Poor English Research Articles

Poor Relief and English Economic Development: A Renewed Plea for Comparative History

K ing is not happy with either my survey of early modem poor relief or my speculations about its economic effects. My survey understates variations within England and overstates differences between England and the continent. My speculations focus too much on agriculture and too little on rural industry.2 These strictures draw heavily on recent work, by King and a few others, on poor relief in rural manufacturing districts of the north of England. This research is most welcome for it helps rectify the disproportionate concentration of old poor law studies on the south. But its results do little to undermine my insistence on the distinctiveness of English relief.3 In my survey of poor relief, which was more distillation than survey, I was trying to generalize about the differences between England and the rest of Europe. I did not deny that there was considerable variation within England or within the rest of Europe but argued that the differences were sufficiently large to make such variation of secondary importance. It may well be true that poor relief in Lancashire and Yorkshire was more grudgingly dispensed than it was in Berkshire and Bedfordshire. But it could still be true that in the north of England rural relief was distinctly more available than in the rural manufacturing districts of Flanders, Germany, France, or Ireland. The evidence on continental relief cited by King does not compare like with like and only confirms my point about the concentration of relief in the towns. Of the three detailed studies, two deal with urban relief in Italy, and the other with rural poverty, but not poor relief, in the Netherlands.4 The two general works cited rely I I thank Steve King for making available to me some of his unpublished work and for his comments. 2 King, 'Poor relief, commenting on Solar, 'Poor relief. ITwo recent studies also highlight the distinctiveness of English poor relief: Lindert, 'Unequal living standards', pp. 381-6; JUtte, Poverty and deviance, p. 121. 4 Cavallo, 'Patterns'; Subacchi, 'ConjUnctural poor'; Schellekens, 'Poverty'.

Reversing past stereotypes: Skilled NESB women in Australia

Australians erroneously depicted migrant workers as having peasant origins, poor English and little education. Their domestic skills were highlighted over professional skills and they were thought of as occupying manufacturing or service-sector position. This stereotype may have been partially true in the 1970s, but it will be less so in the 1990s.

Poor Relief and English Economic Development before the Industrial Revolution

Poor Relief and English Economic Development before the Industrial Revolution

Poor relief and English economic development before the industrial revolution

The English economy was distinctive, even before its transformation by the technological advances of the late eighteenth century. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries England diverged in economic structure from most continental countries. English agriculture attained a high level of labour productivity, thus permitting relatively rapid population growth, a shift in economic activity towards manufacturing and services, and rising incomes relative to the continent.2 At the same time the English state, thanks to its ability to mobilize resources through taxation and borrowing, was able to ensure domestic tranquillity and to extend its power around the world.3 The nexus between these economic and political developments has been the subject of recent work on the finances and policies of central government.4 Poor relief, the quintessential function of local government in England, is ripe for inclusion in this new political economy of English development in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.5 A fresh look at the economic impact of the old poor law should help to reconcile two apparently divergent strands in the history of poor relief. One line of research, launched by Blaug in the early i96os, drew its inspiration from nineteenth-century critics of the poor law and focused primarily on developments during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.6 It tested several alleged adverse effects of poor relief and generally found little

Psychiatric disorders among recently-arrived Eastern Europeans seen through a US refugee counseling service.

To describe the types and extent of psychiatric disorders found in a group of recently-arrived Eastern Europeans being treated by native-speaking mental health providers. Forty seven Hungarians, Romanians, Czechoslovakians, Poles and Gypsies referred by voluntary or government agencies, other organizations or community members to a refugee counseling service in Seattle, Washington. Over 90% were refugees and 68% maintained this status at the intake evaluation. Clinical, descriptive study of data collected retrospectively by chart review. The majority of clients had poor or fair English skills and less than half were employed. Twelve (26%) had a prior mental health problem and five (11%) a psychiatric hospitalization. The most common diagnoses were adjustment reaction in 21 (45%), marital/family problems in five (11%), and paranoid schizophrenia in five (11%). Psychiatric disorders were frequent in this clinical population of Eastern Europeans presenting for outpatient mental health care and may be associated with previous mental health problems. Our findings emphasize the need for sensitivity to the special risks of emigration.

Immunization status of casualty attenders: risk factors for non-compliance and attitudes to 'on the spot' immunization.

Outbreaks of vaccine preventable infections have focused attention on 'missed opportunities' for immunizing children. The immunization status of 520 consecutive children attending Casualty during a 10 day period was studied. Only 70% of children had received their diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) and poliomyelitis immunization at the appropriate time, 13% had completed the schedule later than recommended and 17% had immunizations overdue by 4 weeks or more. For measles (mumps/rubella) vaccine (MM or MMR) 75% were up to date, 10% were given late and 15% were overdue. A subset of 171 families was interviewed to evaluate factors affecting compliance. Families possessing a Social Security 'Health Care Card', whose father was unemployed, who spoke poor English or who had lived in Australia for 5 years or less were significantly more likely (P < 0.02) to be inadequately immunized. There were 84 children whose immunization was overdue and who were well enough to be immunized. The parents of 70 (83%) of these 84 said that they would agree to 'on the spot' immunization if it were available; 14 (17%) parents refused, the commonest reason for refusal being that the parents felt that the child was too sick at the time to be immunized.

Samuel Johnson's Attitude to the Arts.

Part 1 Wholly deaf and insensible to music: ignorant of the science of music Johnson's reading and incidental writing on music. Part 2 Blind to painting: total ignorance in that department good offices for artists Johnson and poor Mauritius Lowe Johnson, James Barry and English history painting portraits of Samuel Johnson Johnson caricatured and illustrated. Part 3 Unskilled in architecture: Johnson and the building of Blackfriars Bridge Johnson and John Gwynn William Chambers in Johnson's circle. Part 4 Landscape - a universal blank: belied by false compare - Johnson's theory of natural description. Conclusion: the enemy of taste - Johnson's Socratic irony. Appendix: subject pictures of Johnson.

Ethnicity and Stress Among Older Australians

The impact of ethnicity on the stress process in old age was examined using two surveys of Australians aged 60 years and older. Four different "ethnic strata" were defined: namely, mainstream Australians, British migrants, and non-British migrants--who were split on the basis of whether their English proficiency was good or poor. The ethnic stratum most different from mainstream Australian, non-British migrants with poor English proficiency, was a significant predictor of psychological distress in the context of other relevant variables. Within the four "ethnic" strata, network variables were significantly related to psychological distress only for non-British migrants, with relatives being important for those with poor English and nonrelatives for those with good English. For mainstream Australians, female gender, poor health, and specific living arrangements were significant predictors of psychological distress.

Nursing students in transition--from hospital to college and back again.

Nursing education is increasingly moving from hospital-based schools to institutions for tertiary education. The change in style and content of nursing courses has created difficulties for many students and their teachers. Many nursing students find the transition to tertiary study confusing and in the early stages of their course find study skills assistance valuable in adapting to new ways of writing and learning. Student difficulties usually manifest themselves in assignment writing and are often interpreted by academic staff and students as poor English expression. Most nursing students assisted by the study skills tutor at the South Australian College of Advanced Education in 1986-87, however, had problems with their writing for more fundamental reasons: (i) courses conflicted with students' earlier learning experiences; (ii) the conventions of academic argument were unknown; (iii) vocabulary and linguistic structures were inappropriate for new demands. These problems are discussed and some support strategies described.

An exploration of somatization among Asian refugees and immigrants in primary care.

The clinical records of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Laotian, and Mien patients in primary care were reviewed to determine the prevalence of somatization, its associated patient characteristics, and the manifested illness behavior. Patients in this study were generally poor, unemployed, and spoke little English. Somatization accounted for 35 per cent of illness visits. These visits were also more costly. Refugees had a higher rate of somatization (42.7 per cent) than immigrants (27.1 per cent). Although sociodemographic characteristics did not strongly differentiate patients with somatization from others, ethnicity and indicators of decreased resources such as large households with low income, households headed by single women, or a limited English proficiency were associated with somatization in certain ethnic groups. Somatization is thus an important health problem among Asian refugees and immigrants.

Re: Book Review of Do-lt-Yourself Medical Testing

To the Editor.— I am surprised at the review of Do-It-Yourself Medical Testing . 1 The reviewer admits that the book is technically accurate, passably written, and comprehensive, but the review contains poor English (prevent them from themselves), mixed metaphors (a monster for those of us in the trenches), inaccurate law (that it is illegal for unlicensed persons to puncture skin), and bad advice (that physicians ought not to buy this book). Certification of phlebotomists does not constitute licensing. Furthermore, many of the statements in the review are questionable, including, There is a trend among physicians to write anything that will sell, and Most people would rather see their physician than buy this 'chemistry set' approach. The volume contains no comprehensive instruction in diagnosis and therapeutics, no do-it-yourself history or physical examination. A quick trip to my local discount book outlet, however, uncovered five separate do-it-yourself advisories on drug therapy, as

Use of English

Following N Thompson (Physics Bulletin June 1982 p191), the media, including tabloid journals, may be blamed for the transmission of poor English, but the cause of the decline in the standard of usage of the language lies in the lack of attention to the study of it. Grammar is determined by usage, so bad usage leads to bad grammar.

No Room in a Culture of Talents

failed. Julio had dropped out of the conversation. After he left I sat puzzling, then chalked it up to shyness and the generation gap. Some weeks later I came to a different conclusion. As Julio had recited his list of woes in his poor English, I had listened with sympathy-for a while. But then something happened. Without being aware of it, I moved away from him. A slow reader? Linguistically handicapped? Can't organize his thoughts? The notion never quite came to the top of my mind but it was there just the same: Not College Material. Julio, with the extreme sensitivity of his kind, sensed my shift in attitude seconds after it happened. After all, he had about fifteen years' experience watching teachers' eyes glaze, their

The examination results of Asian students in Australia.

Private Asian students (mainly male Chinese from Malaysia and Hong Kong), while performing well at the Higher School Certificate examination, perform badly during their early university years, particularly in the first year. It is believed that this is due partly to their poor English, and partly to the selection of students on the basis of parental finances rather than academic ability. It Is also believed that, in spite of some lack of Integration, the presence of these students in Australia is beneficial to them and to Australia, provided actions which may appear as harassment are avoided.

The 'Development' of Argentina and Australia: The Radical Party of Argentina and the Labor Party of Australia in the Process of Economic and Political Development

Today the difference in the development of Australia and Argentina seems evident to everyone. Australia's economic growth has led to political integration; Argentina's has not. This article will attempt to determine the roots of this political integration or disintegration. Both are primarily agricultural countries whose economies rely on commercial export of wheat, beef, and wool. Both had a big man's frontierl and early developed a small landholding class which dominated the economy. Each boasts of its large industrial base, yet complains of being a dependent or periphery economy. If the complainer is a wit, he will confound his audience by asserting that both Australia and Argentina have been British colonies-and, if he is malicious, he will add that one was a colony where criminals spoke poor English, the other a colony where Italians spoke bad Spanish. On the other hand, the man with a more refined feel for racial distinctions will note that both are predominantly white and European in areas where most countries have more lively shades of racial mixture and less cosmopolitan airs. Australia and Argentina are situated in the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. While each has seemingly abundant agricultural land, more than a third of their populations are concentrated in the largest cities. Both are nationalistic and show a pride matched with highly ambivalent feelings about the older and more crowded Northern Hemisphere.

GEORGE KONSTANTIN BRIZICKY, A PERSONAL EVALUATION

George K. Brizicky arrived in the United States of America about the middle of this century having been wanderer for most of his adult life. Born in Nikolaiew, Ukrainia, in 1901, he fled his native land at an early age because of political differences. His university training was in Czechoslovakia where he attended schools in Brno and Bratislava ultimately receiving the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences from the Slovakian University, Bratislava, in 1941. Caught in Czechoslovakia during the melee of the Second World War, Brizicky sought university life once more following the holocaust and he taught at the UNRRA University and at the Ukrainian Technical University in Munich between 1945 and 1950. He achieved the deanship of the pharmaceutical faculty at the latter institution in 1950. Then, looking for a brighter life in which to practise his art and science, he migrated to the United States with his wife Anna to begin again in New York City. But it was hard for a foreign biologist, speaking poor English, to become situated in his chosen field, and George Brizicky took what work he could get. As he told me, at one time he worked in a factory making plastic cases for radios and another time he was employed in making matches. In 1954, when looking for someone to help with the taxonomic and curatorial aspects of work in the Record Memorial Collection of Woods at the Yale University School of Forestry, I came across Brizicky's name in a placement service directory. After a personal interview, he was hired to work with me and there followed a fruitful collaboration of six years. Brizicky, the dendrologist, studied woody plants from the taxonomic standpoint; I did the same from the anatomical viewpoint. We pooled our resources and knowledge toward the solution of anatomic-taxonomic problems in the dicotyledons. Resulting were papers on the woody plants of the Florida Keys, the taxonomic status of Heteropyxis, and the position of Diomma, gen. inc. sed., among others. This collaboration continued until recent times through our investigation of the taxonomic relationships and anatomy of the Columelliaceae. In 1960, when I left the Yale School of Forestry to accept a position at the Smithsonian Institution, George Brizicky was forced to leave Yale since there were no longer funds to retain his services there. The problem of a new position for Brizicky was not to be solved easily since the opportunities for a person of his background were quite limited at the time. Fortunately, a project for a study of the generic flora of the southeastern United States was then underway at Harvard University and a place was available for a collaborator. This post admirably fitted Brizicky's talents and he was taken on to the staff at Harvard where he spent almost eight years working with Dr. Carroll Wood and others on the many problems concerned with this generic-floristic investigation. A series of reports issued from Brizicky's desk dealing with these southeastern United States plants. Closely related was another series of papers in which Brizicky sought to unravel the many taxonomic twistings and bibliographic conundrums which constantly came to light while he was pursuing his main theme on the genera. Brizicky was an indefatigable field man. Although 25 years my senior, it was he who often exercised more vigor than I in collecting herbarium specimens and wood samples on the Florida Keys during the summer of 1956. He had the camel-like

Fellini's 8½ and the poor English film critics

Journal Article Fellini's 8½ and the poor English film critics Get access J. M. NEWTON J. M. NEWTON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume III, Issue 1, Winter 1967, Pages 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/III.1.3 Published: 01 January 1967

Lo, The Poor English Teacher

Lo, The Poor English Teacher

Pity the Poor English Teacher

Pity the Poor English Teacher

European and Other Tales from the Western Woods Cree

IN the summer of 1943 I visited Fort Nelson, British Columbia, to study the etca?otena, or Brush Dwellers, a subdivision of the Slave Indians.' Friendly relations were also maintained with two English-speaking Cree Indians, Adolpheus Hudson and Napoleon Capotblanc, although no close ethnographic work was done with the Cree. However, Napoleon's ability to speak Slave and English recommended him as an interpreter for Slave informants. The eight tales in this paper were recorded in the relatively poor English of these two men and edited for grammar. Revision was deliberately kept down to preserve the flavor communicated in speech. The first five tales derive from European sources;2 the last three are of local origin. Hudson told all except no. 3 which Capotblanc volunteered.