Poor Economic Development Research Articles

Preserving national identity in unrecognized states

The article touches upon a relevant topic of national identity preservation in unrecognized states. The authors examine two polar approaches to defining the essence of unrecognized states and formulate their position. The main factors in the formation and preservation of national identity are identified and include family, the education system, and mass media. The influence of each factor is determined by the policy implemented by the state represented by its authorized bodies. Accounting for the effect of said factors, a range of problems hindering the development of national identity in youth living in unrecognized states is determined. The results of the conducted study allow concluding that the main problem uniting all unrecognized states regardless of their location lies in poor social and economic development. This, in turn, does not contribute to strengthening the position of the native language, traditions, and customs as the key elements of national and cultural identity.

Достовірні і сумнівні діагностичні критерії раннього неонатального сепсису

Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of mortality among newborns, especially in low and middle income countries with poor economic development. It is important to start the appropriate treatment as soon as possible, as this prevents most deaths from sepsis and reduces the occurrence of residual neurological lesions due to septic meningitis. The article provides an overview of modern literature data on the principles of diagnosis of early neonatal sepsis; mentions the main etiological factors and ways of infection by potential pathogens. Diagnostic criteria for early neonatal sepsis have been analyzed and have been classified as doubt-ful or credible. An important role is given to the assessment of potential risk factors for the development of the septic process, including data on history of pregnancy and childbirth, clinical and laboratory indicators of the baby after birth. The nonspecificity of most clinical signs of sepsis and their comparison with clinical manifestations in meningitis was carried out. The importance of the bacteriological method of detecting the pathogen in the blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed, which remains the «gold» standard diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, and the method of multiplex polymerase chain reaction. There is a need to detect sepsis through visual examination, such as chest radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ltrasonography of the head. The diagnostic value of indicators is described with the complete blood cell count and differential, including some of its components, and markers of inflammatory process, especially the immature-to-total (I/T) neutrophil ratio, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin. The article mentions a method of determining the concentration of immunoglobulin M in the serum, the elevated level of which indicates intrauterine infection. The diagnostic value of glutathione is considered, which is a marker of the functioning of the immune system. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of using Kaiser Permanente calculator to detect signs of sepsis in the first days of a newborn's life and the choice of optimal tactics management in such patients. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: sepsis, newborn, diagnosis of infection, neonatal.

Implikasi Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Politik yang Buruk terhadap Konflik Lokal dan Terorisme

Economic and political development are expected to be able to bring an optimal distribution of welfare to all levels of society. However, when the policies are not properly organized, this will certainly present economic and political inequality which then becomes the gateway for conflict and violence to arise in the community such as local conflict and terrorism. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between the poor economic and political development and its implications for the emergence of local conflicts and terrorism. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis and library study as a technique in collecting the required data. In addition, this study uses conflict theory and social welfare theory and also uses the concept of economic and political development and the concept of terrorism as a tool to explain the problems of this research. From the research that has been conducted, the researcher then draws the conclusion that the poor implementation of existing policies regarding the economical and political development that occurs has an indication of the occurrence of local conflicts and the emergence of crimes like terrorism. It can be concluded, from observing such events that happened in the past, instability in economic and political development can be a major trigger in the emergence of local conflicts and terrorism.

Youth employment and unemployment rates in Kosovo

The main aim of this study is to analyse the employment and unemployment rates in the Western Balkans, looking particularly at youth (aged 18–24 years) unemployment in Kosovo. The results of the study show that unemployment in this age group is high and that labour market policies are also not appropriate. The empirical study was conducted during the pandemic (2020), but statistics for study needs were used from the period 2001–2019. It involved young people aged 18–24 and used data from various local and international institutions regarding the labour market for young people, labour market policy, etc. The study shows that in Kosovo, 48.7% of young people aged 18–24 are unemployed and that the most pronounced unemployment is among women. A significant proportion of the young population is unemployed (46.4%) and youth unemployment among females is higher (53.6%) compared to males (42.9%) (Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2020b). Kosovo’s problem with youth unemployment is the result of poor economic development as well as inefficient labour market policies. The study recommends that policymakers develop sustainable and effective policies that will lead to stability in youth employment and improve the labour market performance. These policies should help organizations and businesses to increase the number of employees, but should also create long-term employment stability. Furthermore, a critical appraisal is necessary to avoid youth unemployment, instability in youth employment and labour market instability as a whole

Effects of drought on infant mortality in China.

This study focuses on Guizhou Province, a region with difficult geographical conditions and poor economic development, to examine the effect of rainfall shocks on contemporaneous infant health and long-run socioeconomic outcomes in China. The study results indicate that negative rainfall shocks are robustly correlated with higher infant mortality and lower birth weight. In the long run, early life rainfall shortages limit an individual's income and housing conditions. The study findings indicate a significant interaction of rainfall shock with the severity of water scarcity. This result implies that drinking water safety is an essential channel through which early life rainfall shocks influence individual health endowments. However, agriculture production is not a likely channel for rainfall effects despite its association with infant mortality. Accordingly, our empirical results suggest that improving public facility coverage will reduce the vulnerability of infant health to adverse rainfall shocks in Guizhou and other developing areas.

Can Major Government Background Customers Alleviate the Financing Constraints of Private Enterprises

The spread of COVID-19 epidemic has worsened the situation of private enterprises which have difficulties in financing. A large number of enterprises have generally encountered a cash flow crisis, which arouses strong social concern. In response to this emergency, the Chinese government issued a series of financial support policies for private enterprises to tide the difficulties. It can be seen that, on the one hand, the government is still playing a vital role in helping enterprises under China’s current economic system, especially in extraordinary times; on the other hand, the financing security of the private economy is still fragile. The lack of market-based financing channels is still a hidden danger for enterprises to ensure liquidity security, which severely reduces the ability of private enterprises to resist risks. Therefore, how to give full play to the role of the government and help private enterprises solve the financing dilemma has become an important issue that needs to be considered, and is also a hot research topic with Chinese characteristics.However, the existing literature on government support is mostly focused on traditional ways such as subsidies and tax incentives, and has found that these government interventions have not achieved effective results, leading to a lot of rent-seeking behavior and zombie enterprise problems. Still, there is an apparent lack of understanding of the procurement behavior of emerging government background customers. In reality, the government can support private enterprises by purchasing the products of private enterprises through public bidding, and it is more helpful to improve the operating ability of enterprises than the direct government subsidy. Therefore, whether the impact of government support can affect private enterprises through supply chain should become a new research perspective to enrich the study of government interventions.Based on the customer information of listed companies from 2007 to 2015, this paper indicates that major government background customers can effectively reduce the level of corporate financing constraints, and this relationship is more pronounced in the sample of high industry competition, poor economic development areas, weak social credit levels, and periods of higher economic uncertainty. At the same time, this paper also explores the influence path of this relationship and finds that the existence of major government background customers can effectively reduce the default risk of enterprises, thus improve market cognition, and then affect the degree of financing constraints. Furthermore, this paper confirms that the mitigation effect of major government background customers on corporate financing constraints will directly increase the business credit and bank loan of enterprises in the next year and extend the repayment period.The main contributions of this paper are embodied in: Firstly, it studies the influence of major government background customers on corporate financing constraints under China’s institutional conditions from the perspective of supply chain. The combination of macro policies with the response of the micro-market provides a new view for the research on government procurement policies. Secondly, it explores the mechanism for major government background customers to ease the financing constraints of private enterprises. In particular, it verifies how the internal and external environment of enterprises can promote the decisive role of major government background customers from the perspectives of enterprise risk, social trust, and economic uncertainty. Moreover, through the path of default risk, this paper reveals how the existence of major government background customers affects the financing constraints of enterprises, which is an essential supplement to the research literature of supply chain. Finally, the research findings of this article also have essential enlightenment for investors to interpret the information content of government-backed procurement obtained by listed companies, and reveal the impact mechanism of macroeconomic policies on third parties in the market.

REMITTANCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM SADC COUNTRIES

This study sought to examine the effects of remittances on economic development on selected SADC states. Remittances are important for the survival of poor individuals, households and societies around the world. The funds sent by migrants are a crucial means of survival that can assist families in buying food, sending children to school and building basic shelter. Given the poor economic development in these SADC countries and the probable development outcomes of remittances, remittances income should be critical to the SADC countries. However, literature shows that relationship between remittances and development is not always clear. Remittances may bring positive or negative effects. It is against this background that this study sought to examine the effects of remittances on economic development on selected SADC states. The study used panel data and the sample included five SADC countries (Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, Eswatini and DRC) for the years 2005-2015. The study used a Fixed effects model, random effects model and a GMM approach to estimate the effects of remittances and economic development. Results showed that remittances have a positive effect with economic development. This finding suggests that remittance inflows are able to stimulate economic development. The study recommended that the government put in place policies that enhance the remittances transformation to economic development.

El tratamiento de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro durante el embarazo y el puerperio

La anemia, la anormalidad hematológica más común en el mundo, es una reducción en la concentración de eritrocitos o hemoglobina en la sangre. La principal causa de anemia en el embarazo es la deficiencia de hierro de causa nutricional (ADHN), mientras que en el puerperio es la pérdida aguda de sangre (PAS). Los requerimientos de hierro aumentan durante el embarazo, y el hecho de no mantener niveles suficientes de hierro puede tener consecuencias adversas y graves tanto para la madre como para el feto en desarrollo y el recién nacido. Desde una perspectiva mundial, la anemia durante el embarazo es más frecuente y severa en países con pobre desarrollo social y económico. Las recomendaciones de consenso definen la anemia como un nivel de hemoglobina (Hb) <10,5 g / dL durante el embarazo y <10 g / dL durante el período posparto como líneas de corte para iniciar la terapia con hierro oral, hierro intravenoso o transfusión de glóbulos rojos. En el presente artículo se intenta recopilar las recomendaciones para un tratamiento seguro y efectivo, de manera de reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas con la ADHN en la gestación y/o la PAS en el posparto.

A network effect on the decoupling of industrial waste gas emissions and industrial added value: A case study of China

With the rapid development of China's industrialization, the extensive development of industrial models has led to increasing environmental pressure. In this paper, we use China as an example, combined with the Tapio elastic analysis method (Tapio model), modified gravity model, social network analysis (SNA), quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression and logit model, to explore a network effect on the decoupling of industrial waste gas emissions and industrial added value (industrial GDP). We use the special network structure of industrial waste gas emissions and industrial GDP to capture the network effect. The results show the following: (1) For industrial sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and soot (dust) (SD), most provinces in China show obvious strong decoupling, and provinces with faster economic growth, such as the eastern coastal areas, have a larger proportion of strong decoupling than provinces with poor economic development. (2) According to the network analysis of the industrial GDP, SO2, NOx and SD, economically developed provinces such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing and Guangdong are generally located at the core of the network and have a strong spatial spillover effect on other provinces; (3) The QAP regression results show that the spillover effects of industrial SO2, NOx and SD are largely influenced by industry structural similarities, geographic proximity, and the development of economy. (4) The logit regression results show that the decoupling of industrial waste gas emissions will be greatly affected by the spatial network structure of industrial waste gas emissions and industrial GDP. The provinces at the core of the network are more likely to undergo strong decoupling. Finally, based on the research results, this paper provides some recommendations.

Research on the spatiotemporal variation of rural-urban transformation and its driving mechanisms in underdeveloped regions: Gansu Province in western China as an example

Rural-urban transformation is a process of morphological and functional change of rural system consisting of three dimensions: population, land and industry. Gansu Province is characterized by relatively poor economic development, low per capita income and low level of urbanization, and is thus a typical underdeveloped region in China. By constructing a comprehensive evaluation index system for population-land-industry system at a county scale and a model for quantifying rural-urban transformation degree, this paper quantitatively analyzed rural-urban transformation in Gansu Province and explored its spatiotemporal variation and driving forces by means of hotspot identification and geographical detector model. This paper attempts to clarify rural socioeconomic transformation and development, reveal regional differences in rural development mechanisms, and explore related policies and measures that are suitable for regional characteristics. The results will help coordinate the relationship between urban-rural integration and the construction of a well-off society in underdeveloped regions, explore new modes of rural-urban transformation, and improve the institutional mechanism of regional urban-rural integration. These can provide useful information for region-specific planning and strategic decision making. In addition, this study is conducive to implementing Belt and Road, improving urban and rural layout, and promoting rural sustainable development and rural revitalization in northwest China.

Can we sustain success in reducing deaths to extreme weather in a hotter world?

In an incredible story of human adaptation, the aggregate global risk of mortality to extreme weather declined by over two orders of magnitude over the past century. Yet the data show that large losses of lives to extreme weather disasters persist in nations typified by poor economic development, weak institutions, and political instability. And currently we are seeing spikes in mortality from extreme heat events in rich nations, including a wave of new reported deaths in Japan, Europe, and Canada during 2018. These events and future projections of increasing exposure suggest that we need to revisit adaptation strategies to deal with the adverse effects of extreme weather disasters across the world.

Epidemiological investigation of sudden cardiac death in multiethnic Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region in Northwest China

BackgroundThe epidemiological characteristics of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the autonomous region of Xinjiang Uygur have been largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and demographic risk factors of SCD in Xinjiang, China.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed medical records from 11 regions in Xinjiang with different geography (north and south of the Tian Shan mountain range), gross domestic product, and ethnicity (Han, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Hui). SCD was defined as unexpected death due to cardiac reasons within 1 hour after the onset of acute symptoms, including sudden death, unexpected death, and nonviolent death. Monitoring was conducted throughout 2015. Demographic and mortality data were recorded and age-adjusted standardized risk ratio (SRR) was analyzed.ResultsAmong 3,224,103 residents, there were 13,308 all-cause deaths and 1244 events of SCD (784 men and 460 women; overall incidence 38.6 per 100,000 residents). SCD was associated with age (χ2 = 2105.3), but not geography. Men had an increased risk of SCD compared with women (SRR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.10–2.79). The risk of SCD was highest in residents of the Uyghur (SRR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05–2.42) and Kazakh (SRR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.29–2.87) compared with those of the Han. Poor economic development was associated with elevated risk of SCD (SRR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.02–2.38).ConclusionSCD is an important public health issue in China. Our understanding of the demographic differences on SCD in Xinjiang, China may improve the risk stratification and management to reduce the incidence and lethality of SCD.

IDENTIFIKASI LIMA TAHUN PASCA PENGUKUHAN BATIK OLEH UNESCO TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN IKM BATIK DI KOTA PEKALONGAN (Studi Kasus di kampung Batik kauman dan Kampung Batik Pesindon)

This research entitle “Identification of Post-Inauguration Five years Batik by UNESCO Against IKM 
 Developments in Pekalongan Batik City” has the aim to testing corelation among variables to reality faced are 
 the poor track record or clear documentation related economic development in Village Batik Kauman and 
 Tourism Village Batik Pesindon post-inaugural Batik Indonesia by UNESCO. This research includes the 
 quantitative descriptive research that use the descriptive statistic analysis method.
 The population is all of ceaftman at village batik kauman and tourism village batik pesindon, 
 Pekalongan city. The number of samples was determined by the method of interview on some IKM contained in 
 the research object, especially IKM who take charge of the village community kauman batik and batik pesindon 
 tourist village.
 The result of this research show thah that have affected the development of SMEs batik in Pekalongan 
 city, especially in villages kauman batik and batik pesindon tourist village there are three variables, namely, the 
 number of SMEs, the amount of labor and production capacity. Where these three things are very influential on 
 the turnover obtained.
 
 Keywords : five years after the inauguration of batik by UNESCO, the development of batik IKM

Zinc Levels in Raw and Blanched Slenderleaf sp. (<i>Crotalaria ochroleuca</i> & <i>Crotalaria brevidens</i>) Indigenous Vegetables

An estimated 20% of the world’s population is at risk for zinc (Zn) deficiency. Micronutrient deficiencies are most prevalent in Africa and remain a major problem facing poor populations, whose impact is worsened by HIV/AIDS pandemic. Adequate zinc nutrition is essential for adequate growth, immunocompetence and neurobehavioral development. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Zn deficiency risk stands at 34.6% with 25.6% of its population having inadequate zinc intake. It is widespread in areas where diets lack diversity and it has been implicated as a contributing factor to stunting in approximately a third of children in low-income countries. In Kenya, it is a public health problem that about 50% of children under 6 years and 50% of women are affected. Zn deficiency rates are severe and pose severe consequences whose impact would translate into poor economic development and would set a vicious cycle effect that will take many generations to correct if left unchecked. It is important to examine zinc in the diet but its concentration in food varies depending partly on processing besides other factors. The objective of this study was to assess blanching as a food preparation method’s implication to Zn levels in vegetables. Blanching is a method where vegetables are dipped in boiling water for around two minutes and removed to avoid over cooking. Zn levels in slenderleaf sp. Indigenous vegetable commonly found in the Lake Victoria Basin region is not known. An experimental study was carried out to analyze zinc levels in raw and blanched slenderleaf sp. (Crotalaria ochroleuca & Crotalaria brevidens) vegetables. Results indicated that blanching reduces Zinc levels in slenderleaf vegetables, however, the reductions are not significant; the levels after blanching are still vital. It is, therefore, recommended to minimize blanching time in order to reduce loss of the vital nutrient in slenderleaf sp. vegetables.

Postpartum depressive mood (PDM) among Chinese women: a meta-analysis.

Postpartum depression is a common complication of childbearing and up to 12months postpartum. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depressive mood (PDM) in China by performing a meta-analysis of published studies. Studies that reported the prevalence of PDM in China were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and CQVIP databases. Three thousand, one hundred, and two articles were obtained, and after careful evaluation, 26 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The combined studies included a total of 7618 cases with 1621 cases of PDM. The studies were assessed on the basis of heterogeneity testing and the potential for publication bias. Stata software 11.0 was used to perform the meta-analysis. The random-effect model showed that the prevalence of PDM was 21% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 17-25%. PDM was the highest 0 to 1.5months after delivery. PDM levels decreased to 10.4% (95% CI 9.7-11.1%, P < 0.001) after publication bias were corrected. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the stability of our results and showed no significant change when any single study was excluded. Subgroup analyses showed that region, instruments used, cut-off score, and time points for depression assessment were positively associated with PDM prevalence. The prevalence of PDM differed among regions, with South Central China and East China exhibiting the lowest prevalence. The prevalence was higher in regions with poor economic development, suggesting that more attention should be devoted to Southwest and North China and that the prevalence of PDM should be evaluated 0 to 1.5months after delivery.

Globalization of higher education and its implications for Ukraine

The research is devoted to the studying of the process of establishment of higher education in Ukraine, which as well as other spheres of activity is more and more sensitive to pressure from neighboring countries in current conditions. The globalization culture of the higher education system in Ukraine is primarily associated with the process of innovative education of society. Then a certain complexity takes place, which is conditioned by the continuous inclusion of the totalitarian system into Ukrainian space. As a result, its economy, as well as social and cultural spheres, could not develop freely and independently. That is why advancing the globalization of higher education the Anglo-American model of the world order should be taken as a basis, as well as the expansion of Euro-Atlantic cultural values, which are approved particularly for a foreign higher school, which main advantage is critical thinking, that contributes to the formation of a creative approach to any human activity.The article analyzes the preconditions under which universities cannot rely on the national education system as the current conditions require the implication of the Bologna Process to accelerate the process of European integration. Since last years the formation and consideration of higher education as a commodity has been taking place, where its commercialization goes up to the level of the world market not paying much attention to the quality of educational services. One of the most terrible threats to the national system of higher education is the emergence of providers in education. Considering the poor economic development of the country it leads to increasing the «brain drain» abroad.The article reveals the basic tasks which must be performed by educational institutions in order to engage in competition, where the key targets are to reach the market of educational services maximum and attract potential applicants. At the same time, the globalization of the cultural component of higher education in Ukraine can have the following consequences: the promotion of global multicultural values; the domination of the Euro-Atlantic culture throughout the country; expansion in the number of educational providers from neighboring countries and the devaluation of own culture and the identity of society.

Secular trends in stature of late 20th century white South Africans and two European populations

During the 20th century a general positive secular trend for stature is observed in developed countries around the world while shorter statures, often associated with a lack of a positive secular trend, have mostly been observed in populations with lower SES. The purpose of this study was to compare secular changes in stature between 20th century South Africans of European descent and two European populations. The comparative samples include Dutch males with which there is an assumed genetic relationship, and Swiss males for which the genetic association is less clear. The sample comprised anthropometric stature data of white South Africans (17–62 years), Swiss and Dutch males (18–21 years) obtained from military conscripts with birth cohorts of 5 years from 1946 to 1995. The stature of white South African males did not increase at a significant rate compared to those observed in Swiss and Dutch males. South African and Dutch males were of similar height following World War II, but a considerable trend was observed only in the Dutch group. The Swiss group was initially shorter than the South Africans, but due to a positive secular trend their average stature is on a par with that of South Africans in the most recent cohort. The lack of a significant positive secular trend in the South African group could suggest that factors such as gene flow and poor economic and social development in South Africa resulted in shorter statures in white South African groups than expected.

主体功能区划中限制开发生态区的细分方法——以宁夏回族自治区为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 主体功能区划中限制开发生态区的细分方法——以宁夏回族自治区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201501290239 作者: 作者单位: 宁夏大学农学院,宁夏大学资源环境学院,宁夏大学科技处,宁夏大学资源环境学院,西北大学城市与环境学院,宁夏大学资源环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41161020，41361024） Theory and application of the main functional subdivision of limited development ecological zones Author: Affiliation: Agriculture School of Ningxia University,,,College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:限制开发生态区是主体功能区划中介于优先开发区和禁止开发区间的一大类生态区，在实际管理中往往存在区域范围大、实施操作困难等问题，因此非常必要对限制开发生态区进行细化。在总结现有县域尺度主体功能区划研究方法基础上，构建了细分限制开发生态区的生态保护导向和生态优先原则，提出了利用综合指数法和景观指数法分别细化限制开发生态区，二者细化结果叠加后，通过专家系统和政策需求修正，形成了限制开发生态区四类区域单元：禁止开发区、强限制开发区、中限制开发区和弱限制开发区，作为现有主体功能区划方法的补充，从更为微观的尺度反映了主体功能的差异和发展潜力，促进主体功能区划方案的进一步推广和实施。并以宁夏回族自治区的限制开发生态区为案例进行了研究，取得了较好的细分结果。 Abstract:The limited development zone as a type of main functional area whose ecological carrying capacity is weak, but has a serious effect on the entire country or the ecological security of large areas. Spatial development-oriented three-dimensional magic cube map, which reflects the results of the regional main features division, the main functions do not exclude other non-dominant functions, but it does not mean that the entire territory of the limited zones has limited development. The moderate development areas have better resources and environmental conditions and can be developed in eco-point protection on a priority basis. The limited development areas are minority-inhabited areas with poor economic development. Therefore, massive industrialization and urbanization are limited in these areas, and some measures, such as corresponding financial transfers and ecological compensation, are implemented to maximize the ecological functions. Limited development does not mean prohibited development, it indicates that only the level and intensity of development is restricted. To enhance the targeted goals and operability of the development and protection policy implementation in the limited developing ecological zones, we studied the main functional identification and subdivisions below the level of county, and constructed the theoretical basis and principles of subdivision of limited developing zones, based on the existing main functional subdivision methods. We proposed the guidelines for the 'Multi-channel integration, ecological priority', in the township administrative region range for subdividing units, and applied the comprehensive index for evaluation, 'D Rubiks Cube' method for limited level divisions, that formed scheme I. We applied the landscape ecology method, through remote sensing image information extraction and analysis, that formed schemeⅡ. According to the comprehensive correction principle, scheme I and II are integrated, and through expert advice and policy it is amended and combined with the actual study area, thereby forming the final scheme of the main functional subdivision of limited developing zones. The main functional areas are divided into four levels, prohibited development zone, strong limited development zone, development zone, and weak limited development zone. A case study on the limited development zone in Ningxia shows that: 1) applying two methods independently and comparing them can improve the feasibility of the solution. It is a new idea and has strong popularization. 2) Some townships are influenced by the resource development and regional macroeconomic policy orientation; therefore, adjustments must be done under the expert advice and policy requirements. 3) Even for the smaller functional zones, there are large differences in the internal development status, development potential, and ecological environmental bearing capacity; thus, protection and development of transitional space and configuration is highly essential. 4) On the basis of carding the related studies, this paper employs the regional differentiation theory, spatial structure theory, man-land relationship theory, the theory of sustainable development, ecological and economic theory, landscape ecology theory as the theoretical basis for the subdivision and regional development of the limited development areas. 5) Segmentation was conducted on the basis of the method of landscape pattern, which took into consideration only the current natural environmental conditions but did not consider the region's future development potential. In addition, the existing ecological conditions of these areas are poor; however, with the improvement in conditions, these areas can be transformed to moderate development. Therefore, time series analysis multi-way segment after stack can improve the results of scientific nature further. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

BASIC CONCEPTS OF TAX SECURITY AS PART OF THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the paper is to examine the essence of the term «tax security», its fundamental characteristics, such as threats, risks, interests and protection, defined how the state could provide them. The paper analyses economic, social and legal nature of the term. Key indicators of of Ukraine identified and analyzed. In addition, the paper studies an integrated approach of threats. In case of a big amount of threats, they divided to four main sources of threats: the state of the national economy, the state of the public finances, social features of the society and institutional environment. For each source, there have been identified and analyzed the most important factors of threats of of Ukraine. Methodology. The survey based on an analysis of existing studies of Ukrainian and foreign scientists about the essence and nature of tax security for the last 10 years. In addition, to determine the essence and the concept, goals and objectives, methods and principles of the economic nature of the security, main risks, threats, expectations and results of efficient identified. To build an integrated approach it is necessary to analyse all existing and potential factors of threats. There data used from reports of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, PWC and World Bank. Results of the survey showed that is such a condition of security, when the process of harmonization of taxation provided under effective management of risks and threats that arise in area, by taking the necessary measures by the executive bodies to meet the interests of the state, society and taxpayers (business entities, organizations, people). Integrated approach of threats analysis of shows that the most dangerous threats are those that are associated with poor economic development, considerable socio-economic stratification of the population, the level of shadow economy and low culture. The threat of the state of public finances is sufficiently large threat, but not the most dangerous, but the increase in the budget deficit and debt can affect significantly negatively on the of Ukraine. The institutional environment is another threat to the security. Its main danger are the low efficiency of the authorities and uncertainty and ambiguity of legislation. Practical implications. In order to prevent a drop in it is necessary to conduct continuous monitoring aforementioned factors on the sources of threats. All mentioned sources of threats would help the state authorities to build an effective Concept of Tax Security of Ukraine.

Assessing local vulnerability to climate change in Ecuador.

Vulnerability assessments have become necessary to increase the understanding of climate-sensitive systems and inform resource allocation in developing countries. Challenges arise when poor economic and social development combines with heterogeneous climatic conditions. Thus, finding and harmonizing good-quality data at local scale may be a significant hurdle for vulnerability research. In this paper we assess vulnerability to climate change at a local level in Ecuador. We take Ecuador as a case study as socioeconomic data are readily available. To incorporate the spatial and temporal pattern of the climatic variables we use reanalysis datasets and empirical orthogonal functions. Our assessment strategy relies on the statistical behavior of climatic and socioeconomic indicators for the weighting and aggregation mechanism into a composite vulnerability indicator. Rather than assuming equal contribution to the formation of the composite indicator, we assume that the weights of the indicators vary inversely as the variance over the cantons (administrative division of Ecuador). This approach captures the multi-dimensionality of vulnerability in a comprehensive form. We find that the least vulnerable cantons concentrate around Ecuador’s largest cities (e.g. Quito and Guayaquil); however, approximately 20 % of the national population lives in other cantons that are categorized as highly and very highly vulnerable to climate change. Results also show that the main determinants of high vulnerability are the lack of land tenure in agricultural areas and the nonexistence of government-funded programs directed to environmental and climate change management.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1536-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.