Portable Nodes Research Articles

Fuzzified swarm intelligence framework using FPSOR algorithm for high-speed MANET- Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of things (IoT) is an inventive technology which permit the association of physical things by means of the digital world throughout the use of heterogeneous networks and communication technologies. Ad-hoc routing protocols may be dispersed and involve every node in route discovery process by making routing data more reliable. Mobile-Adhoc-Networks (MANETs) consist of many portable nodes that can commune directly with each other or through intermediate nodes. Repeatedly, nodes in a MANETs operate with batteries and can roam freely, and thus, a node may exhaust its energy or move away without providing any notice to its cooperative nodes. IoT system using a combination of MANET, a route consists of numerous links in sequence, and so, its lifetime is based on the lifetime of every node and also the wireless links among adjacent nodes. In this research work Fuzzified Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing (FPSOR) algorithm is planned to minimize data loss and computational overhead, which in turn maximizes the lifetime of MANETs. Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing protocol (PSOR) have taken energy competence as significant criterion for processing routing and driving optimized path for the data accelerating and processing to the source node. The PSOR produces a fresh route for routing by considering fitness value of energy to evaluate diverse path and to choose best-optimized path whose energy consumption is less as compared to ant colony optimization routing paths. This algorithm utilizes a good approach focusing energy levels/status of the nodes through fuzzification and the lengths of the routed ways. NS2 simulator is casted for performance evaluation.

A Neural Radiance Field-Based Architecture for Intelligent Multilayered View Synthesis

A mobile ad hoc network is made up of a number of wireless portable nodes that spontaneously come together en route for establish a transitory network with no need for any central management. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is made up of a sizable and reasonably dense community of mobile nodes that travel across any terrain and rely solely on wireless interfaces for communication, not on any well before centralized management. Furthermore, routing be supposed to offer a method for instantly delivering data across a network between any two nodes. Finding the best packet routing from across infrastructure is the major issue, though. The proposed protocol's major goal is to identify the least-expensive nominal capacity acquisition that assures the transportation of realistic transport that ensures its durability in the event of any node failure. This study suggests the Optimized Route Selection via Red Imported Fire Ants (RIFA) Strategy as a way to improve on-demand source routing systems. Predicting Route Failure and energy Utilization is used to pick the path during the routing phase. Proposed work assess the results of the comparisons based on performance parameters like as energy usage, packet delivery rate (PDR), and end-to-end (E2E) delay. The outcome demonstrates that the proposed strategy is preferable and increases network lifetime while lowering node energy consumption and typical E2E delay under the majority of network performance measures and factors.

An Intrusion Detection Mechanism for MANETS based on Deep Learning Artificial Neural Networks (ANNS)

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, decentralized network of wireless portable nodes connecting directly without any fixed communication base station or centralized administration. Nodes in MANET move continuously in random directions and follow an arbitrary manner, which presents numerous challenges to these networks and make them more susceptible to different security threats. Due to this decentralized nature of their overall architecture, combined with the limitation of hardware resources, those infrastructure-less networks are more susceptible to different security attacks such as black hole attack, network partition, node selfishness, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This work aims to present, investigate, and design an intrusion detection predictive technique for Mobile Ad hoc networks using deep learning artificial neural networks (ANNs). A simulation-based evaluation and a deep ANNs modelling for detecting and isolating a Denial of Service (DoS) attack are presented to improve the overall security level of Mobile ad hoc networks.

Hybrid Cryptographic Scheme for Secure Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Network-Based E-Healthcare System

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people’s lives in all aspects. This pandemic has raised the usage of ubiquitous networks such as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for information exchange in various domains. MANET is a group of versatile nodes that communicates with each other without relying on a fixed physical framework. One of the prominent features of MANET is its versatile topology. Because of this striking feature, MANETs are employed in various domains like defense and combat operations, disaster management, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, we enlighten the significance of MANET in the smart healthcare system. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak demanded the reshaping of the healthcare systems to combat the pandemic and similar cataclysms. Existing healthcare systems are proved inefficient in dealing with pandemic situations, because they are not fully automated and also vulnerable to various security attacks. Therefore, it is vital to empower the healthcare sectors by integrating ubiquitous networks and other emerging technologies. In this paper, we proposed a MANET-based secure healthcare system to exchange medical data among portable nodes. Ensuring secure communication in the MANET-based healthcare system is one of the challenging issues. Healthcare system demands the sharing of confidential medical data among mobile nodes. So it is essential to provide secure information exchange in healthcare system by using strong cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid cryptographic algorithm for secure medical information exchange among mobile healthcare nodes. The proposed cryptographic scheme uses logistic map for key generation. Logistic map exhibits high security with less computational power. Our simulation results show that the proposed hybrid cryptographic scheme exhibits better security against various attacks in MANET-based healthcare systems.

WITHDRAWN: A modified Skellam distribution used in MANET’s based on selfish node detection technique

The trust of Mobile Nodes inside the network is considered on the grounds that the potential factor that needs to be explored for encouraging prevalent network execution. This network execution impacting trust is corrupted by the presence of deliberately carrying on selfish Nodes that doesn't advance information parcels to their local agreeable Mobile Nodes. These narrow minded Nodes decrease the parcel forward action depending on its own vitality state for moderating its vitality in order to gauge dynamic inside the network. Here, a Modified Skellam Distribution - Based Selfish Node Detection Technique (MSD-SNDT) is proposed for authorizing powerful and productive location and segregation of selfishly carrying on portable Nodes from the network. The reproduction tests is directed for evaluating the greatness of the proposed MSD-SNDT approach regarding parcel conveyance, throughput, complete overhead and vitality utilizations under differing quantities of portable Nodes and narrow minded Nodes inside the network.

Inculcating Trust in Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANET

The rudimentary notion of using MANET is that the exchange of information in between the portable nodes count on the swift arrangement of a momentary network. Also, each node in a MANET can travel spontaneously in any direction and can change its links to the other nodes repeatedly. In hybrid protocols, initially, the routing is established with the help of some proactively prospected routes and later on serves the request with the help of reactive flooding. In MANET, the security and the routing are the two most crucial and challenging aspects that open up a vast area for improvement. Security includes a set of considerations that are adequately funded. Designing a competent routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc network along with the fulfilment of security aspects is a challenging task. MANET demands for a new set of networking strategies to be adopted in order to provide competent and secure overhead free end-to-end communication. In MANET, hybrid routing protocols are considered to be the most effective types of protocols as they take the advantage of both proactive and reactive routing protocols. After performing an intense literature survey, it could be concluded that there is a specific requirement of a protocol hybrid in nature that could include the two most specific factors for MANET (i.e., routing and security). The existing hybrid routing protocols suffers from the problems like optimisation control, images detection, and image quantization. To solve the above-mentioned issues of hybrid routing protocols, various optimization algorithms have been proposed that are natural genetics-inspired. The various techniques that can be used to enhance the security are cryptography, bio-metric, trust-based approach, Hash function algorithm, etc.

Dynamic high bandwidth nodes for routing in MANETs

The main objective of the proposed work is to provide an optimal routing in wireless communication in order to improve the better achievable data rates. High bandwidth routing is the most desired advantage in networks with portable nodes. The main objective is to attain a high bandwidth route for increasing the delivery rate in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). Dynamic high bandwidth (DHB) nodes are selected for consecutive data transmission in MANETs by evaluating their available virtual channel bandwidth using channel rate. The total efficiency of a node is measured through the packets currently received by a node; the corresponding delay and the bandwidth estimated from that received packet. Thereby the routes are computed by this dynamic estimation to improve routing capability in MANETS. Performance analysis of this proposed DHB-routing system is achieved by using the Network Simulator (NS-2) tool.

Energy efficient channel aware multipath routing protocol for mobile ad‐hoc network

SummaryMobile ad‐hoc network (MANET) is a gathering of portable nodes that works without foundation or central administration. Because of the accessibility of little and cheap remote conveying nodes, MANETs can be utilized as a part of different applications, for example, front line correspondence and debacle alleviation applications. Energy consumption is an important issues in MANET because the mobile nodes are battery powered, hence diminishing system lifetime as batteries get depleted rapidly as nodes move and change their positions quickly crosswise over MANET. We propose an energy efficient channel aware routing algorithm for mobile ad‐hoc networks, called energy efficient channel aware ad‐hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector routing (EECA‐AOMDV). EECA‐AOMDV addresses three vital prerequisites of mobile ad‐hoc networks: energy effectiveness, unwavering quality and dragging out system lifetime. The proposed energy efficient channel mindful AOMDV (EECA‐AOMDV) utilizes the channel normal nonfading span and nodal residual energy as directing metric to choose the stable route for way revelation. The key thought of the convention is to discover average channel nonfading duration and maximum nodal residual energy as routing metrics of each course during the time spent choosing way and sort the multi course by slipping channel nonfading duration and nodal leftover energy.

A Systematic Study and Analysis of Security Issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is an assortment of a variety of portable nodes that are linked collectively in a greater number in a wireless medium that has no permanent infrastructure. Here, all the nodes in the network act as both router and host and is in charge for accelerating and forwarding packets to other nodes. Due to the frequent link failure and high speed of mobile nodes, there are many challenges in MANET. As security is the basic challenge in a MANET, this article discusses the various protocols developed for security issues in MANET and IoT and presents a comparative analysis on their performance. After detailed analysis and comparison, it was observed that when security features are imposed at different levels during routing, various protocols perform in different ways. Also, the network performance and network life times vary from one approach to another. So, this article also presents the effect of security features on data drop and delay of prominent protocols after simulation.

SURVEY OF FAULT DETECTION ALGORITHM IN WSN

In recent years, applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been improved due to its vast potential to connect the physical world to the virtual world. Also, a progress in microelectronic fabrication technology reduces cost of developed portable wireless sensor nodes. Faults occurring to sensor nodes are familiar due to the sensor device itself and the harsh environment where the sensor nodes are deploy. WSNs is mainly affect by the crash of sensor nodes. Possibility of sensor node failure increases with increase number of sensors. Wireless sensor networks have been recognized, at an early stage in their development, to be a useful measurement technology for environmental monitoring applications. Based on their independence from accessible infrastructures, wireless sensor networks can be deploy in virtually any location and provide sensor samples in a spatial and temporal resolution.

A Review of Different Routing Protocols in MANET

The expansion in accessibility and popularity of versatile wireless mobile devices have lead scientists to build up a wide range of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Protocols. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a subclass of wireless ad-hoc network having extraordinary qualities of dynamic network topology and moving nodes. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are foundation less self arranging systems intended to support portability. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is accumulation of multi-bounce wireless portable nodes that speak with each other without incorporated control or set up framework. The wireless connections in this system are highly sensitive and can go down much of the time because of portability of nodes, obstruction and less foundation. Consequently, routing in MANET is a basic assignment because of dynamic environment. Due to moving element nature Mobile Ad-hoc wireless network used in Military scenarios, Sensor Networks, Rescue operations. This Survey paper gives an outline of these conventions by displaying their attributes, usefulness, advantages and restrictions and after that makes their similar investigation so to analyze their execution. Keywords: MANET, DSDV, AODV, DSR, ZRP

Survey and New Security methodology of Routing Protocol in AD-Hoc Network

Because of many reasons routing is the complex task in ad hoc sensor network. The self-organizing network which is Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) its established automatically via wireless connections by a combination of portable nodes without the support of a centralized management or static infrastructure. The portable nodes redirect packets among these nodes, enabling connection between nodes outside the range of wireless transmission hop by hop capabilities are necessary. So it important is increasing to provide suitable routing protocol plus security. This paper endeavors to present a full survey about secure routing. At the beginning investigates the reason which makes ad hoc network is susceptible to attacks. After that, it shows the wellknown traditional secure protocols then compares them. Finally, the proposed algorithm depended on the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) to remove malicious nodes, minimum spanning tree for routing path plus coding-encryption technique of a chaos-based adaptive arithmetic for encrypting, compression plus decompression, decrypt a message.

Visualising and evaluating objective citizen-contributed environmental information: the CITI-SENSE Citizens’ Observatory Toolbox

Introduction: The Citizens’ Observatory Toolbox (COT) has been developed within the CITI-SENSE project (partly funded by the EU FP7-ENV-2012, grant agreement no. 308524) for collecting citizen-contributed observations of air quality. Methods: Environmental micro-sensor nodes for measuring air quality have been developed and are used to monitor NO, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5, PM10, and noise. Static nodes (AQMesh pods) and portable nodes were deployed with different stakeholders. The portable nodes are coupled to the ExpoApp smartphone application (Android), which also collects geolocation and accelerometry data. Both the AQMesh pods and the LEOs automatically and wirelessly transmit encrypted data to dedicated Spatial and Environmental Data Service (SEDS) and Web Feature Service (WFS) databases, where they are processed for visualisation and evaluation for usefulness by users. Results: AQMesh pods with an updated algorithm (v4.1) show highest correlations (R2 = 0.76–0.81) for NO2 when comparing 15-minute averages obtained by reference instruments at municipal monitoring stations. The portable nodes, due to the challenges of micro-sensors and egomotion, are communicating real-time Air Pollution Indication (APIN) levels to users. The APIN is based upon the Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) but represents minute averages, showing potential to improve micro-environmental exposure classifications as well as personal air quality advice. Dynamic city-wide air quality maps have been produced using data assimilation techniques, fusing data from the AQMesh pods with base maps obtained by land-use regression modeling. The products are being evaluated by focus groups of stakeholders, to assess the usefulness of the COT. Conclusions: The CITI-SENSE COT is facilitating environmental health governance and contributing to future work on time-space-activity exposure classification and dynamic air quality maps. All tools within it are being made available online upon completion of the project.

An Enhanced Approach of Detection and Prevention of Black Hole Attack on AODV over MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc network is a situate of portable nodes that correspond with wireless links and communication acknowledged out without any central control or fixed communication. The dynamic topology of MANETs allows nodes to join and leave the network at any point of time .this generic characteristic of MANET has rendered it vulnerable to security attacks. The black hole attack is one of such security risks. In this attack, a malicious node fallaciously advertise shortest path to the destination node with an intension to disrupt the communication In this paper, we intend a solution to the black hole attack in one of the most prominent routing algorithm, ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing, for the MANETs. The anticipated scheme uses Watchdog mechanism to detect malicious node with usage of local information of intermediate node and propagates the information of black hole node to all other node in network the simulation results show the efficiency of anticipated scheme in presences of black hole node.

Reliable and Energy Efficient Protocol for MANET Multicasting

A mobilead hocnetwork (MANET) consists of a self-configured set of portable mobile nodes without any central infrastructure to regulate traffic in the network. These networks present problems such as lack of congestion control, reliability, and energy consumption. In this paper, we present a new model for MANET multicasting called Reliable and Energy Efficient Protocol Depending on Distance and Remaining Energy (REEDDRE). Our proposal is based on a tone system to provide more efficiency and better performance, and it combines solutions over the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The protocol consists of a new construction method for mobile nodes using a clustering approach that depends on distance and remaining energy to provide more stability and to reduce energy consumption. In addition, we propose an adjustment to the typical multicast flow by adding unicast links between clusters. We further present in our model a technique to provide more reliability based on a busy tone system (RMBTM) to reduce excessive control overhead caused by control packets in error recovery. We simulate our proposal using OPNET, and the results show enhancement in terms of reliability, packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, and throughput.

Secure Data Retrieval for Decentralized Military Networks

Portable nodes in military environments, for example, as in battlefield or an unfriendly area are prone to experience the under go of irregular system network and frequent partitions. Interruption tolerant network (ITN) innovations are getting to be fruitful results that permit remote device conveyed by officers to speak with one another and access the secret data or summon dependably by abusing outside capacity nodes. Possibly the most solid issues in this situation are the necessity of approval arrangements and the strategies redesign for secure information recovery. This paper considers an attribute-based secure data retrieval scheme using CP-ABE for ITNs where multiple key authorities manage their attributes independently. Immediate attribute repeal enhances backward/forward secrecy of confidential data by reducing the windows of vulnerability. Key escrow problem is resolved by an escrow-free key issuing protocol that utilizes the characteristic of the decentralized ITN architecture proposed a decentralized approach; their technique does not authenticate users. We demonstrate how to apply the proposed mechanism to securely and efficiently manage the confidential data distributed in the Interruption-tolerant military network.

Faulty Sensor Node Detection Using Round Trip Time and Discrete Paths in WSNs

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with efficient and accurate design to increase the quality of service (QoS) have become a hot area of research. Implementing the efficient and accurate WSNs requires deployment of the large numbers of portable sensor nodes in the field. The quality of service of such networks is affected by lifetime and failure of sensor node. In order to improve the quality of service, the data from faulty sensor nodes has to be ignored or discarded in the decision-making process. Hence, detection of faulty sensor node is of prime importance. In the proposed method, discrete round trip paths (RTPs) are compared on the basis of round trip delay (RTD) time to detect the faulty sensor node. RTD protocol is implemented in NS2 software. WSNs with circular topology are simulated to determine the RTD time of discrete RTPs. Scalability of the proposed method is verified by simulating the WSNs with various sensor nodes.

Acoustic Source Localization via Advanced TDoA for Self-Organization Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enable susceptible sensing of the environment, offering unprecedented opportunities for observing the physical world. Acoustic source localization is an interesting topic with many possible application areas, such as intruder detection, sniper localization, automatic tracking of speakers and so on. Many existing algorithms are on the premise that the exact coordinates of sensor nodes are already known. In this paper, we propose a vector-based advanced TDoA algorithm that would calibrate the coordinate of the acoustic source by the non-prepositioned nodes. In the meanwhile, the portable sensor nodes would adjust themselves through the feedback of the estimated positions as well. Finally, we show that the proposed mechanism has high accuracy through experiments.

Cluster-Based Ranging for Accurate Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

A novel ranging technique based on received signal strength (RSS) and suitable to indoor scenarios is illustrated. In the proposed technique, multiple power measurements, associated with the signals radiated by a cluster of nodes surrounding a given target, are jointly processed to improve the quality of RSS-based estimation of the distance between the target and an anchor. Specific algorithms for the generation of a cluster and for the acquisition of power measurements are described. Simulation results show that, when used in indoor positioning systems, the proposed ranging technique is substantially more accurate than noncooperative strategies. In addition, it allows to concentrate significant processing tasks in a limited number of fixed anchors, so reducing maintenance costs and making it possible to adopt cheap and simple portable wireless nodes.