal's most important trading partners.1 The Portuguese gradually adopted two key institutions to support this trade: the bolsa and the 'nation*. The bolsa a voluntary association of merchants involved in foreign trade, established under the patronage of the Portuguese Crown and with branches in the major trading centres served the individual needs of the Portuguese trading community. The merchant nation merchants from the same geographical area, speaking a common language and often subjects of the same political entity represented the corporate body to the host country's authorities.

Improvising empire: Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1700

Improvising empire: Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1700

Conservation of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century European Paintings in India

From the eighteenth century onwards, European and British artists worked in India, under Portuguese, French and British traders. Their themes were portraits, landscapes and scenes of daily life done in a naturalistic style. These paintings found their way into palaces, into the houses of the higher ranks of the ubiquitous British army, as well as into affluent Indian homes. Among the prominent artists who··painted in India were George Farington, John Zoffany, Tilly Kettle, Thomas Daniel, William Daniel, Thomas Hickey, Francisco Renaldi,George Chinnery, Robert Home and Thomas Seton. In the last century and a half, a lot of these paintings have changed hands, suffering greatly in the process. Others deteriorated considerably due to severe climatic conditions, ignorant handling and bad storage. Had these paintings been left alone and not interfered with, their conservation would have been less complicated. Earlier attempts at conservation in India produced disastrous results, and dealers overseas became interested in the paintings, for obvious reasons. Realizing the gravity of the situation, the Government of India, Department of Culture, has approved a project for the restoration of oil paintings and works of art of non-Indian origin. The project has been assigned to the National Museum, New Delhi, where most of the work has been going on since January 1985. Recently two more centres have been opened to render additional help, one at the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta and the other at the National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property in Lucknow. The centre at the National Museum coordinates all the activities of this project. In the poster we discuss three paintings which have recently been restored at the National Museum, New Delhi: 'Richard Southwell Bourke, Sixth Earl of Mayo' by George F. Clarke; British, oil on canvas, 246cm x 158cm. Collection: Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, Acc. No. 144/0.P. -16 (35). 2 'Sir John Laird Mair Lowrence, Bart, Viceroy and Governor General of India' by Val Prince, PRA; British, oil on canvas, 142.5cm x 111cm. Collection: Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, Acc. No. 251/0.P. -72 (40).

Reviews and Short Notices

Reviews and Short Notices

The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754

The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754

The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754.

List of figures, maps and tables Glossary Notes on spelling and currency, weights and measures Preface 1. Maritime trade in Asia 2. Imperial foundations: the Estado da India and Macao 3. Population, personalities, and communal power 4. Country traders and Crown monopoly 5. Merchants and markets 6. Country traders and the search for markets 7. Imperial relations: Macao and the Estado de India: 8. Imperial survival: Sino-Portuguese relations from Ming to Ch'ing 9. Macao, companies and country traders: the other Europeans in China 10. Conclusion List of abbreviations and notes Bibliography Index.

The survival of empire: Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea. 1630–1754. By George Bryan Souza pp. xx, 282, 9 maps. Cambridge etc., Cambridge University Press. 1986. £27.50.

The survival of empire: Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea. 1630–1754. By George Bryan Souza pp. xx, 282, 9 maps. Cambridge etc., Cambridge University Press. 1986. £27.50. - Volume 119 Issue 1

Health Manpower and Population Change in Nigeria

HEALTH SERVICES in Nigeria were initially pro vided by traditional doctors followed by phys icians brought by Portuguese traders to care for the health of their staff. The effort to provide modern medical care for the Nigerian population was initiated by the missionaries who established hospitals by the 1850s. Government institutions which started later in the 19th Century with a unified system of health services expanded very slowly until 1952 when the system was first decentral ised. Even after decentralisation the limited economy did not permit rapid expansion until the 1970s when the economy was greatly improved by the marketing of Nigerian petroleum permitting rapid development of health manpower and establishments. The numbers of the various categories of health personnel in recent years appear to be increasing at a rate higher than that of the population growth resulting in continued higher health manpower versus population ratio but there is still the need for improvement. The present level of health manpower in Nigeria is lower than those of the majority of the developing countries possibly due to the large popula tion of Nigeria and the initial lag in development. There is need for training greater numbers considering the size (about 96 million) of the Nigerian population and the target of providing health for all by the Year 2000. Other factors which need improvement include the uneven distribution of health manpower and the establishments between the urban and rural areas, transportation problems and the distance from the health facilities, cost of medication, and the adherence of a large percentage of the population to traditional beliefs and practices.

Macau

More than 97% of Macau's 450000 population are Chinese and it is essentially a Chinese city. It reached the height of its importance as a centre of Portuguese trade in 1600 and still reflects the influence of Portuguese settlement. Today Macau suffers from serious problems of slum housing and traffic congestion and must resolve the conflict between historic preservation and development.

Carreiraandcabotagen. Some aspects of Portuguese trade in the Indian ocean and the China sea, 1500–1650

<i>Carreira</i>and<i>cabotagen</i>. Some aspects of Portuguese trade in the Indian ocean and the China sea, 1500–1650

K. S. Mathew: Portuguese trade with India in the sixteenth century. xv, 352 pp. Manohar, New Deihi: 1983.

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K. S. Mathew: Portuguese trade with India in the sixteenth enctry. xv, 352 pp. Manohar, New Delhi: 1983.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By Anthony R. Disney. Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. 95, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Pp. ix, 220. $18.50.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By Anthony R. Disney. Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. 95, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Pp. ix, 220. $18.50.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By Anthony R. Disney. Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. 95, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Pp. ix, 220. $18.50.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By Anthony R. Disney. Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. 95, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Pp. ix, 220. $18.50.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By A. R. Disney. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Harvard Historical Series No. 95), 1978. x, 220 pp. Map, Appendixes, Notes, Glossary, Bibliography, Index. $15.00.

Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. By A. R. Disney. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Harvard Historical Series No. 95), 1978. x, 220 pp. Map, Appendixes, Notes, Glossary, Bibliography, Index. $15.00.