Population Distribution Policy Research Articles

Renewable energy and ecological footprint nexus: Evidence from dynamic panel threshold technique

The escalating phenomenon of environmental degradation is an urgent global concern, imperiling ecosystems and hindering the prospects for sustainable development on a planetary scale. Therefore, this study aims to explore the intricate interplay between renewable energy (RE) and ecological footprint (EF), considering the conditional impact of fiscal capacity (FIC), human development (HDI), institutional quality (IQI), and population density (PDN). Drawing on panel data encompassing 74 developing countries from 2000 to 2022, the study employs a dynamic panel threshold regression method, both with and without an instrumental variable approach. The findings unveil a non-linear nexus between RE and EF, revealing significant threshold values for FIC (1.870), HDI (0.736), and IQI (0.311), above which RE showcases its efficacy in mitigating EF. Conversely, when these predictors dip below the thresholds of FIC (1.391), HDI (0.655), and IQI (0.2545), the impact of RE on FE becomes insignificant. Moreover, the study introduces PDN as an additional threshold variable in the analysis, pinpointing that the effectiveness of RE in reducing EF hinges on PDN being below a threshold value of 263.144; however, above a threshold value of 276.98, the influence of PDN on the RE-FE nexus diminishes. The findings underscore the complexity of policy landscapes in developing countries. They suggest that while promoting renewable energy is pivotal for environmental sustainability, it is equally imperative to bolster existing environmentally friendly fiscal capacity, advance human capital, enhance institutional quality, and craft effective population distribution policies.

Household income mobility in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Korea

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of residential areas and regional characteristics on household income mobility in Korea using a dynamic ordered probit model. The results demonstrate that households located in metropolitan areas are more likely to belong to the higher income quintile compared with households located in non-metropolitan areas. However, population growth in non-metropolitan areas was confirmed to have a positive effect on upward mobility associated with household income, while population growth in the metropolitan area negatively affected upward mobility. The findings support the legitimacy of the population distribution policy, which implies the need for the government to pursue a regionally balanced development policy more vigorously.

Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: does school ethnic context matter in inter-generational residential desegregation?

Abstract This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educational system where minority parents can choose in which school—Russian-language or Estonian-language—their children study. We find that minority parents mostly opt for minority-dense schools and, if they do so, their children who grew up in minority-dense neighbourhoods also end up living in minority-dense neighbourhoods as adults. An inter-generational vicious circle of segregation forms. However, minority children who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods but study in majority-dense schools are more likely to end up living in majority-dense neighbourhoods later in life. Hence, intervening in school choice has the potential to contribute to inter-generational residential desegregation.

Impact of Building Environment on Residential Satisfaction: A Case Study of Ningbo

Population distribution has a huge influence on the development of port economic circle (PEC) in Ningbo. Residential satisfaction is one of key elements that determine housing location choice and, thus, the success of population distribution policy. To provide suggestions for the development of PEC, this study conducted a survey to investigate residential satisfaction and related factors in 11 port communities, which are located in the harbour area of Beilun, Zhenhai and Meishan in Ningbo. A total of 403 valid samples were collected through face-to-face interviews. The Likert scale was used to express satisfaction levels, with the highest level of 5 and the lowest level of 1. The survey data indicate that the mean value of residential satisfaction is 3.41, 3.40 and 3.49 in Beilun, Zhenhai and Meishan, respectively. Middle level residential satisfaction is noted in the port communities of Ningbo. A linear regression was performed to analyse the relationship between residential satisfaction and influence factors in terms of the demographic and socioeconomic features of the respondents and attributes of the house and neighbourhood. The results of the regression analysis show that household income, design of housing, type of community, population density and distance to the district commercial centre are the most influential factors of residential satisfaction. The findings suggest making regulations to enforce the design standards of new buildings. Moreover, measures to improve the accessibility and quality of public facilities and services in the communities should be encouraged to increase the attractiveness of neighbourhoods in the port area. Promoting land use with mixed commercial and residential functions is also suggested for the development of PEC.

China's Population: Problems, Thoughts and Policies (review)

Reviewed by: China's Population: Problems, Thoughts and Policies Rebecca L. Morrison Gabe T. Wang . China's Population: Problems, Thoughts and Policies. Aldershot (England) and Brookfield (Vermont): Ashgate, 1999. xi, 245 pp. Hardcover £45.00, U.S. $78.95, ISBN 1-84014-736-9. When little was known about China's population by the outside world, a general, comprehensive text on the topic seemed reasonable, especially for a population that has represented between a third and a fifth of the world's population over history. Since the reforms of the 1970s, however, copious amounts of data have emerged about the theory behind the population policy of the People's Republic of China, its implementation, and its results. As Gabe Wang proves, a single author can still attempt a comprehensive text on these topics, but is unlikely to do so effectively. China's Population: Problems, Thoughts and Policies covers too much ground, and succeeds least in areas where other authors have already done excellent work. The four chapters on population thought before and after the Revolution and the implementation of fertility and population-distribution policies, on the other hand, are excellent and welcome resources. The synopsis of traditional Chinese population theory found in chapter 2 should be required reading for classes in economic or population theory. Ideas that Western students are taught as having originated with Mandeville, Malthus, or twentieth-century scholars were hotly debated in China between 300 B.C. and the Qing dynasty. Some of the best Chinese population thinkers, such as Hong Liangji—"China's Malthus"—in the eighteenth century, were dismissed by their peers and the political leaders of the time, however. Wang's discussions of policy implementation, particularly when involving population distribution, are sorely needed sources of information. Still, population policies, while in compliance with federal population law, are often made and implemented at provincial or local levels. Hopefully, future scholars of population policy will concentrate more on these areas. Wang is less effective when he takes on the role of an apologist for the population policy of the PRC, particularly in the first and last chapters. Statements like Wang's assertion that all effective population-control policies necessarily involve a degree of coercion will not endear him to the Western population establishment. In order to argue his case more effectively, Wang needs to address the concerns of Western scholars, politicians, and human-rights activists rather than simply dismiss them all as biased and ethnocentric. In fairness, it should be noted that Wang does not necessarily agree with PRC policy. In fact, he argues that the one-couple, one-child policy is extreme and will probably have to be modified. He does, however, see the Western concern with individual rights as a feature of Western culture that does not necessarily have relevance [End Page 557] for the Chinese case. He presents several reasons for why the extreme population policies of the PRC have been acceptable to the Chinese people. Among them are the common knowledge of overcrowded conditions in China, the much-debated collective orientation of the Chinese people (as opposed to the individualistic orientation of the West), and a tradition of an intrusive population policy in dynastic China. Chapter 6 concerns the populations of the fifty-five official minority groups in the PRC, and chapter 7 examines population problems that lie in the future for the PRC. Wang argues that China's overpopulation will continue to be a problem, in spite of the fertility declines already realized. At the same time, China will be faced with problems that result from the severe fertility-reduction measures of the past two decades. These problems include the aging of the Chinese population and the resulting dependency burden, a skewed sex ratio, and an increase in population among the poorer, less-educated rural populations accompanied by a decline among richer, better-educated, urban populations. Wang's volume would have been stronger without the last two chapters, the subjects of which have been better examined by Banister (1987), Mackerras (1994, 1995), Postiglione (1992), and Poston (1991, 1992). Some important information that would help the uninitiated reader interpret the presented data more effectively is left out. For example, falling birth rates...

The Geography of a Population Mass-Escape from the Tel Aviv Area during the Gulf War

During the Gulf War Israel experienced an unexpected population mass-escape of about 100000 residents from the Tel Aviv area to the peripheral regions of the country. This paper provides a geographical interpretation of the directions, routes and destinations of that flow. The Jerusalem area and the Negev were the most favoured areas of refuge. The escapers chose their destinations according to their mental map of the country and their assumptions about regions of danger based on speculation concerning the range of the Iraqi missiles. This event exposed, for the first time, the relative weakness of the execution of Israel's population distribution policy which has existed as a national security issue since 1948.

Population redistribution policy in Korea: A review

With its rapid industrial transformation over the last two decades, Korea has experienced a massive population shift from rural to urban areas. In particular, population concentration together with the concentration of economic and political power in the primate city of Seoul created spatial imbalances and a host of urban problems which are not uncommon to many developing nations. In response to these persisting imbalances and problems, the government of Korea has implemented various programs and measures since 1970. Korea's experiment with population redistribution, although it may not be easily replicated in other countries, provides a rare example with which we can examine some of the major issues involved in population distribution policies. The paper reviews Korean policies and programs for population redistribution, assesses their effects in redressing the three major spatial imbalances - between urban and rural, between regions, and between cities of different sizes - and draws lessons for policy formation in Korea as well as in other countries which are considering such a policy.

Population Distribution Policies and Measures in Africa South of the Sahara: A Review

Most African countries are more concerned about population distribution than about population growth. This article examines the nature of distributional problems in Africa -- from urban crowding to underpopulation of rural areas -- and the policy measures adopted to achieve a more rational distribution. Policies affecting international redistribution of population policies designed to induce internal redistribution and policies designed to affect spontaneous redistribution are reviewed and the factors that may have contributed to their success or failure are assessed. (authors) (Summaries in ENG FRE SPA)

The Israeli experience: some economic aspects of population distribution policies.

The authors investigate the long-term stability properties of Israel's population redistribution policy, trace trends in population growth and immigration, and note the effects of these trends on the dispersion process. The role of industrialization in the demographic expansion of the country's development towns is examined, and the long-term effectiveness of the redistribution policy is evaluated

Optimal migration policies: An analytical approach - part I

This paper explores the analytical features of population distribution or human settlement policies. It proposes a methodology for quantitative policy analysis and policy design based on optimal control and system theory. The paper consists of two parts. This part shows how policy models may be derived from demographic and demoeconomic or demometric models by adding a new dimension: the goals-means relationship of population distribution policy. It examines a large class of relevant policy models and demonstrates their relationship to the original Tinbergen Theory of Policy, which provides a paradigm for static and dynamic policy analysis. Problems of existence and of design of optimal population distribution policies are studied analytically. In designing optimal policies, use may be made of the minimizing properties of generalized inverses.

Population Distribution Policies in Developed Socialist and Western Nations

The population distribution policies and instruments used in the developed European countries with particular reference to Poland Hungary the German Democratic Republic Czechoslovakia and the USSR and the developed marked and mixed economies of Western Europe North America and Australia are examined. The development of population distribution policies and policy objectives in each group of countries is discussed along with a detailed comparison of policy instruments. A review of selected evaluation studies and discussion of the implications for policy and research is included. The population distribution policies of both Eastern and Western countries appears to suffer from being directed at populations-at-large while migration theory would suggest that policies would be more effective if targeted at specific subgroups of the population taking advantage of known migration differentials by age education levels and cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Policies would be more successful if they explicitly incorporated knowledge regarding directional and distance biases in migration streams. The experience of population redistribution attempts in developed countries suggests that knowledge in many areas is below the level necessary to accurately guide policymakers and further research is required on such subjects as the determination of optimum settlement and population distribution patterns the redistribution mechanism and the theoretical and empirical analysis of policies and policy impacts.

The Urban Growth Question

The question of where people should live has always been a source of active differences of opinion. Why the question excites so much interest could be a topic for investigation in itself. One explanation is that people identify with a certain type of place (whether it be a small rural community or a large city) based on childhood nostalgia or where a person strongly desired to live at a point in his/her life. A person may feel unconsciously that policy should favor that type of place. A practical reason for the lively interest is that the geographical distribution of population influences the distribution of political power. The existence of attitudinal and political overtones increases the need for objective analysis. The possibility of influencing where people live has risen in interest. Government policies to influence the distribution of population between different regions, between rural and urban areas, between cities of various sizes, and between central city and suburb have been proposed or implemented. Many new policies of this type are under discussion. These policies involve complex economic issues that have, for the most part, received only casual consideration. The interest in policies to influence growth of particular parts of the country shows every sign of continuing. To judge from study groups and task forces, interest in population distribution policy is in fact mounting. Recent studies are too far-flung to summarize here, but one dominant theme in them is the disadvantages of big cities. Warranted or not, the following ideas are expressed: (1) Urban growth occurs at the cost of an increasingly inhospitable urban environment. Air and water pollution, the noise level, and visual despoliation have become part of the definition of urbanization. As cities grow, more time and effort are required to gain access to work, consumer outlets and recreational facilities, due to increasing distances between home and these destinations and to increasing road congestion.

Observations on Accounting Procedures and Urban-Size Problems: A Comment

This paper challenges the idea that city-size control strategies can be used to correct for interpersonal inequities. Doubts about the effectiveness of these strategies do not imply a commitment to unbridled economic growth. Neither input-output analysis nor national accounting systems is a suitable technique for evaluating Professor Johnston's ‘welfare/illfare’ model. Population-distribution policies are not the most efficient means of combatting negative externalities.

Balanced Population and Economic Growth: Policy and Research

T HE NATIONAL DIALOGUE underway on the population distribution aspects of rural development is mainly talk about the problems or concerns believed to be due to high rates of rural-to-urban migration. It is not a discussion about specific policy options and consequences. There does not now exist, nor has there ever existed, either a national consensus upon, or a commitment to, an explicit national policy1 on the geographical distribution of the population. Nor is there a clearly defined operational set of national policy options which could be the basis of debate, political support, national commitment, policy and program development and action.2 Although balanced growth or population distribution policy logically should be a component of or a strategy within national growth policy, I will proceed on the premise that this component relating to the geographical distribution of people and economic activity can be a separate and identifiable national policy. The unsatisfactory state of population distribution, balanced growth, or rural development policy reflects in part either an inadequate or an inaccessible knowledge base. I do not believe the thrusts of ongoing rural development research at the state universities or elsewhere provide promise of producing the needed knowledge base prerequisite to development of a sound national rural development policy. What appears needed are arrangements for committing a significant portion of the research resources in rural development to projects in direct support of national policy-making processes affecting the geographical distribution of population and economic activity.

Land Use Policy: Implications for Commercial Agriculture

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 56, Issue 5 p. 1143-1152 Session 11—National Population Distribution Policies and Program Land Use Policy: Implications for Commercial Agriculture Lawrence W. Libby, Lawrence W. Libby assistant professor of agricultural econornics and resource development at Michigan State University conducting research at Resources for the Future, Inc. Washington, D. C.Search for more papers by this author Lawrence W. Libby, Lawrence W. Libby assistant professor of agricultural econornics and resource development at Michigan State University conducting research at Resources for the Future, Inc. Washington, D. C.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1974 https://doi.org/10.2307/1239056Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume56, Issue5December 1974Pages 1143-1152 RelatedInformation