Poppy Seed Research Articles

Contribution of Ruminal Fungi, Archaea, Protozoa, and Bacteria to the Methane Suppression Caused by Oilseed Supplemented Diets.

Dietary lipids can suppress methane emission from ruminants, but effects are variable. Especially the role of bacteria, archaea, fungi and protozoa in mediating the lipid effects is unclear. In the present in vitro study, archaea, fungi and protozoa were selectively inhibited by specific agents. This was fully or almost fully successful for fungi and protozoa as well as archaeal activity as determined by the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit gene. Five different microbial treatments were generated: rumen fluid being intact (I), without archaea (–A), without fungi (–F), without protozoa (–P) and with bacteria only (–AFP). A forage-concentrate diet given alone or supplemented with crushed full-fat oilseeds of either safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) or poppy (Papaver somniferum) or camelina (Camelina sativa) at 70 g oil kg−1 diet dry matter was incubated. This added up to 20 treatments with six incubation runs per treatment. All oilseeds suppressed methane emission compared to the non-supplemented control. Compared to the non-supplemented control, –F decreased organic matter (OM) degradation, and short-chain fatty acid concentration was greater with camelina and safflower seeds. Methane suppression per OM digested in –F was greater with camelina seeds (−12 vs.−7% with I, P = 0.06), but smaller with poppy seeds (−4 vs. −8% with I, P = 0.03), and not affected with safflower seeds. With –P, camelina seeds decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio and enhanced the methane suppression per gram dry matter (18 vs. 10% with I, P = 0.08). Hydrogen recovery was improved with –P in any oilseeds compared to non-supplemented control. No methane emission was detected with the –A and –AFP treatments. In conclusion, concerning methanogenesis, camelina seeds seem to exert effects only on archaea and bacteria. By contrast, with safflower and poppy seeds methane was obviously reduced mainly through the interaction with protozoa or archaea associated with protozoa. This demonstrated that the microbial groups differ in their contribution to the methane suppressing effect dependent on the source of lipid. These findings help to understand how lipid supplementation and microbial groups interact, and thus may assist in making this methane mitigation tool more efficient, but await confirmation in vivo.

Antioxidant and Proteinase Inhibitory Activities of Selected Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Genotypes.

Poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.) belong to tasty food ingredients however, they should be considered also as valuable source of biologically active compounds. Content of selected metabolites, antioxidant and proteinase inhibitory activities were analyzed invitro in extracts from seeds of fifteen poppy genotypes. Considerable variation in all parameters was detected within the set of analyzed poppy genotypes. The genotype Major expressed the highest antioxidant activity determined by all four methodological approaches (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, RP). The genotype MS 423 exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against trypsin, thrombin and collagenase. Very specific position among all had the genotype Redy. Its grain extract reached significantly high levels in 9 out of 14 measured parameters (TPC, TFC, TTC, TAC, FRAP, RP, inhibitory activities against trypsin, thrombin, collagenase). Edible grains of poppy are valuable source of natural compounds which may be beneficial in pathological states associated with oxidative stress or increased proteinase activities.

Straightforward analytical method to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products

A straightforward method to determine the content of six opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine and narceine) in poppy seeds and bakery products was developed and validated down to a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1mg/kg. The method was based on extraction with acetonitrile/water/formic acid, ten-fold dilution and analysis by LC-MS/MS using a pH 10 carbonate buffer.The method was applied for the analysis of 41 samples collected in 2015 in the Netherlands and Germany. All samples contained morphine ranging from 0.2 to 240mg/kg. The levels of codeine and thebaine ranged from below LOQ to 348mg/kg and from below LOQ to 106mg/kg, respectively. Sixty percent of the samples exceeded the guidance reference value of 4mg/kg of morphine set by BfR in Germany, whereas 25% of the samples did not comply with the limits set for morphine, codeine, thebaine and noscapine by Hungarian legislation.

A pair of seed-sized problems

Seedy poppy dealings It’s a not-so-mythical urban myth that eating poppy seeds in your food can result in a positive drug test for opioids. U.K. TV personality Angela Rippon recently proved the point by eating poppy seed baked goods over a few days and then taking a drug test that resulted in a positive result for poppy-derived drugs. So when the website FoodNavigator.comreported last month that a British food supply company, Fuerst Day Lawson (FDL), will soon market a low-morphine blend of poppy seeds with morphine levels less than 20 ppm, much lower than the 900 ppm the company claims are in its competitors’ poppy seeds, the news was widely re-reported in other outlets. It’s unclear if this is a new idea or a return to old practices, however. According to Dirk Lachenmeier of the Chemical & Veterinary Investigation Agency Karlsruhe, a German government agency akin to the U.S. Food

The Risk of Using Poppy Seed Tea Made from Several Varieties Available on the Romanian Market

Abstract Objective: the number of alkaloids like morphine and codeine found in poppy seeds used in food industry are monitored by a directive given by European Food Safety Authority. Based on this regulation the aim of the study was to determine the quantity of morphine and codeine from several brands of poppy seeds. Methods: an HPLC-UV method (205 nm) was developed to measure the quantity of morphine and codeine. Sample preparation was made using recipes posted on Drugs Forum by some users. Limits of detection were not determined because the lowest concentration from the reference (0.1 μg/ml) detected morphine concentrations that are far lower than a limit of toxicological concern. Results: The concentrations, which were found, ranged between Below the Level of Toxicological Concern (BLTC) - 243.26 mg/kg for morphine and BLTC - 88.58 mg/kg for codeine using several methods of preparation. Conclusions: one can observe that there are some brands of poppy seeds which do not respect the regulation about the amount of morphine and codeine. The high amount of morphine in some samples suggests that there are different varieties of poppy seeds, which can be used for an illicit purpose and can lead to addiction or even overdose in some cases.

UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS screening of lignans and other phenolics in dry seeds for human consumption

Dry seeds are receiving increasing attention as functional foods, due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds and particularly of lignans. In this study, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and the whole phenolic profile of poppy, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame and flaxseed were determined. A deep profiling, firstly regarding phenolic compounds and then, more specifically, lignans, was carried out using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS).All matrices were confirmed to be an excellent source of health-promoting compounds, although with marked differences. Sunflower is an excellent source of phenolics and showed the highest antioxidant capacity even though its lignan content is limited. Sesame and flaxseed provide a good source of phenolics, but their peculiar contribution is in term of lignans. Finally, pumpkin and poppy seeds contain a fair concentration of phenolics and a limited concentration of dietary lignans.

Effect of unconventional oilseeds (safflower, poppy, hemp, camelina) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation.

Dietary supplementation with oilseeds can reduce methane emission in ruminants, but only a few common seeds have been tested so far. This study tested safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), poppy (Papaver somniferum), hemp (Cannabis sativa), and camelina (Camelina sativa) seeds in vitro using coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as positive controls. All the tested oilseeds suppressed methane yield (mL g-1 dry matter, up to 21%) compared to the non-supplemented control when provided at 70 g oil kg-1 dry matter, and they were as effective as coconut oil. Safflower and hemp were more effective than linseed (21% and 18% vs. 10%), whereas the effects of poppy and camelina were similar to linseed. When methane was related to digestible organic matter, only hemp and safflower seeds and coconut oil were effective compared to the non-supplemented control (up to 11%). The level of methanogenesis and the ratios of either the n-6:n-3 fatty acids or C18:2 :C18:3 in the seed lipids were not related. Unconventional oilseeds widen the spectrum of oilseeds that can be used in dietary methane mitigation. In vivo confirmation of their methane mitigating effect is still needed, and their effects on animal performance still must be determined. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physico-chemical, proximate, sensory and storage quality attributes analysis of Papaver somniferum (poppy) fortified chevon nuggets

Papaver somniferum(Poppy) seeds contain poly-phenols like tannic acid, ellagitannin that act as antioxidant, fat replacer, sedative, analgesic and anti-tussive properties, disease preventing and health promoting proper-ties. Efficacy of ground P. somniferum poppy seed was used in chevon nuggets was analyzed. The use of ground poppy seed in chevon nuggets formulation had no effect on moisture as well as pH content of poppy seed incorporated chevon nuggets. However, ground poppy seed incorporation in chevon nuggets had significantly (p<0.05) lower fat content, higher protein content, higher emulsion stability and subsequently higher cooking yield. Chevon nuggets having 10% ground poppy seed were having significantly (p<0.05) higher sensory scores. The ground poppy seed treated chevon nuggets were having significantly (p<0.05) lower TBA and FFA value. The microbial load of developed product was significantly (p<0.05) lower during refrigeration storage. The chevon nuggets prepared with fortification of ground poppy seed was found to be suitable for consumption till 21st day during refrigeration storage based on TBA, FFA, microbiological and sensory profile. Thus, chevon nuggets with good to very good acceptability were developed with incorporation of ground poppy (P. somniferum) seed in it. The chevon nuggets developed consisted of higher amount of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acid with better sensory scores and longer shelf-life.

2D ultra-fast MRI of granular dispersion by a liquid jet

This paper illustrates the application of ultra-fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive tool to study the dispersion of a dry, static granular bed by the injection of a liquid. Spatial distributions of undispersed grains (poppy seeds) and injected water were independently imaged at sub-millimetre resolution in 2D with ultra-fast MRI techniques. A liquid jet was observed above the bottom injection orifice, complementing optical imaging. Co-registration of the grains and water images enables the interaction of the static grains and of the liquid jet to be observed for the first time in situ . This visualization of the dispersion process can be used to identify optimal process parameters for a fast and uniform dispersion and to validate quantitatively numerical granular-fluid simulations [1].

THE PROBLEMS IN LEGAL ASSESSMENT AND EXPERT STUDY OF EDIBLE POPPY

The article analyzes legal sources regulating the legal status of edible poppy, which is often used as an object for trespasses involving illegal trafficking of narcotic substances. It deals with specific issues of importance for correct application of the criminal law with regard to prosecuting criminals, including the issues of an expert study of edible poppy in order to identify the features warranting it as an object of trespassing. The article suggests unifying all the notions related to the genus Papaver (somniferum, opium, etc) that can be used in forensic and investigation practice. The author believes that the contents of the Russian standards containing all the requirements to the edible poppy seeds (including imports) must be brought into conformity with the international and Russian legislation, while methodological recommendations regarding the study of edible poppy seeds in forensic examinations should be unified and meet the law in force (that should be unified as well).

Setting of import tolerance for trinexapac in poppy seed

Setting of import tolerance for trinexapac in poppy seed

Socio-cultural Issues of Allergens in Foods Served in School Canteens, in Prague, the Capital City of the Czech Republic

Allergies to a certain food are most likely to occur in children under six years of age; however, they can develop later, even into adulthood. Ironically, the most common allergens in older children and adults are the foods that we consider to be healthy or even necessary, such as nuts, cheese, fish, poppy seeds, or aromatic fruit and vegetables [1]. A food allergy is an oversensitive reaction by the organism to a food or foods, where the body may exhibit one or more symptoms from a relatively wide range of symptoms. It affects 2-3% of people, and in infants and children up to three years of age it affects upwards of 5-8% (with some sources saying more than 10%). Food allergies cause an adverse reaction to a food and involve a conditional response by the immune system. This definition is important because there is also the possibility of adverse reactions to foods that may be caused by something other than the immune system (e.g., lactose intolerance or irritation when digesting certain foods, such as coffee or ripened cheeses). An allergy is a hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to common substances, allergens, to which it often comes into contact. School canteens should strive to offer a varied and balanced diet, especially to our children, so that they get everything necessary to support their successful development and overall health. The composition of the menus should include the recommended amounts set to fulfill the daily requirement of essential nutrients. Activities of school canteens in the Czech Republic are governed by Act no. 561/2004 Coll., on preschool, primary, secondary, vocational and other training, in particular the provisions of § 119, section 11, with the relevant implementing rules and regulations [3].

Urinary excretion study following consumption of various poppy seed products and investigation of the new potential street heroin marker ATM4G.

Discrimination between street heroin consumption and poppy seed ingestion represents a major toxicological challenge in daily routine work. Several difficulties associated with conventional street heroin markers originate from their versatile occurrence in various poppy seed products and medications, respectively, as well as to small windows of detection. A novel opportunity to overcome these hindrances is represented by the new potential street heroin marker acetylated-thebaine-4-metabolite glucuronide (ATM4G), originating from thebaine during street heroin synthesis followed by metabolic reactions after administration. In this study, urine samples after consumption of different German poppy seed products and urine samples from subjects with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption were tested for ATM4G, 6-AC (6-acetylcodeine), papaverine, noscapine, 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), morphine, and codeine. Neither 6-AC and 6-MAM nor ATM4G but morphine and codeine could be detected in urine samples following poppy seed ingestion. As well, neither papaverine nor noscapine could be observed even after consumption of poppy seeds containing up to 37 µg noscapine and up to 9.8 µg papaverine, respectively. Concerning the urine samples with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption, ATM4G could be detected in 9 of 43 cases. By contrast, evidence of 6-AC and 6-MAM, respectively, could only be seen in 7 urine samples. In conclusion, ATM4G should be measured additionally in cases requiring discrimination of street heroin consumption from poppy seed intake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Compositional and functional characterisation of poppy seed (Papaver somniferum L.) press cake meals

In this study, three registered poppy seed varieties (Ofis 3, Ofis 4 and Ofis 8) were used. The compositional and functional properties of the defatted meals (cakes) obtained from previously treated (pre-roasting and enzyme treatment against control) and cold pressed poppy seeds were determined. Moisture (11.01-16.21%), protein (26.87-35.14%), oil (2.32-4.28%), ash (8.70-11.14%), hunter lab L (40.63-68.63), a* (3.08-8.13), b* (8.46-22.62) and viscosity (132.5-1,084.5 cP) values were determined. Also phytic acid (9.96-15.08 mg P/g) and tannin (0.68-1.24 mg CE/g) were measured. Among the 11 minerals which were detected, K, Na, Ca, Mg and Zn were in higher concentrations. As functional properties water holding capacity (2.24-3.14 g/g), oil holding capacity (1.83-2.26 g/g), emulsifying activity (3.33-70.83%), emulsion stability (1.67-54.16%), foaming capacity (2.02-26.20%), foam stability (27.88-62.74%), and least gelation concentrations (around 16-18%) were measured. It was shown that for most functional pro...

Study about the influence on the pain of Poppy Seed Oil dropped in the organ representation areas of umbilicus

Study about the influence on the pain of Poppy Seed Oil dropped in the organ representation areas of umbilicus

Characterization of Plant Seeds by Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

ABSTRACTPlant seeds accumulate and store phosphorus for the initial growth of seedlings. Phosphorus speciation by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of NaOH–EDTA seed extracts showed that P was mainly present in organic forms such as phytate and α- and β-glycerophosphate in poppy, sesame, mustard, fennel, and cumin seeds. The inorganic P forms present included orthophosphate and pyrophosphate. The highest concentration of orthophosphate was found in NaOH–EDTA extracts of fennel seeds (41.7%) and the lowest in mustard (9.3%) and sesame seeds (6.9%). For the organic P forms, the highest concentration of phytate was found in mustard seeds (85.2%) and the lowest in fennel seeds (43.3%). Other organic P forms detected were α- and β-glycerophosphate ranging from 1.2 to 5.1% and 0.7 to 2.1%, respectively. Pyrophosphate was detected in trace amounts only in fennel (0.7%) and poppy seeds (0.5%). The only orthophosphate diester observed was in sesame seeds at a low concentration (0.7%), while phosphonates and polyphosphates were not present in any seeds. Phytate was the most dominant P form in all seeds except for fennel and cumin, which contained the lowest phytate concentration but the highest orthophosphate and glycerophosphate concentrations. These results suggest that P transferred from the plant vegetative parts to the developing seeds during maturation is converted to phytate (organic P) in addition to being stored as orthophosphate (inorganic P).

Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) in relation to the assessment of the exposure of the Spanish population to morphine resulting from the consumption of poppy seeds

Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) in relation to the assessment of the exposure of the Spanish population to morphine resulting from the consumption of poppy seeds

A study on the isotope composition of carbon 13C in poppy seeds and narcotic poppy straw present in the same package aimed at the revelation of the possible artificial superinducements of a narcotic substance

The rise in crime associated with the illicit trafficking in narcotics and psychotropic substances is one of the most severe problems in Russia today. In recent years, cases of using seeds of poppy plant “masked as food,” the bulk of which contains macroparticles of poppy straw visible to an unaided eye and which can be used as raw materials for the preparation of narcotic substances have become more frequent. In his work, using a Delta V Advantage isotopic mass spectrometer, we proposed criteria based on which tone can reveal artificial superinducements of poppy straw into “food” poppy seeds or their absence.

Oil content and fatty acids composition of poppy seeds cultivated in two localities of Slovakia

Abstract Oil content, fatty acids profile, acid and saponification values of poppy seeds grown on two localities of the Slovak Republic were evaluated in the study. Statistically significant effects of locality, genotype and their interaction (P < 0.05) for numerous descriptors were proved by non-parametric tests. Results confirmed that variation in the analysed parameters was influenced by the colour of seeds. Ochre variety Redy contained the highest oil level in both localities (49.9 and 52.4%) and linoleic acid level (74.3 and 71.6%). White-seeded Racek and Albín had the highest acid value (2.8 and 2.4% of free fatty acids) and grey-seeded Malsar and blue-seeded Maratón contained the highest saponification value. Buddha, a high-morphine poppy variety, differed significantly in all monitored parameters. High negative interrelation between linoleic and oleic acids levels was observed. Oil content was positively correlated with linoleic acid and negatively with oleic acid. Weather conditions at the end of vegetation influenced the accumulation of oil and essential linoleic acid.

Семена мака — пищевой продукт или наркотик?

The article is devoted to the much-debated issue of whether it is appropriate to initiate criminal proceedings for actions with poppy seeds contaminated by particles of poppy straw and coagulated milky sap. It analyzes the point of view stated by Doctor of Law E.A. Lukyanova on this matter, provides an analysis of international treaties and Russian normative legal acts regulating trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and issues of combatting illicit trafficking therein.