Population Of Lima Research Articles

Association between HTLV-1/2 infection and COVID-19 severity in a migrant Shipibo-Konibo population in Lima, Peru.

The migrant community of the Shipibo-Konibo indigenous people in Lima, Peru were extremely vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) is endemic in this population causing immunosuppression. The aim of the study was to describe the association between HTLV-1/2 infection and the clinical severity of COVID-19. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving a survey of adult Shipibo-Konibo indigenous migrants residing in Cantagallo-Rímac who were identified as suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19. Blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 antibody and HTLV-1/2 ELISA testing. A confirmatory Western Blot test was performed for those with a positive ELISA test. A total of 182 individuals were surveyed and sampled. No significant association was found between HTLV-1/2 infection and the clinical severity of COVID-19. The prevalence of HTLV-1/2 was 8.8% (95%CI: 5.0-14.1) with Western Blot. Age was the only statistically significant risk factor for developing a more severe form of COVID-19 (OR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.00-1.06; p = 0.032). There was no association found between HTLV-1/2 infection and the clinical severity of COVID-19. The prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in the Shipibo-Konibo population is high and warrants continuous monitoring in the advent of other infectious disease outbreaks and the development of HTLV-associated comorbidities.

Pharmacogenetic variability of tuberculosis biomarkers in native and mestizo Peruvian populations.

In Peru, 29 292 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2022. Although tuberculosis treatments are effective, 3.4%-13% are associated with significant adverse drug reactions, with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) considered the most predominant. Among the first-line antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid is the main drug responsible for the appearance of DILI. In liver, isoniazid (INH) is metabolized by N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Limited information exists on genetic risk factors associated with the presence of DILI to antituberculosis drugs in Latin America, and even less is known about these factors in the native and mestizo Peruvian population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes in native and mestizo population. An analytical cross-sectional analysis was performed using genetic data from mestizo population in Lima and native participants from south of Peru. NAT2 metabolizer was determined as fast, intermediate and slow, and CYP2E1 genotypes were classified as c1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2, from molecular tests and bioinformatic analyses. Of the 472 participants, 36 and 6 NAT2 haplotypes were identified in the mestizo and native population, respectively. In mestizo population, the most frequent NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B haplotypes were associated with DILI risk; while in natives, NAT2*5G and NAT2*13A haplotypes were associated with decreased risk of DILI. For CYP2E1, c1/c1 and c1/c2 genotypes are the most frequent in natives and mestizos, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium of NAT2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was estimated, detecting a block between all SNPs natives. In addition, a block between rs1801280 and rs1799929 for NAT2 was detected in mestizos. Despite the limitations of a secondary study, it was possible to report associations between NAT2 and CYP2E alleles with Peruvian native and mestizo by prevalence ratios. The results of this study will help the development of new therapeutic strategies for a Tuberculosis efficient control between populations.

Economic Consequences of Mass Migration: The Venezuelan Exodus in Peru

We study the effects of an unexpected and large migration from Venezuela on Peruvian labor markets. From 2017 to 2019, about 800,000 Venezuelans migrated to Peru, with 84% settling in the Lima metropolitan area. The percentage of Venezuelans in the working age population in Lima increased from nearly 0 to over 10%, with migrants having higher education on average than the local labor force. We propose a simple assignment model of the labor market, which suggests that migration will lead to a reallocation of local workers toward low-skilled jobs. Using synthetic control methods and comparing Lima with a group of other Peruvian metropolitan areas, we find evidence of adjustment in occupational structure in the direction predicted by the model with few decreases in employment of local workers. JEL Classification Codes: F22; J04; O15

Psychometric evidence of the mobile dependence test in the young population of Lima in the context of the pandemic

With the intention of estimating the psychometric properties of the mobile dependency test applied in the youth of Lima in the context of the pandemic, psychometric and instrumental design research has been carried out. The scale was administered to the 380 participants using non-probability sampling. It has been verified that the values of the goodness of fit of the original scale are outside the range of optimal values. The adjustment of factors was carried out by eliminating items 7 and 19 and obtaining the re-specified model of four factors with accumulated variance of 52.82%. The factor analysis of the re-specified model yielded acceptable goodness of fit values with x2/ gl = 2.8; RMSEA = .069; SRMR = .051; CFI = .92 and TLI = .90. The reliability of the total scale showed very good results in Cronbach's alpha and McDonalds Omega (.923 and .922). Finally, it was determined that the re- specified 4-factor scale with the items eliminated reveals the certainty of reliability and validity

Hospitalization and mortality during the pandemic in chronic hemodialysis patients and the general population in Peru.

Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 than the general population. To compare hospitalization and mortality rates during the pandemic among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and the general population in Lima (Peru). This retrospective cohort included an assessment of the database of chronic HD patients of the health service providers of the social health insurance benefit networks of Lima and Callao between 2019 and 2021. Hospitalization and mortality rates were obtained for every 1,000 individuals, and variations in the percentages of COVID-19 cases and deaths were calculated. These rates were compared with those of the general population data and standardized by age and sex. An average of 3,937 chronic HD patients were evaluated each month. Of these, 4.8% had COVID-19 and 64.97% were mild cases. The hospitalization rates per 1,000 patients were 19.5, 29.28, and 36.7 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The mortality rates per 1,000 patients were 5.9, 9.74, and 11.49 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. When compared to the standardized general population, the peaks of both rates coincided with the plateaus of the waves during the pandemic. The hospitalization rate for COVID-19 was 12 times higher in HD patients than in the general population, and the mortality rate for COVID-19 was twice as high. HD patients had higher hospitalization and standardized mortality rates than the general population. Peaks in hospitalizations and mortality coincided with the plateaus of the first and second waves of the pandemic.

Prevalence of the GA risk haplotype of the rs1554483 and rs4864548 polymorphisms of the CLOCK gene associated with obesity and overweight in 26 populations

Introduction: the GA haplotype of polymorphisms rs1554483 and rs4864548 has been associated with components of the metabolic syndrome such as high blood pressure and triglyceride levels; its carriers have a risk of obesity, 1.5 times higher than the rest of the population. Methodology: SNP rs1554483 and rs4864548 were obtained from 2504 individuals from the "1000genomes phase 3" database. Data were grouped into five macro populations (Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Europe and Latin America) covering a total of 26 populations. Differences in haplotype frequency between macro populations and populations were analyzed, for which Fisher's F statistic was used. Results: the macro population of Africa presented the lowest frequency (17.9 %) and that of East Asia the highest (57.4 %). Within the populations there is a relative homogeneity in the frequencies, except in the case of those that make up the macro population of Latin America where the Peruvian population of Lima and the Puerto Rican population present much higher frequencies than the rest. Conclusions: the GA haplotype presents heterogeneity between macro populations, which suggests highly differentiated micro evolutionary processes between continents. We propose to study the association of the GA haplotype with other polymorphisms such as rs3749474, rs11932595 and rs6859524 that have also been associated with risk of obesity and factors associated with metabolic syndrome.

Psychological impact on dental students and professionals in a Lima population during COVID-19s wave: a study with predictive models

Peru was the country with the highest COVID-19 case fatality rate worldwide during second wave of infection, with dentists and pre-professional students being susceptible to infection due to clinical procedures they perform. This situation could have generated some kind of psychological disorder within this group. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess how COVID-19 pandemic affected this population group during second wave, in relation to depression, anxiety and stress. This observational and cross-sectional study in 368 Peruvian dentists (186 students and 182 professionals), was carried out during August to November 2021. The DASS-21 Scale was used to diagnose depression, anxiety and stress. For the statistical analysis, Pearson's chi-square test was used, in addition to a logit model using odds ratio (OR) to evaluate depression, anxiety and stress with the following factors: gender, age group, marital status, monthly family income, children, academic level, history of COVID-19, COVID-19 symptomatology, close relative with COVID-19, living with vulnerable people and work dedication. In addition, predictive models were constructed considering all possible significant causes. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered. Dental students and professionals presented significant differences in levels of depression, anxiety and stress (p < 0.001, p = 0.022, p = 0.001; respectively). Male students were 56% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.44; CI 0.22–0.85) compared to females; while those unmarried were 81% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.19; CI 0.04–0.85). Likewise, those with children were 83% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.17; CI 0.06–0.52) and 65% less likely to develop depression (OR 0.35; CI 0.15–0.80). In addition, COVID-19 asymptomatics were 60% less likely to develop depression (OR 0.40; CI 0.17–0.92). However, having relatives with COVID-19 caused almost three times the probability of developing depression (OR 2.96; CI 1.29–6.79) and twice the probability of developing stress (OR 2.49; CI 1.07–5.78). As for dental professionals, it was noticed that those unmarried had almost three times the probability of developing stress (OR 2.93; CI 1.38–6.23); while those who only worked had twice the probability of developing stress (OR 2.37; CI 1.17–4.78). Dental students had a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress. In addition, having children and being asymptomatic were protective predictors for depression, while being male, unmarried and having children were protective predictors for stress. However, having a relative with COVID-19 was a risk predictor for depression and stress. In professionals, only working and being unmarried were risk predictors for stress.

Who is taking dietary supplements in Peru? Results of a non-probability crosssectional survey

Objective: To identify the profile and perception of dietary supplement users in the population of Lima, Arequipa and Trujillo, Peru. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study conducted with subjects over 18 years of age residing in the cities of Lima, Arequipa and Trujillo, Peru. The study was performed in two steps. In the first step, personal interviews were held using structured and standardized surveys. In the second step, a structured survey was designed with open and closed questions related to the purchasing and consumption habits of dietary supplements. Results: Eight hundred ninety (890) people were interviewed, out of which 42 % reported to be dietary supplement users, being vitamins and minerals the most commonly used products. It was observed that these users had been taking daily doses of dietary supplements for 3 to 12 months. Additionally, it was found that family and friends served as a source of information on dietary supplements similar to the one provided by doctors and nutritionists. Conclusions: The results of this study conducted with a representative sample from Lima, Arequipa and Trujillo showed that a high percentage of the population was satisfied with using dietary supplements regularly. It is important to point out that there were no significant differences between the percentage of the surveyed population that used dietary supplements recommended by nutritionists and the one which used them on family and friends’ recommendation. This suggests that it is necessary to improve nutritional habits with educational strategies on eating habits and adapt the use of dietary supplements to a balanced diet. These results could allow the population to use dietary supplements more effectively as a tool to reduce nutritional deficiencies.

Going Beyond the Instrumental View on Nature and the Human–Nature Relationship: Visions of Nature of the Metropolitan Population of Lima, Peru

Going Beyond the Instrumental View on Nature and the Human–Nature Relationship: Visions of Nature of the Metropolitan Population of Lima, Peru

Association between time of residence and self-perception of distress, interpersonal relationships, and social role in Venezuelan immigrants in Lima, Peru 2018–19: mixed-methods study

BackgroundImmigrants arriving in a new country face changes that affect their social, employment, and migratory status. We carried out a mixed-methods study in the rapidly growing Venezuelan immigrant population in Lima, Peru. The objective was to determine whether there was an association between time in Peru and self-perception of symptom distress (SD), interpersonal relationships (IR), and social role (SR).MethodsThe quantitative central component consisted of a cross-sectional study, surveying 152 participants using the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ-45.2). The qualitative component, based on phenomenology, explored experiences and challenges during the migration process. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted in 16 informants.ResultsAn association that was observed was the increase in the risk of clinically significant SR score with additional years of age. All informants mentioned having witnessed or experienced xenophobia in Peru. Every informant stated that significant labor differences existed between the countries. The most reported somatic symptoms were symptoms of anxiety and alterations of sleep. Additionally, no informant expressed a desire to remain in Peru long term.ConclusionsA minority of participants registered a clinically significant total score and in each of the three domains of SD, IR, and SR. No association between months in Lima and the self-perception of distress was found. However, this could be due to the short amount of time spent in Peru and any change in self-perception might only be perceived after years or decades spent in Peru. This study is one of the first to use mixed-methods to explore the mental health of the immigrant Venezuelan population.

Mobilizing digital technology to implement a population-based psychological support response during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lima, Peru.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused considerable burden on mental health worldwide. To address this emergency in Peru, Socios en Salud (SES) implemented an innovative digital system for the diagnosis and psychological therapy in vulnerable populations. We describe the development, implementation, and participant outcomes of this intervention. We conducted an intervention in a general population of Lima, Peru using a digital tool, ChatBot-Juntos, incorporating the abbreviated Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) to screen psychological distress. Participants positive for psychological distress received remote Psychological First Aid (PFA) and grief therapy if needed. Participants with a mental health condition or safety concern were referred to mental health services. SRQ scores were collected 3 months after PFA sessions. Differences between screening and follow-up scores were compared using Wilcoxon sign-rank test. In total, 2027 people were screened; 1581 (77.9%) screened positive for psychological distress. Nine hundred ninety-seven (63%) people with psychological distress received PFA, and 320 (32.1%) of those were also referred for mental health care. At 3 months after follow-up, SRQ scores were collected for 579 (58%) participants. Significant reduction in SRQ scores was observed 3 months after PFA [median SRQ score changed from 9 to 5 (p < 0.001)], and after PFA plus referral to mental health services [median SRQ score changed from 11 to 6 (p < 0.001)]. Digital technology can be used to screen for psychological distress and deliver mental health support for populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. More research is needed to determine whether technology contributes to improved mental health outcomes.

Management of Pedagogical Supervision and Teacher Performance in the Teaching of English in Peru

This research was done to determine the relationship between supervision and teacher practice in an English teaching center with a high student population in Lima Perú. This is a quantitative approach basic type study with a non-experimental transversal design where 5 and 7 point Likert-type-scale questionnaires were used to provide data that was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. A non-probabilistic sample of intention or convenience was used to select the respondents. 210 teachers from different branches in Lima were selected to respond to the questionnaires. A descriptive analysis of the statistics was used to interpret the results on the supervisors functions and the teacher performance level in each one of the study areas after the supervisory service had been offered. To contrast the data for the hypothesis test to determine the relationship between supervision and teaching performance (content knowledge of the discipline, teaching skills, contextual knowledge, learner-focus teaching, professionalism), the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. A direct, meaningful and high correlation level was found. The results of the current study will benefit other English language centers management to implement changes and improvements to the supervision service that will result in better teaching performance and student achievement.

Creation of digital content in the oral production of english in the university higher education

The present research study was carried out to determine the influence that exists between the creation of digital content in the oral production of the English language in students of a public university with a high student population in Lima, Peru. The research is of a quantitative approach, substantive type with a non-experimental, descriptive correlational cross-sectional design in which instruments were applied to a representative sample of the study population made up of 134 students. This was followed by a pilot test with 30 students in order to determine the level of confidence of the instruments. To interpret the results, statistical descriptive analysis was used both in the creation of virtual contents and in the oral competence of the foreign language, after taking the forms in virtual media. The hypothesis testing resulted in the influence of the creation of digital content in the oral production of the English language, since after data processing in the statistical program Spss, a high direct and significant incidence between the variables resulted.

Propiedades psicométricas y métodos de medición de la escala de autoinforme sobre el trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad en adultos – tamizaje (ASRS- Tamizaje) en la población de Lima.

Objetivos: Determinar la distribución de puntajes, confiabilidad, validez y asociación con variables sociodemográficas de la Escala de Autoinforme sobre el Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad en Adultos–Tamizaje (ASRS-Tamizaje) en la población de Lima y Callao, según dos formas de calificación (binaria y Likert), y establecer la concordancia entre ambas. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la base de datos del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental de Lima Metropolitana y Callao 2012 – Replicación, en una muestra de 4445 personas de 18 o más años de edad (42,6±17,4). Resultados: El promedio de la ASRS-Tamizaje en escala Likert fue 3,74+3,9 (rango 0-21), la consistencia interna mediante coeficiente alfa de Cronbach =0,806 y mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald =0,869; el análisis factorial mostró que 52,95% de la inercia total era explicado por un solo factor. En escala binaria la media fue 0,89+1,27 (rango 0-6), el alfa de Cronbach =0,599, el omega de McDonald =0,753 y el 52,31% de la inercia fue explicado por dos factores. Con ambas escalas, se halló un coeficiente Kappa =0,734 de concordancia de tamizajes positivos. Las dos formas de la escala se asocian con la edad, en tanto que solo la clasificación binaria lo hace con estado civil y grado de educación. Conclusiones: La ASRS-Tamizaje es un instrumento de consistencia interna aceptable. Su estructura factorial y la prevalencia de tamizajes positivos varían según la forma de medición (Likert o binaria).

Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Female Heads of Household Residing in a Marginal Population in Lima

Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Female Heads of Household Residing in a Marginal Population in Lima

Entre el miedo y la ira. Prácticas de seguridad en los sectores de menores recursos en Lima, Perú

&lt;div class="page" title="Page 1"&gt;&lt;div class="section"&gt;&lt;div class="layoutArea"&gt;&lt;div class="column"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;El presente artículo estudia la percepción de inseguridad y las prácticas de seguridad en los sectores de menores recursos en la ciudad de Lima. Los estudios definen el miedo como el componente emocional de la percepción de inseguridad. Bajo una aproximación cualitativa, se llevaron a cabo 30 entrevistas en profundidad a hombres y mujeres. Nuestros hallazgos destacan la relevancia de ser testigo de un hecho delictivo como parte de la percepción de inseguridad y el sentimiento de ira como un aspecto emocional que se vincula a las prácticas de seguridad colectivas. Adicionalmente, las prácticas de seguridad guardan relación con los grados de progreso en el barrio. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

El Oncenio de Leguía y las relaciones bilaterales Perú-Chile: entre el «antichilenismo» popular y la búsqueda de concordia (1919-1930)

La solución del conflicto limítrofe con Chile fue el asunto prioritario en materia de Relaciones Exteriores que Augusto B. Leguía asumió en su segundo periodo de gobierno conocido como el Oncenio (1919-1930). El artículo aborda el antichilenismo popular presente entre la población de Lima en aquel contexto e identifica sus características, manifestaciones y la forma en la que habría afectado a la población chilena residente en la ciudad. Además, se analiza la dinámica y relación entre aquel y el discurso oficial del gobierno de Leguía, quien manipuló el discurso antichileno conforme a sus intereses en las negociaciones con el gobierno chileno.

Lack of association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype and essential hypertension in Peruvian older people

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an association between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with arterial hypertension, specifically the DD genotype, in different populations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between ACE polymorphisms (Insertion, Deletion or I/D) and essential hypertension in a population of Lima, Peru. Material and methods: This is a study of cases (essential arterial hypertension) and controls, with determination of the ACE I/D genotype. Results: Cases (65) and controls (39) had a mean age (standard deviation) of 74.3 (7.9) and 72.6 (6.5) (p = 0.24). In cases, the genotype frequencies DD, ID, and II were 6 (9.2%), 28 (43.1%) and 31 (47.7%), respectively. In controls, the genotype frequencies DD, ID, and II were 6 (15.4%), 14 (35.9%) and 19 (48.7%). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis in cases and controls was p = 0.93 and p = 0.23, respectively. No significant associations between genotype DD vs. ID + II (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.17–1.87, p = 0.34) or II vs. DD + ID (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.43–2.12, p = 0.92) and essential hypertension were found. Conclusions: The ACE I/D polymorphism was not associated with hypertension in our sample.

Análisis psicométrico preliminar de la escala perfil de Impacto emocional COVID-19 en universitarios peruanos

Se analiza y establece en este estudio de tipo instrumental (Ato, López-García, &amp; Benavente, 2013), las cualidades psicométricas fundamentales del Perfil de Impacto Emocional COVID-19 (García Pérez &amp; Magaz, 2020), con la finalidad de utilizarlo a posteriori en la población de estudiantes universitarios con relación al impacto emocional generado por los efectos de este virus en la población de Lima. En una muestra de 161 estudiantes universitarios (117M; 44 V) de una edad promedio de 23 años (RIQ = 3), se administró un formulario virtual del Perfil, estimándose la validez analizando su estructura interna empleando un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), intercorrelacionando los ítems de las cinco escalas del Perfil: ira/resentimiento, miedo, ansiedad, estrés y depresión, con el coeficiente policórico y empleando el estimador Weighted Least Square Mean and Variance Adjusted (WLSMV). Los índices resultantes muestran un ajuste empírico tipificado de excelente entre la estructura teórica del Perfil y los datos colectados (χ² = 426.83, gl = 265, CFI = .970, TLI = .966, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .079). Por otro lado, la fiabilidad de las cinco escalas calculadas por los coeficientes alfa y omega, arrojaron resultados elevados (&gt;.85). Estas excelentes cualidades psicométricas avalan el uso del Perfil en procesos de investigación sobre efectos emocionales del COVID-19.

Psychometric Properties of a Spanish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in General Population of Lima, Peru.

The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 has increased the anxiety and fear experienced by many. The main objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish-translated version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) using a sample of population in Peru. This is a cross-sectional instrumental study. Data were collected by a convenience sampling method, resulting in a total of 832 participants, and the collection took place over 1 week, April 17–23, 2020. The original version of the FCV-19S was translated from English into Spanish. The results support a bifactor model consisting of one general factor and two specific factors—one of emotional fear reactions and another of somatic expressions of fear of COVID-19 (CFI = 0.988, RMSEA = 0.075). Invariance between healthcare workers and age groups was reached (ΔCFI < 0.01), but the invariance between men and women was not met (ΔCFI = 0.02). Convergent validity was found with depressive, anxious, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The general factor of the fear of COVID-19 and two specific factors had an optimal level of internal consistency (ω > 0.89 and α > 0.83). The study found the Spanish-translated version of the FCV-19S has good psychometric properties and presents evidence of validity and reliability.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11469-020-00354-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.