Portions Of Text Research Articles

Nightingale Version 1.4, Music Notation Software for Macintosh. Temporal Acuity Products

Although no single music notation program can accommodate the requirements of every user, musicians working in an academic setting will find Nightingale an inviting software package that offers a viable compromise between ease and power. It accommodates scores of up to sixty-four staves and one hundred parts, affords attractive printed output, even without a laser printer, and supports comprehensive MIDI recording and playback capabilities. Nightingale's developers have evidently given accessibility high priority. The Installation Guide contains both brief instructions for experienced Macintosh users and detailed instructions for beginning users, enabling even the rank novice to install the program with ease and confidence. The User's Manual then offers a step-by-step tutorial: four chapters dealing with basic note entry, tools, and commands, MIDI playback and recording, and editing techniques are bound with the original manual, and a fifth chapter on setting up a score and page layout is furnished both as a printed insert and as an on-screen file contained in the Nightingale folder. Although much of the tutorial is admirably clear, there are weaknesses. The authors seem to be ambivalent about its function and audience, sometimes presenting too much information in an undifferentiated fashion. For example, many beginning users will not immediately require the information on MIDI channel testing presented in chapter 3, although it is certainly indispensable for readers who encounter a problem with MIDI playback. If material of this nature were offset from the rest of the text by smaller type or shading the portion of the page on which it appeared, beginners could know what portions of the tutorial might safely be skipped if they didn't encounter the specific problems addressed by those text portions. In addition, the text is marred by occasional errors: it is simply not true, for instance, that shift-clicking on a previously selected symbol will deselect that symbol (p. 26). The chart of short-cut keys for the tool palette (p. 39 and insert) is particularly annoying: it is not only non-U.S. users who will find discrepancies between their keyboards and the shortcut keys listed, for there are no fewer than ten such discrepancies between U.S. System 7.1 and the chart. Even more than program documentation, it is the user interface that determines software accessibility. Nightingale's interface is straightforward, with menus of the sort familiar from other Macintosh applications, a tool palette containing readily recognizable icons of musical symbols, and an intuitively organized system of shortcut tool and command keys. Contents of menus are logical, and the names of menu items generally convey their functions clearly. File, for instance, contains the same kinds of items as the File menu of Macintosh word processing programs: New, Open, Save, and Print are there, along with some specialized relatives such as Extract Parts and Import MIDI File. Likewise, Edit contains the expected Cut/Copy/Paste family of commands. The Score menu and submenu commands control the layout of systems and pages; a flow or bulk-assignment feature for text or lyrics is also available in Score. Transposition, clarification of rhythmic notation, changing stem direction for multivoice notation or other purposes, and removing modifiers are among the operations controlled under the Notes/Rests menu; the Groups command controls beaming, tuplets, and, perhaps somewhat unexpectedly, octave signs. The View menu controls what is displayed upon the screen and how it is displayed; the Reduce and Enlarge commands in this menu, for example, permit one to work with a small section of enlarged score to fine-tune the placement of symbols or to get an overview of a whole page of score even on a standard size monitor by working with a 25 percent or 50 percent reduction. Finally, the Play/Record menu controls the MIDI applications of Nightingale. …

The Role of Mental Translation in Second Language Reading

Reading in a second language (L2) can produce inefficient processing in otherwise proficient readers. This paper argues that mental translation during L2 reading may facilitate the generation and conservation of meaning by allowing the reader to represent portions of L2 text that exceed cognitive limits in a familiar, memory-efficient form. Fifty-one intermediate-level French students, in high, middle, and low reading ability groups, participated in think-aloud interviews while reading French texts. The relative frequency of translation use among these groups is compared at the beginning and end of a semester and is found to decrease with level of reading ability. The specific contexts in which students relied on translation are identified, and functional benefits and strategic uses of translation are discussed. Finally, hypotheses and questions are developed for future research.

Automated dismemberment of JSD process specifications

In the initial phase of Jackson System Development (JSD), behaviour in the real world is modelled using long-running processes. As direct implementation of such processes can be impractical, a transformational approach called dismemberment is sometimes applied to allow the separate scheduling of portions of a process's text. A lack of automatic support has, however, made the technique difficult to use, and automation itself has not proved easy. Several writers have noted the relationship between Jackson structure diagrams and finite automata. This paper describes in detail the transformation of JSD process specifications into deterministic finite automata, using ‘subset construction’, a method adapted from compiler theory. The resulting representations can be used to generate dismembered implementation routines. The algorithms have been implemented within an experimental version of the PRESTIGE JSD Workbench, a CASE tool for the JSD implementor.

CANDA Overview: What Should a CANDA Look Like?

The move toward electronic submission and review of new drug applications (NDAs) is expected to make the drug development process more efficient both for drug spon­ sors and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Electronic tools have been devel­ oped for text management, image management, and data manipulation, increasing the efficiency of FDA review and enabling pharmaceutical companies to bring new drugs to market quicker. This paper focuses on tools used to access, retrieve, and display information in the NDA submission, concentrating mainly on the text and image portions. It will conclude with a description of an "ideal" computer-assisted new drug application (CANDA) system and how it could be used by both the drug sponsor and the regulatory reviewer.

Torah and the Chronicler's History Work: An Inquiry in the Chronicler's References to Laws, Festivals, and Cultic Institutions in Relationship to Pentateuchal Legislation (review)

Hebrew Studies 34 (1993) 195 Reviews tute a coherent thematic composition that has been rhetorically shaped by a single author (rhetorical analysis). Further, by regarding the prophet as a creative orator, rhetorical analysis emphasizes the prophetic personality. Form criticism, however, does not consider the prophetic material as a literary work in itself, nor does it see oracles as the creative product of certain individuals; rather, it looks for single traditions that might continue to grow until their development is sealed by the canonical process. Thus for form criticism there is no book such as First Isaiah or Deutero-Isaiah, but only earlier traditions that inspired the emergence of later traditions. It is therefore preferable-in form critical terms-to speak about ProtoIsaiah rather than a real book called First-Isaiah, since First Isaiah does not, in fact, exist as a book. However, rhetorical analysis, which evaluates the literary creativity of the prophets, reads First- and then Deutero-Isaiah as two separate literary works. Now, the combination of these independent literary compositions itself invites comparisons and creates internal textual relationships and thereby new, synchronic discourse. This implication of combining autonomous pieces into a whole is not seriously appreciated by Seitz, who prefers-without justification-to dismiss alternative methods of approaching the question of the book's composition as ignoring the historical dimension of the prophetic office. Zion's Final Destiny is an inspiring book for readers who are not interested in further methodological considerations beyond form criticism. Seitz may make sense of such individuals' reading of the material by providing the book of Isaiah as a whole with a coherent theological meaning: the fulfillment of Zion's destiny. Yehoshua Gitay University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 South Africa TORAH AND THE CHRONICLER'S HISTORY WORK: AN INQUIRY IN THE CHRONICLER'S REFERENCES TO LAWS, FESTIVALS, AND CULTIC INSTITUTIONS IN RELATIONSHIP TO PENTATEUCHAL LEGISLATION. By Judson R. Shaver. Brown Judaic Studies 196. Pp. xi + 160. Atlanta: Scholars, 1989. Cloth. Shaver's work represents a revised version of his 1983 Notre Dame dissertation done under the direction of Joseph Blenkinsopp. In his intro- Hebrew Studies 34 (1993) 196 Reviews duction, Shaver is admirably direct in defining his goal as seeking "to clarify one facet of the larger problem of reconstructing the historical events and editorial activities that produced the final stages of the Torah canon" (p. 2). He proposes to accomplish this by considering the use of Pentateuchal narratives and legal materials in those texts that originated in the Second Temple period. The flaw here is his assumption that if such materials were available in some form, the author(s) of Second Temple period texts would necessarily have utilized them. Another problem is ascertaining what date to assign various portions of texts from the Second Temple period, themselves subject to refinement and revision in the light of the community's experiences and needs. Nearly one-half of the volume is devoted to the intricacies of tracing the historical events of the period of Persian domination and defining what the author means by the "Chronicler's History Work." In his historical reconstruction , Shaver relies on secondary studies much to his detriment. Thus he notes that the Gadatas inscription, in which Darius purportedly grants favors to a local temple cultus and its personnel, is extant only in a Roman period copy, though "it is based on an authentic original" (p. 18). No documentation is offered for this assertion which has been closely questioned by a number of Classicists. The inscription is not even referred to by Shaver in an original language publication. Instead, the reader is referred to how Olmstead, Ackroyd, and Noth viewed the inscription. Similarly, Shaver states that the "imposition of a new law on a subject people" was contrary to "Persian strategy" (p. 36), but offers no references to back this claim. If this were true, then why do contemporary Mesopotamian sources refer to new royal laws during the reign of Darius (see VET 4.101)? In the end Shaver accepts the traditional dating of Nehemiah's mission as 445 B.C.E. and very tentatively places Ezra at 398 B.C.E., seeing both as resulting in a "destabilized Judah" due...

A segmentation method for composite text/graphics (halftone and continuous tone photographs) documents

AbstractWhen processing composite documents for digital copy machines and facsimile which contain a mixture of text, halftone and continuous tone photographs, ideally, the text portion can be separated from the graphics portion and more efficiently represented than the multi‐bit pixel bitmap graphics representation. The technique for realizing this necessarily requires very precise image segmentation technology so that both the text and image portions can be correctly separated and efficiently managed. In this paper, a new image segmentation algorithm called SPACE is presented. The main idea behind the method for segmenting text/graphics composite documents is based on a peak‐pixel method for detecting the halftone graphics and edge detection performed on a continuous black and white representation of the image. The results presented here are based on 64‐level gray‐scale, 400 dpi scanned images; but the segmentation method should also be applicable to color images and, as the image quality improves, the method becomes more effective.

New Wavenumber Calibration Tables From Heterodyne Frequency Measurements.

This new calibration atlas is based on frequency rather than wavelength calibration techniques for absolute references. Since a limited number of absolute frequency measurements is possible, additional data from alternate methodology are used for difference frequency measurements within each band investigated by the frequency measurements techniques. Data from these complementary techniques include the best Fourier transform measurements available. Included in the text relating to the atlas are a description of the heterodyne frequency measurement techniques and details of the analysis, including the Hamiltonians and least-squares-fitting and calculation. Also included are other relevant considerations such as intensities and lincshape parameters. A 390-entry bibliography which contains all data sources used and a subsequent section on errors conclude the text portion.The primary calibration molecules are the linear triatomics, carbonyl sulfide and nitrous oxide, which cover portions of the infrared spectrum ranging from 488 to 3120 cm−1. Some gaps in the coverage afforded by OCS and N2O are partially covered by NO, CO, and CS2. An additional region from 4000 to 4400 cm−1 is also included.The tabular portion of the atlas is too lengthy to include in an archival journal. Furthermore, different users have different requirements for such an atlas. In an effort to satisfy most users, we have made two different options available. The first is NIST Special Publication 821, which has a spectral map/facing table format. The spectral maps (as well as the facing tables) are calculated from molecular constants derived for the work. A complete list of all of the molecular transitions that went into making the maps is too long (perhaps by a factor of 4 or 5) to include in the facing tables. The second option for those not interested in maps (or perhaps to supplement Special Publication 821) is the complete list (tables-only) which is available in computerized format as NIST Standard Reference Database #39, Wavelength Calibration Tables.

The Philosopher Aquila

In hisArs grammaticaFl. Sosipater Charisius quotes long portions of text which he has taken over from books of other grammarians. One of these quotations starts at 246.18 (‘C. Iulius Romanus ita refert de adverbio sub titulo ϕορμν’) and continues up to 289.17. At 246.19–252.31 we find a long argument in which Romanus offers a sort of introduction to the theory of the adverb. This introduction is a surprise to modern readers because it is written in a very rhetorical manner. I mention this because otherwise one cannot understand why at 251.22ff. the author of a Latin treatise on grammar should quote from a Greek work on Aristotle'sCategoriesby a certain Aquila.

The social costs of smoking revisited

This article may be read as a comment on and extension to the recent survey of studies of the social costs of smoking in this journal by Markandya & Pearce (1989), covering some aspects of the literature not included in that survey. Inevitably, there is a considerable amount of overlap with the material in several of the listed references, including the Markandya & Pearce (1989) survey. The article argues that the published studies based on the incidence approach to the costs of smoking, even on their own terms and accepting the stated assumptions, are erroneous, yielding cost estimates that are too high. In the appendix a simple model of the use of taxation to correct for informational error concerning a risky good is presented.

Aeneas's Treason and Narrative Consistency in the Mediaeval Irish Imtheachta Aeniasa

In 1907, the Irish Texts Society made generally available a late mediaeval “translation” of Vergil’s Aeneid, apparently the work of one Solomon O’Droma, an esteemed copyist of the fourteenth century. The manuscript was edited, and an accompanying English translation prepared, by George Calder, a Scots minister of considerable learning. The erudite Calder even provided his readers with a column of Vergilian references down the right margin of every page. This could not have been an easy task, for the notion of translation was quite liberal in the Middle Ages, embracing (along with some portion of the original text) incidental glosses, alternative versions, adjustments to current taste, and even Christian “updating” of symbols and manners. The Irish Imtheachta Aeniasa, or Adventures of Aeneas, is actually rather chaste in this regard. Its most recurrent liberty with Vergil is to encapsulate or radically rephrase his narration in the Irish heroic style, as Eleanor Hull observed long ago. Seldom is the Roman Aeneid simply abandoned.

Logical and layout structures of documents

Document preparation systems are commonly layout oriented in that way that the user interactively creates and modifies frames for text, mathematical formulas, raster or geometric graphics, etc. For batch-oriented systems the user manipulates the process of formatting by inserting control commands into the plain text. These modify the position or graphic aspect of the following text portion. Many systems provide a macro mechanism to combine lengthy and repeatedly used control commands to macros, with the result that the text is interpersed with macrocalls. Macro calls. Macro calls are often logical delimiters. They subdivide the plain text into a linear of document objects, which forms the linear description of the logical document structure similar to a tree. It must be mentioned that in most systems there is no direct support or representation of the logical document structure. The logical structure exists only in the author's mind and the author himself compiles the logical document objects and their hierarchical relationship to physical layout representation. More flexiblw and interactively formatting editors for structured document preparation presuppose a strong distinction of logical and layout structure and incorporate a formal description of the mapping, how the layout is derived from the logical structure. The logical structure is an enriched tree-oriented representation, in which between pbjects are constrained by grammatical specification. The layout structures define the layout relationships on the physical pages of the document and they are also constrained by grammatical spedifications. Another goal is to define the mapping well known as formatting by high-level specification for classes of documents, in order to be able to generate automatically formatting editors by high-level specifications.

Towards Understanding the Qur'an Translation of Mawdudi's Tafhim al-Qur'an

Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdudi's multi-volume Tafhim al-Quran is a majorQur'an commentary of the twentieth century. Written over a period of aboutthirty years, the work runs the gamut of Qur'anic-and Islamic-thought anddoctrine, and is the magnum opus of a writer called by Wilfred CantwellSmith "the most systematic thinker of modern Islam." As such, Tafhim isan important work. An English translation exists, but clearly there was aneed for a new translation, and that is what Zafar Ishaq Ansari attemptsto provide in Towards Understanding the Qur'an, of which two volumes,covering the first six surahs of the Qur'an, have so far been published.Ansari's translation may be called "authorized" in that it was the author'swish that Ansari render Tafhim into English. The translation reads quite well.Being intimately familiar with Mawdiidi's style, and being a writer of reputein his own right, Ansari has done a good job of rendering Tafhim into English.Besides possessing a high degree of readability, the work has other notablefeatures. The translator has furnished complete documentation for thequotations in the original work, including all ahadith, and, while retainingand translating the highly useful subject index of the Urdu original, has addeda glossary of terms, biographical notes, a bibliography, and a general index.On occasions, alternative interpretations, offered by other scholars, are noted(e.g. of the object pronoun in ya'rifanahu in the Qur'an, 2:146 [TowardsUnderstanding the Quran, 1:125), or of alladh'ina yakhafana in 5:23 [ibid.,2:151, n. 451), the reasons for the use of certain Islamic terms by Mawdudi(e.g. "caliphate" for pre-Islamic kingships, etc. [2:153]) are given, and termsand expressions which an Urdu reader would understand because of hisparticular cultural background are explained for the English reader. The amountof such notes and explanations seems to increase in Volume 2.A few problems may be noted. Here and there certain portions of theoriginal text are not translated. From the author's Preface and Introductionespecially, several paragraphs have been left out. While every attempt is madeto convey the general meaning of the parts omitted, the omissions in somecases are not indicated. Unlike the Biographical Notes, the Glossary of Terms,found in each volume, is not meant to be cumulative. There are, however,some repetitions in the Glossary of Vol. 2 (e.g. Ahl al-Dhimmah, Din, Hadith, ...

La littérature divinatoire dans le Daozang

The Daozang contains forty odd texts or portions of texts which are devoted to one or another form of divination. These texts are of three main types: numerological and symbological exegesis related to the Yijing; oracle slip (qian) collections; mantic procedures, including texts of calendarology, hemerology, astrology, meteoromancy, topomancy, and physiognomy. The main interest of the first group is that it exists, for this reminds us that the Yijing is not the exclusive preserve of Neo-Confucians. Among the second group we take special note of the Huguo jiaji Jiangdong wang lingqian: it is the oldest extant text of its kind (1225-1227), and we have precise information about its composition and cultic use. But it is the third group which is of the greatest significance: in it we find texts which reveal the link between the divinatory almanacs of the pre-imperial period and Taoist calendarology of the Six Dynasties, texts of the early Song which help us to understand the relationship between the Dunjia system and Liuding rites, and texts which may represent an intermediary step between the Indo-Iranian astrology imported by the Buddhists during the Tang dynasty and the post-Song system of the horoscope (mingli xue).

Online help: effects of content and writing style on user performance and attitudes

A study that compared the usability of two versions of online help for an Application System/400 (AS/400) product is described. The long-term goal was to develop empirically based guidelines for writing online help, particularly for application-enabling products. A portion of the online help text for one AS/400 product was revised. The revisions included changes in the content, writing style, and presentation of the text. The original version and the revised version of the help were compared in an interactive (online) task environment and in three hardcopy reviews. In the interactive environment, participants who used the revised version made 40% fewer requests and viewed 45% fewer help screens than those who used the original version. There was no significant difference in task performance (quality of work) between those who used the original and the revised versions of the help. The results of the hardcopy reviews showed that participants strongly preferred the revised version.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Modified Reciprocal Teaching in a Regular Classroom

This study was designed to increase reading compre hension and academic achievement of students through the use of a modified reciprocal program. Modified reciprocal involved small groups of students working together to read and comprehend a portion of text. The students took turas teaching these groups by assisting the rest of the group in select ing key words and phrases, summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. Students were randomly as signed to one of three seventh-grade regular education social studies classes. One class used modified reciprocal twice a week for 8 weeks. The other two classes received a traditional instructional program. All classes were taught by the same teacher. Significant differences included higher scores on comprehension tests and writ ing samples, improvement in second-quarter social studies grades, and better conduct records for students who par ticipated in modified reciprocal teaching. Several ex planations for the superior performance of the modified reciprocal group are hypothesized.

A new error repair and recovery scheme for lexical and syntactic analysis

This paper describes a two-level error repair and recovery scheme applicable to table- driven parsers and scanners. For parsers, the first level of the scheme tries to locally correct erroneous text by performing insertions, deletions and replacements of tokens around the error detection point, and matching these source modifications against an ordered list of correction models. If this local repair of text fails, a global recovery is initiated, which skips the text up to a “key terminal” and pops the parse stack. Lexical error processing is based on similar principles. The main advantages of the scheme are its power, efficiency and language independence. It can be parameterized by the grammar writer, uses the normal analysis tables and does not slow down the analysis of correct portions of text. Furthermore it can be easily implemented in automatically generated analysers such as the ones constructed by our system SYNTAX.

Designing optimum CRT text blinking video image presentation

A reference scale has been established to assist in the determination of optimum text blinking times for portions of video image texts being presented on CRT display systems. Optimum text blinking time herein is considered to be that time which most effectively catches and holds viewer attention and quickens his understanding of message import. Three experiments involving questions of the psychology of blinking time were conducted. The first experiment examined subjects' preconceived notions of optimum blinking time, i.e. what they imagined, within their own minds, such times would be for specific text portions. The second experiment determined the gap between those preconceived notions and the subjects' changed concepts of optimum blinking times, based on their experience of visual trials. The third experiment applied a scale of blinking times, based on the experience gained in the second experiment, to a new set of subjects in order to further refine our understanding of optimum intervals. For the portions of text used here, optimum blinking times centered about 1.0 second. Moreover, through an adaptation to the video image presentation system, the effectiveness of the optimum text blinking times and the psychological scale was confirmed.

Designing optimum CRT text blinking video image presentation

A reference scale has been established to assist in the determination of optimum text blinking times for portions of video image texts being presented on CRT display systems. Optimum text blinking time herein is considered to be that time which most effectively catches and holds viewer attention and quickens his understanding of message import. Three experiments involving questions of the psychology of blinking time were conducted. The first experiment examined subjects' preconceived notions of optimum blinking time, i.e. what they imagined, within their own minds, such times would be for specific text portions. The second experiment determined the gap between those preconceived notions and the subjects' changed concepts of optimum blinking times, based on their experience of visual trials. The third experiment applied a scale of blinking times, based on the experience gained in the second experiment, to a new set of subjects in order to further refine our understanding of optimum intervals. For the portions of text used here, optimum blinking times centered about 1.0 second. Moreover, through an adaptation to the video image presentation system, the effectiveness of the optimum text blinking times and the psychological scale was confirmed.

The Pharmacologic Approach to the Critically Ill Patient

Believing most pharmacologic specialty texts are not clearly superior to equivalent portions of the standard texts, I was surprised to find this one useful. The editors assembled 54 other authorities to write a reference source for pharmacokinetic information and research data in addition to the more mundane prescribing information. It defines the critically ill as those in intensive care units and emergency rooms and those receiving resuscitation. On balance, the work is timely, valuable, and instructive, which makes the not-so-few lapses all the more disappointing by comparison. It might be considered three texts in one. First, the section entitled Clinical Pharmacology reviews pharmacokinetics and pathophysiologic alterations caused by hepatic, renal, and pulmonary disease, as well as alterations in infants and children, including drug interactions. One might hope the next edition would add the effects of aging and cardiovascular disease. Twenty-four percent to 37% of the 863 citations are current , a

Las generaciones del mundo según don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayála

The "Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno¨ of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala can contribute to the understanding of Andean concepts of divinity and acts of creation. The ¨Corónica" contains vast portions of text which address God, while other sections describes different eras and worlds that were supposedly in existence before the Inca realm. Szemiński argues that such descriptions were written by Guaman Poma to explain the indigenous ideas to Europeans. Szemiński disagrees with the claim that the idea of five eras-epochs that Felipe Guaman Poma included in his account originated from European medieval concepts. He argues that this was a local, indigenous concept.&#x0D;