Poor Water Quality Research Articles

A multi-rule index to extract brine shrimp from satellite imagery: a case study in Ebinur Lake, China

ABSTRACT Brine shrimp are vital inhabitants of saltwater lakes, contributing significantly to economic and ecological systems. With increasing threats from environmental degradation and overharvesting, effective monitoring is urgently needed. Traditional field sampling methods are limited in scope and efficiency, necessitating a reliable remote sensing-based approach. However, Ebinur Lake’s complex spectral environment, characterized by poor water quality and diverse suspended particulates, poses challenges for satellite remote sensing accuracy. To overcome these issues, we developed a novel multi-rule extraction model based on Landsat data, leveraging the distinct short-wave infrared signatures of brine shrimp to enhance detection accuracy. We evaluated and validated this method using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 datasets, achieving a classification accuracy of 94.5% and a kappa coefficient of 0.88, surpassing existing methods. Additionally, our analysis of a decade of Landsat data in Ebinur Lake via Google Earth Engine revealed a correlation between brine shrimp distribution and lake surface area. Our model demonstrates high accuracy and scalability in mapping brine shrimp, making it a valuable tool for long-term, large-scale assessments in saline lakes. This capability holds significant potential for advancing fisheries research and informing conservation strategies.

Water sources and educational attainment in Colombian adults: evidence from the national nutritional survey

BackgroundAcademic achievement is essential to people’s individual and social development by enhancing opportunities for significant personal achievement throughout life. Exposure to toxic agents due to poor water quality may negatively influence neurodevelopment in children and adolescents into adulthood.ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate the association between the type of water for drinking purposes and academic achievements in Colombian adults.MethodsWe designed a cross-sectional study based on the National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia -ENSIN-) 2015. Academic achievement in our study was classified as less than complete primary school (0–4 years), between complete primary and incomplete secondary (5–10 years), between complete secondary and incomplete higher education (11–15 years), and complete higher education and more (16–24 years). We utilized adjusted ordinal logistic regression to estimate betas (β’s) and Odds Ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [95%CI].ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, we report an inverse association between consumption of untreated water and academic attainments, where individuals who drink surface water [β: -0.625; 95%CI: -0.629, -0.620], or groundwater [β: -0.368; 95%CI: -0.372, -0.364] were less likely to achieve higher educational levels compared to those consuming treated water. This pattern was similar across the country when disaggregated by region.ConclusionWe found that people with lower levels of education are more likely to consume untreated water in Colombia. Our results encourage improving access to treated water to the population with an emphasis on rural communities and the Atlantic region.

Investigation of Agricultural Water Quality of Bursa-Nilüfer Hasanağa Dam Pond and Kütahya-Tavşanlı Adranos Stream

In terms of sectoral distribution of water used in Turkey, approximately 75% is used for irrigation purposes. Irrigation planning varies depending on water quality. In particular, the usage of poor quality water through surface irrigation increases the damage. Quality criteria and classification systems were developed for the evaluation of irrigation waters. By using of these criteria and classification systems, monitoring the water quality of Hasanağa Pond and Adranos Stream, it will be useful for regional farmers to identify problems in agricultural productivity and to take precautions against pollution. In the results of the study, in winter in Adranos Stream, cations are aligned as Mg>Ca>Na>K>B, and anions are aligned as SO4>CO3>HCO3>Cl. In summer, cations are aligned as Na>K> Mg>Ca=B, and anions are aligned as SO4>HCO3>CO3>Cl. In Hasanağa Pond in winter, cations are aligned as Ca>K>Na>Mg=B, and anions are aligned as CO3>Cl>HCO3>SO4. In summer, cations are aligned as Na>K> Mg>Ca=B, and anions are aligned as SO4>CO3>HCO3>Cl. When the results regarding water quality classification were examined, it was determined that the usage of Adranos Stream and Hasanağa Pond in agricultural irrigation poses a problem in terms of salinity. During summer and winter periods, compared to Hasanağa pond, the EC value of Adranos Stream is approximately 2 times higher. When SAR values are compared to each other, it was understood that Adranos Stream may cause problems for agricultural irrigation, especially in summer. It was understood that Hasanağa pond has more suitable and higher quality water for agricultural irrigation compared to Adranos Stream.

Impact of urban waste water effluents on ionic and trace metal behavior of Sutlej River water around Central Punjab, India

The semi-arid climate of Punjab India with limited rainfall compels the agricultural dependency on Sutlej River. Sutlej water quality assessment was performed while emphasizing the impact of urban discharges. The river water is alkaline in nature (pH 7.8–8.4) with low salinity (100–200 mg L−1) and total dissolved solids (TDS 190–320 mg L−1). The tributary Buddha Nullah that flows through the Ludhiana city exhibit salinity and TDS up to 1000 and 1440 mg L−1, respectively and affects the same for the Sutlej River. The tributary also exhibits high cations and anions compared to Sutlej River and vary in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Si4+ > K+ > Na+ > Fe(T) and HCO3 – > Cl– > SO4 2– > NO3 – > PO4 3–, respectively. The CaHCO3 water type of this river is controlled by rock weathering processes where carbonate weathering has predominated over silicate and reverse ion exchange process partly contributed to excess Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in river water. The Sutlej water becomes doubtful to poor quality for irrigation after its confluence with the tributary. Very poor water quality for drinking use is also found for the tributary that deteriorated Sutlej water after its confluence. Though trace metals are within the permissible limit, the upstream sites contain little greater concentrations compared to the downstream site of Sutlej River.

Reimagining water quality assessment: a nutritional indexing perspective for drinking water resources management

ABSTRACT The interdisciplinary nature of water research provides an edge for the development of novel analytical tools and methods in comparison to other fields. This research utilised a new framework for water resources management, which considers the benefits of key nutrients that play important roles in environmental systems as well as human health, shifting away from the conventional focus. Four important nutrients were evaluated: sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca+), and zinc (Zn2+). Afterwards, the Drinking Water Nutritional Quality Index (DWNQI) was developed, and the findings were integrated with region-specific geoscience data to provide actionable insights for water resources management and achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The average concentrations of the analysed ions were Na+ (15.55 mg/L), Mg2+ (1.19 mg/L), Ca2+ (7.10 mg/L), and Zn2+ (0.10 mg/L). With no samples in the ‘excellent’ to ‘fair’ category, alongside low to moderate contributions to recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), the DWNQI indicated predominance of poor nutritional drinking water quality. Upon the elimination of individual nutrients, Mg2+ and Na+ were found to have the most positive and negative influence on the regional DWNQI rating. Given the observed low concentrations of essential minerals, this study recommends targeted interventions such as localised supplementation programmes to address potential micronutrient deficiencies within the population. The developed framework offers a transferable approach to water resources management, contributing to global efforts in achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by addressing critical intersections between environmental systems and human nutritional requirements.

Evaluating the Influence of Water Quality on Clogging Behavior in Drip Irrigation Emitters: A CT Imaging Study

Applying poor-quality water in drip irrigation has become increasingly common to address agricultural water scarcity. However, emitter clogging remains a critical challenge that limits the widespread adoption of this technology. Currently, the mechanism of emitter clogging under poor-quality water conditions remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the distribution and accumulation of clogging substances within drip irrigation emitters under three water conditions: saline water, Yellow River water, and a 1:1 mixture of both, at clogging degrees of 5%, 20%, and 50% (i.e., the flow rate reaches 95%, 80%, 50% of the rated flow). The results showed that when clogging reached 20%, Yellow River water led to the highest clogging volume (i.e., the total volume of clogging substance in the flow channel, 1.77 mm3), while at 50%, saline water resulted in the highest clogging volume (5.11 mm3), while the use of blended water improved the clogging situation. Under different water conditions, clogging substances mainly formed on the upstream and downstream faces of the flow channel, accounting for 23.9–31.8% and 9.3–32.4% of the total volume, respectively. With higher clogging levels, the proportion of clogging substances on the downstream face increased significantly, while other areas showed minimal change. The volume of clogging substances was more pronounced at the front of the flow channel than at the back across the entire length, except at the 20% clogging degree for Yellow River water. At 5% clogging, the largest difference in clogging volume was observed with Yellow River water, while at 50%, the largest difference occurred with blended water. This research provides critical insights into the impact of poor-quality water on emitter clogging and suggests that the use of blending water, gradually varying channel structure, and increasing the arc of clogging faces can effectively alleviate clogging and enhance drip irrigation efficiency.

Seasonal and regional differences of heavy metals and nutrients from the five mariculture areas of large yellow croaker: Implications for environmental and fish quality.

Seasonal and regional differences of heavy metals and nutrients from the five mariculture areas of large yellow croaker: Implications for environmental and fish quality.

Occurrence patterns and trends of frogs in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes call for further habitat restoration

AbstractCountless wetlands have been lost and degraded globally, making amphibians the most threatened vertebrate class. However, despite facing extensive threats and stressors, coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America (lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) still support sizable populations of frogs (order Anura, including toads). We used data from the Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program to quantify the first‐ever annual occurrence probabilities and trends (2011–2023) of eight marsh‐breeding frog species, or groups of species, at 1550 point count locations in 747 coastal wetlands throughout the Great Lakes, and to assess 11 potential drivers of occurrence. Sampled wetlands were marshes greater than 4 ha in area with a permanent or periodic surface‐water connection to an adjacent Great Lake or their connecting river systems. Across our study area, green frog (Lithobates clamitans) occurrence increased by 8% per year, whereas chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata, Pseudacris triseriata) occurrence decreased by 14% per year. We found more positive or stable trends in occurrence among lakes and species (85%) than negative trends (15%). Occurrence of all species was negatively associated with one or two indicators of poor water quality: specific conductance, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and urban and agricultural land cover in the surrounding watershed (median area: 12 km2). Occurrence of multiple species was positively associated with high lake levels and surrounding wetland (<250 m) and forest (<2.5 km) land cover and negatively associated with surrounding road density (<2.5 km). Even though occurrence of most species was increasing or stable and was relatively high (>50%), all will likely benefit from conservation actions because 50%–90% of Great Lakes coastal wetlands have been lost and converted to anthropogenic land uses, leaving frog populations at a fraction of their former, original sizes. Therefore, extra precaution is critical to help ensure their growth and persistence. Improving water quality, increasing natural forest and wetland land cover within 2.5 km, and reducing roads within 2.5 km of Great Lakes coastal wetlands will help conserve these important indicator species in this globally recognized but imperiled ecosystem.

Global warming potential of farming systems across England: possible mitigation and co-benefits for water quality and biodiversity

Agriculture is a key contributor to gaseous emissions causing climate change, the degradation of water quality, and biodiversity loss. The extant climate change crisis is driving a focus on mitigating agricultural gaseous emissions, but wider policy objectives, beyond net zero, mean that evidence on the potential co-benefits or trade-offs associated with on-farm intervention is warranted. For novelty, aggregated data on farm structure and spatial distribution for different farm types were integrated with high-resolution data on the natural environment to generate representative model farms. Accounting for existing mitigation effects, the Catchment Systems Model was then used to quantify global warming potential, emissions to water, and other outcomes for water management catchments across England under both business-as-usual and a maximum technically feasible mitigation potential scenario. Mapped spatial patterns were overlain with the distributions of areas experiencing poor water quality and biodiversity loss to examine potential co-benefits. The median business-as-usual GWP20 and GWP100, excluding embedded emissions, were estimated to be 4606 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 (inter-quartile range 4240 kg CO2 eq. ha−1) and 2334 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 (inter-quartile range 1462 kg CO2 eq. ha−1), respectively. The ratios of business-as-usual GHG emissions to monetized farm production ranged between 0.58 and 8.89 kg CO2 eq. £−1 for GWP20, compared with 0.53–3.99 kg CO2 eq. £−1 for GWP100. The maximum mitigation potentials ranged between 17 and 30% for GWP20 and 19-27% for GWP100 with both corresponding medians estimated to be ~24%. Here, we show for the first time that the co-benefits for water quality associated with reductions in phosphorus and sediment loss were both equivalent to around a 34% reduction, relative to business-as-usual, in specific management catchment reporting units where excess water pollutant loads were identified. Several mitigation measures included in the mitigation scenario were also identified as having the potential to deliver co-benefits for terrestrial biodiversity.

Development of a water quality index to assess and classify water quality in the coastal waters of Hai Phong (Vietnam)

The method of developing the water quality index (WQI) to evaluate and classify the water quality of the coastal waters of Hai Phong (2019) includes the following steps: selecting parameters, calculating sub - indices, determining weights, calculating the WQI, building a classification scale, and testing the formula. The water quality of Hai Phong’s coastal waters varied widely, ranging from very poor to excellent. The water quality of Hai Phong's coastal waters tended to improve from the river mouths to the sea. In the rainy season, the areas with very poor and poor water quality tended to expand, while the areas with medium and good water quality tended to shrink compared to the dry season. The area of excellent water quality showed little seasonal variation. During high tide, water quality was typically better than during low tide. The water quality at the Bach Dang, Lach Tray, Van Uc, and Thai Binh estuaries was very poor during low tide (WQI from 19 to 22) and poor during high tide (WQI from 43 to 45) in both the dry and rainy seasons. The South - Southwest area of the Hai Phong coastal estuary generally had worse water quality compared to the North and Northeast areas. The Ben Beo area (the main port of Cat Ba Island, where most of the island's large and small boats gathered) had medium water quality (WQI from 62 to 73). This area was at a higher risk of environmental pollution compared to other areas in the Cat Ba Island sea. The outside area had water quality ranging from good to excellent.

Applying the water quality indices, geographical information system, and advanced decision-making techniques to assess the suitability of surface water for drinking purposes in Brahmani River Basin (BRB), Odisha.

Surface water is used for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, drinking water, and other services. Therefore, its quality is crucial for irrigation, human welfare, and health. Thus, the main objective is to improve surface water quality assessment and geochemical analysis to evaluate anthropogenic activities' impact on surface water quality in the Brahmani Watershed, Odisha. In the present paper, emerging techniques such as CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation), Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Weighted Aggregated Sum-Product Assessment (WASPAS), SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanation), and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to locate the origins of pollution in the surface water. The 5-year (2018-2023) database was created by analysing samples that varied geographically over seven sampling locations. The dataset was categorized according to its intended usage. The study employed Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) tool, to forecast quantities and their geographical arrangement.The water temperature detected at several locations along the river revealed minor variations. The pH variations indicate that the surface water in the studied area is alkaline. Notably, the water's lowest temperature ever recorded was 25.72°C, at Q-(1). In addition, sufficient DO concentrations are monitored to ensure optimal water quality. The major parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of PO43-, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-. To determine the degree of contamination, a basic standard reference is necessary to interpret the values, which range from the anthropogenic to the natural contribution.The statistical results reveal the dominant decreasing order amongst the cations, such as: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and in anions, namely, SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > F- > PO43-, respectively. It displays seasonal variations in dissolved and specific phase metal fractions that are not statistically significant at any of the seven sites. Proceeding further,the water quality index showed that the four samples fall in the poor water quality class, whereas the rest, 3 samples, were of good water quality. The surface water is contaminated and negatively affected due to percolation of ions from landfill leachate as per the data of C-WQI. Based on ARAS and WASPAS, Q-(1) and Q-(2) were mainly not fit for consumption. Meanwhile, the SHAP-WQI showed an increase in the number of samples (71.43%) with unsuitable quality for drinking. This emphasizes on the importance of weathering, dissolution, terrigenous, leaching, ion exchange, lithological and evaporation as the primary processes. Human influences were the secondary factors. Overall, the findings indicate that the study area's surface water is safe to drink, with the exception of a few locations including, Q-(1), (2), (3), (4), and (7), in the river water. Integrating GIS using WQ methods gives a new knowledge on the spatial variation in surface water characteristics for designated use. When enforcing regulations and carrying out pollution control operations, this will help determine the precise sampling sites or the sections of the river that show significant degradation. Thus, the integrated model provides insightful data on surface watershed management for urban planners and decision-makers. In overall,these findings underscore the importance of coordinated efforts across administrative boundaries within the basin to reduce water governance costs, providing valuable insights for fostering the coordinated development of regional economies and environmental sustainability. As a result, future studies should be conducted in the area to precisely state the quality of water used for drinking and domestic purposes.

Prevalence and risk factors of elevated blood lead levels in 0-6-year-old children: a national cross-sectional study in China.

To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) among the pediatric population in China. Questionnaire investigation about Lead exposure information, venous blood samples collection and BLL detection are conducted. A total of 32,543 subjects aged 0-6 years old (from 1 month old to under 7 years old) were recruited from May 2013 to March 2015 in 15 provinces of China. The overall weighted prevalence of EBLL which is defined as BLL ≥ 50 μg/L in this study is 4.1%, as for different geographical regions, with lowest prevalence in the western region of China, lowest prevalence in Shaanxi province and highest in Hebei province. In 0-3-Year-old children, female weighted prevalence of EBLL (4.0%) is higher than male (2.4%), while in 3-6-Year-old children, male (8.3%) is higher than female (6.3%). Bad hygienic habits, some kind of custom, using folk prescriptions, living on the ground floor, poor drinking water quality, indoor air pollution and passive smoking exposure remain risk factors of EBLL (BLL ≥ 50 μg/L) of 0-6-year-old (from 1 month old to under 7 years old) children in China, after adjustment of gender, age, geographical region, annual household income, educational background and occupation of the parents and caregivers. This study reveals the prevalence and risk factors for EBLL (BLL ≥ 50 μg/L) in 0-6-Year-old Children of China. We hope this study will help public health education and inform policy for preventing and eradicating children's lead poisoning in China.

Groundwater quality assessment in Nalgonda District, Telangana, India: a comprehensive approach using self organizing map

The groundwater geochemistry of an aquifer depends on inter-ionic influences and numerous chemical and physical factors unique to an area. To assess the factors governing the characteristics and quality of groundwater, the present research examined groundwater quality in parts of Telangana State, utilizing 89 groundwater samples collected from the Nalgonda District during March–May 2023. A Total of 12 physicochemical parameters, including pH, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, F− and TH, were analyzed, where pH and TDS were measured at sites with portable handheld meters and the rest of the parameters were tested in the laboratory. The analysis detected the presence of many parameters above the standard permissible limits, indicating severe multi-pollutant contamination. An unsupervised soft computing technique, namely self-organizing map (SOM), along with other statistical tools, such as principal component analysis (PCA), saturation index (SI), and Pearson’s correlation approach, was used to identify contamination sources. The SOM recognized three clusters in which elevated groundwater chemical concentrations were related to mineral dissolution and anthropogenic activities. PCA revealed three key principal components, summarizing 85% of the variance for the identification of groundwater pollution sources, further confirming the SOM results. The results indicated that groundwater belonging to SOM-generated Cluster I was more suitable for drinking purposes than Clusters II and III. The overall groundwater quality was assessed using an entropy-based water quality index (EWQI), which showed that a considerable part of the study area had poor (22.27%) or UFD (23.32%) water quality. The EWQI results, along with extensive statistical analysis, reveal the groundwater quality status and probable health risks in the Nalgonda District, which are essential for policymakers and stakeholders to formulate successful water management and remediation strategies.

Bacteriological Quality of Pond Water Used in Aquaculture in Enugu State, Nigeria

The bacteriological quality of fish pond water is an essential consideration in fish cultivation. Poor quality water can lead to outbreaks of bacterial infections in fish. Fish pond water can be contaminated due to improper location, inadequate sewage treatment, effluents, and agrochemicals from nearby industries and farms, as well as exposure to poor sanitation systems from various households leaching into water sources used in fish farms. Water from a total of ten fish pond was evaluated for the presence of bacterial pathogens. Microbial isolation, identification, and antibiogram screening were performed using standard methods. The result indicates that microbial bacteria were found in all fish ponds water that was assessed. Fecal coliform counts (cfu/ml) show that pond water was contaminated with pathogens due to pollution from fecal sources. The bacterial isolates were identified and the frequency was recorded as Vibrio spp. (26.2%), Klebsiella spp. (21.4%), Salmonella spp. (9.5%); Staphylococcus spp. (16.7%); Escherichia coli (9.5%) and Shigella spp. (16.7%). The isolates were examined for susceptibility against twelve antibiotics namely; Ciproflox, Norfloxacin, Gentamycin, Amoxil, Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Amicloxz, Levofloxacin, Augumentin and Cotrimoxazole. The result showed the bacterial isolates had varying levels of susceptibility, and were resistant to the antimicrobials. Therefore, it is imperative to assess pond water used in aquaculture systems periodically to ensure the production of quality and safe fish for human consumption.

Stocking density and growth of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in intensive recirculating (indoor biofloc and outdoor mixotrophic) systems

Abstract Objective This purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei when cultured at different stocking densities in recirculating indoor biofloc and outdoor mixotrophic systems. Methods Two independent growth trials were conducted. The first was conducted in an indoor biofloc-based recirculating aquaculture system with twenty-four 150-L tanks. The shrimp were stocked at varying densities (67, 133, 200, 267, 333, 400, 467, and 533 shrimp/m3) with three replicates and cultured for 30 d. The second trial was conducted in an outdoor recirculating mixotrophic system with twenty 800-L tanks. Four replicate tanks were stocked with 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 shrimp/m3 and reared for 56 d. The shrimp were fed a commercial shrimp diet (Zeigler Shrimp Grower HI-35, protein content 35%) four times daily via hand feeding. Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, ammonia, and nitrite) were monitored throughout the trial. Growth parameters, including final biomass, final mean weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival, were measured at the end of the trial. Results Significant differences in growth (biomass, mean weight, weight gain) and FCR were observed between different stocking densities in both systems. In the mixotrophic system, the highest mean weight of 16.8 g and a weight gain of 4,040% were achieved at a density of 50 shrimp/m3. In the biofloc system, the highest mean weight of 6.0 g and a weight gain of 546% were observed at a density of 67 shrimp/m3. Higher densities resulted in lower mean weights and weight gains, whereas FCR and final biomass increased with density. Conclusions Higher biomass (potentially from higher stocking densities) is desirable for producers, but elevated stocking densities can lead to reduced survival, increased FCR, and poorer water quality. Effective management is crucial to maintaining water quality to ensure good growth and survival at higher densities.

Quantifying trends in and potential drivers of mycobacteriosis in Atlantic Striped Bass in Maryland waters of the Chesapeake Bay

ABSTRACT Objective The outbreak of mycobacteriosis among Atlantic Striped Bass Morone saxatilis in the main-stem and Virginia portions of the Chesapeake Bay has been shown to impact their survival, growth, and fecundity. In this study, we analyzed long-term fish health monitoring data from the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake Bay to identify disease trends and potential drivers. Methods This study explored trends in mycobacteriosis prevalence and severity and the influence of environmental and nutritional stress on disease dynamics for Striped Bass in Maryland waters of the Chesapeake Bay using generalized linear models of long-term fish health data and estimates of hypoxia and temperature. Results The proportion of Striped Bass ages 0–1 sampled in Maryland waters of the Chesapeake Bay that tested positive for mycobacteriosis (apparent prevalence) increased during 1998–2017, with a peak of 67% in 2016, and disease severity increased with age for both sexes. Disease prevalence in age-0–1 premigratory Striped Bass was related to high water temperature duration, hypoxic volume, and fish condition. Prevalence of severe external disease symptoms was related to high water temperature duration, hypoxic volume, fish condition, age, and sex. Relative mortality of severely diseased fish implied by our severity model approximately doubled across the range of hypoxic volume and high water temperature duration examined. Conclusions Mycobacteriosis is widespread in Maryland waters of the Chesapeake Bay and is negatively affecting Striped Bass survival, particularly for severely diseased fish. Limitations of suitable habitat related to poor water quality and climate change are likely influencing disease prevalence and severity.

Resolving complaints about the quality of drinking water among water supply operators in the Czech Republic

ABSTRACT According to a survey, 12% of the Czech population does not drink tap water. The main reasons given are poor aesthetic quality of water (38%) and health concerns (14%). The latter reason does not appear to be objectively based and must therefore have other causes, such as how well consumers are informed and how effectively their complaints are dealt with. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was carried out among water supply operators focusing on these aspects. The survey showed that only 62% of them have a Complaints Code and that only 53% of the operators record complaints about water quality. The number of recorded complaints per 100,000 consumers varied by several orders of magnitude. This difference was not only due to different water quality but also primarily due to different efficiency of complaint collection and, most importantly, to very different internal definitions of complaints. Under the new EU Drinking Water Directive, water suppliers will be obliged to publish information on complaints, but without the term ‘complaint’ being defined. If the numbers of published complaints are used by consumers or the media as an indicator for utility benchmarking, we may get a very false picture from which the public will draw incorrect conclusions.

Factors Influenced of Health Status of Under Five Children in Wadajir District, Mogadishu-Somalia

ABSTRACT Background; Somalia is committed achieving both Millennium development goal 4 and 5 MDG and Sustainable development goal 3 SDG. However, Somalia owing to the country’s political instability, security challenges, and inadequate financial support to the health system, Somalia did not achieve any of the MDG goals, and progresses on the SDGs will be a big challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of certain diseases in under five children with health conditions that are common during childhood in Wadajir district Mogadishu-Somalia (Underweight, Diarrhea and Malaria), and this Study was conducted between January, and April 2021.Methods; The research design was a cross-sectional study, characterized by a one-time assessment using a non-random, convenience sampling method. In addition, the study was using the primary data as to ensure the validity and reliability. As well as the sample size calculation was using a single proportion population formula. followed by structured questionnaire and SPSS 19 version, observed the data on descriptive and inferential statistic upon data modules to determine in adjusted the objectives. Results; the total of 378 under five children was recruited to conduct the study at Wadajir health facility in Wadajir district, Mogadishu, Somalia. This Study reported the underweight malnourished children (12.7%) measured anthropometric measurement refers (<-2 SD weight for age and below 5th BMI), while children with malaria referred in past 24 hours’ fever and chills with blood test used by RDTs (34.1%), and last children with diarrhea disease was determined by clinical features based on last three days of present diarrhea (45%). Conclusion; The study was concluded low income status was the major factor associated with health status of under-five children addressing many health conditions that related with different aspects related on poverty that reflects with impact, and experienced with certain conditions, due to high unemployment, food insecurity, poor water quality, improper hygiene practices and loss of sanitation system management and others circumstances that marginalize the child’s health and growth, overall meaning low healthcare accessibility, poor water quality, early marriage, home birthing and bottle feeding was attributed the diseases.

Integrated machine learning based groundwater quality prediction through groundwater quality index for drinking purposes in a semi-arid river basin of south India.

The main objective of this study is to predict and monitor groundwater quality through the use of modern Machine Learning (ML) techniques. By employing ML techniques, the research effectively evaluates groundwater quality to forecast its future trends. Five machine learning models Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Extreme Gradient and Boosting (XGBoost) were used here to predict the water quality by assessing the physical and chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), hydrogen ion (pH) concentration, total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical parameters such as, sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), bicarbonates (HCO3-), fluoride (F-), sulphate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-), and nitrate (NO3-) in 94 dug and bore wells from the semi-arid river basin (Arjunanadi) in Tamil Nadu, India. The pH of the samples is alkaline nature. Gibb's diagram suggested the rock-water dominance and minor influence of evaporation and crystallization on the hydrochemistry. From water quality index, 599.75 km2 (53%) of area has a good quality and 536.75 km2 (47%) of area has poor water quality. Water Quality Index values (WQI) of water quality formed baseline data for the prediction models as a dependent variable, and the physicochemical parameters were used as independent variables. The model efficacies were assessed using statistical error such as Relative Squared Residual (RSR) error, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Coefficient of determination (R2) and final accuracy. In this study, the LR model provided the minimal error (RSR = 0.22, NSE = 0.95, MAPE = 1.3) with an accuracy of 95% in predicting the water quality. The performance of the ML models is in the sequence of SVM > Adaboost > XGBoost > RF. This study helps the lawmakers and administrators for creating awareness on modern techniques for predicting and monitoring groundwater quality on the general public and supporting to achieve the sustainable development goals 3 and 6 for clean and healthy community.

Penerapan Sistem RAS untuk Peningkatan Kualitas Air Budidaya Ikan Patin di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Muhibbin Halong, Kalimantan Selatan

The Nurul Muhibbin Halong Islamic Boarding School is a boarding school in South Kalimantan with an Asian catfish cultivation business unit managed by students. This unit has not been managed well, as can be seen from the students' lack of understanding in carrying out cultivation, which has an impact on the poor quality of the cultivation pond water. The aim of this activity was to improve water quality through a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Training and implementation of the RAS system. The results of this activity show that the implementation of the RAS system makes water quality more controlled with dissolved oxygen ranging from 0,75±0,32–5,13±0,80 mg/L, pH ranging from 4,78±0,24–7,14±0,72, temperature in the range of 27,9± 0,64–32,7±0,27°C, and ammonia 0,25 mg/L. The implementation of RAS can improve water quality to be much better and is in line with production performance, especially fish survival and growth.