Pooled Prevalence Of Depression Research Articles

Course of Depression and Anxiety among Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies

AbstractRefugees and asylum seekers are at a high risk of developing mental health disorders, especially depression and anxiety. The prevalence of these disorders in refugees and asylum seekers has been well-documented in cross-sectional studies, but it is impossible to track their course over time using this research design. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis used data from existing longitudinal studies to examine the course of depression and anxiety in refugees and asylum seekers in upper-middle and high-income countries. Longitudinal studies reporting depression and anxiety were systematically searched from seven databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) and included studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and underwent Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality assessment. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used to report the findings. An estimated pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety across time points was reported using a random effect model with a 95% confidence interval. Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics were conducted to assess heterogeneity among included studies, while funnel plots and Eggers tests were used to assess publication bias. Twenty longitudinal studies for depression and eight longitudinal studies for anxiety were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression and Anxiety at baseline was 23.14% (95% CI: 16.34, 29.94) and 25.33% (95% CI: 5.10, 45.57), respectively. After the baseline data collection, the pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety increased over time. Specifically, the prevalence of depression rose from 17.55% (95% CI: 6.66, 28.45) 1 year after baseline to 34.04% (95% CI: 15.45, 52.63) 3 years after baseline. Similarly, the pooled prevalence of anxiety increased from 14.96% (95% CI: 10.59, 29.33) at 1 year after baseline to 33.09% (95% CI: 26.96, 39.21) at 3 years after baseline. The prevalence of depression more than doubled over the course of 3 years, rising from 17.55% at the 1-year mark after baseline to 34.04% at the 3-year mark after baseline. Similarly, the prevalence of anxiety exhibited a significant increase from 14.96% at the 1-year mark after baseline to 33.09% at the 3-year follow-up. These findings underscore the importance of implementing early settlement interventions and designing targeted measures to mitigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among refugees and asylum seekers.

Global prevalence of depression in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with psychosocial problems, especially depression, contributing to poor overall outcomes. Depression has not been given adequate priority in the management of CKD patientsdespite its significant adverse impacton all major outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis determined the pooled prevalence of clinical depression in the global CKD population and sub-populations. PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), and EMBASE were systematically searched to identify published articles with relevant data. The pooled prevalence of clinical depression in the global CKD population was determined using random effects meta-analytic techniques. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022382708). Sixty-five articles were included in this review, comprising 80,932 individuals with CKD from 27 countries. The participants' mean age ranged from 11.0 to 76.3years. Most (70.4%) of the studies had medium methodological quality. The overall pooled prevalence of depression was 26.5% (95% CI 23.1-30.1%). Studies using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Diseases (DSM) and International Classification of Disease (ICD) returned a pooled prevalence of 25.5% and 39.6%, respectively, p = 0.03. There was a significant difference in the pooled prevalence across regions; p = 0.002.The prevalence of depression was higher among individuals on chronic hemodialysis compared to pre-dialysis patients (29.9% versus 18.5%; p = 0.01) and among those on hemodialysis compared to peritoneal dialysis (30.6% versus 20.4%; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between adults and children (26.8% versus 15.9%, p = 0.21). There was an increasing temporal trend in depression prevalence, though this did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.16). Depression is common in patients with CKD. The findings of this study highlight the need for clinicians to make efforts to evaluate individuals with CKD for depression, especially those with advanced stages of the disease.

Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Ethiopian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of depression and its associated factors among high school, college and university students in Ethiopia.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data...

Estimating the prevalence of depression in people with acute coronary syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The epidemic of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) poses a great challenge to depression. However, the prevalence of depression among ACS patients has not been fully determined. This meta-analysis aimed to provide an estimation of the global prevalence of depression among ACS patients (ACS depression). Online databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all relevant studies that reported the prevalence of ACS depression through March 2023. Pooled prevalence of ACS depression with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated by the random-effect model. All statistical analyses were performed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identifier CRD42023409338). A total of 28 studies (17 cohort studies, 9 cross-sectional studies, and 2 case-control studies) were included. The overall pooled prevalence of depression in ACS, derived from 28 studies, was 28.5% (95% CI: 0.28-0.29, P = .000, I2 = 99%). 21 included studies showed a prevalence of 20.3% (95% CI: 0.20-0.21, P = .000, I2 = 96%) in men, and the prevalence in women was 13.6% (95% CI: 0.13-0.14, P = .000, I2 = 95%). Subgroup analysis showed the lowest prevalence in Europe (20.7%, 95% CI: 0.20-0.22, P = .000, I2 = 98%); On different diagnostic criteria, the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) (36.8%, 95% CI: 0.35-0.38, P = .000, I2 = 96%) has the highest prevalence. In terms of end year of data collection, the prevalence of ACS depression was lower for studies that ended data collection after 2012 (25.7%, 95% CI: 0.25-0.27, P = .000, I2 = 99%) than in studies before 2012 (30%, 95% CI: 0.29-0.31, P = .000, I2 = 98%). This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest high global prevalence of depression among ACS patients, underlining the necessity of more preventive interventions among ACS patients especially in Asian and North American regions.

Depression during pregnancy and associated factors among women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPregnancy is one of the most remarkable experiences in a woman’s life. Prenatal depression, characterized by stress and worry associated with pregnancy, can reach severe levels. On a global scale, mental and addictive disorders affect more than one billion people, causing 19% of years lived with disability. It is estimated that 25–35% of pregnant women experience depressive symptoms, with 20% meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depression.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine depression during pregnancy in Ethiopia. The search was conducted from March 1–31, 2023. Data extraction used Microsoft Excel, and analysis was performed using STATA version 17. The New Castle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool was employed to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. The Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model estimated the pooled level of antenatal depression (APD). Publication bias was detected using a funnel plot and Begg’s and Egger’s tests.ResultsOut of 350 studies searched, 18 were included in the analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of depression in Ethiopia was 27.85% (95% CI: 23.75–31.96). Harari region reported the highest prevalence (37.44%), while Amhara region had the lowest (23.10%). Factors significantly associated with depression included unplanned pregnancies, low social support, low income, previous history of depression, intimate partner violence, and history of abortion.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that approximately one-quarter of pregnant women in Ethiopia experience depression during pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy, low social support, low income, previous history of depression, history of abortion, and intimate partner violence are determinants of depression. To address this high prevalence, the Ethiopian government and stakeholders should develop policies that incorporate counseling during pregnancy follow-ups. Improving the quality of life for pregnant women is crucial for the well-being of families, communities, and the nation as a whole.

The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPost COVID-19 syndrome, also known as "Long COVID," is a complex and multifaceted condition that affects individuals who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to comprehensively assess the global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in individuals coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome.MethodsA rigorous search of electronic databases was conducted to identify original studies until 24 January 2023. The inclusion criteria comprised studies employing previously validated assessment tools for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, reporting prevalence rates, and encompassing patients of all age groups and geographical regions for subgroup analysis Random effects model was utilized for the meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis was done.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome was estimated to be 23% (95% CI: 20%—26%; I2 = 99.9%) based on data from 143 studies with 7,782,124 participants and 132 studies with 9,320,687 participants, respectively. The pooled prevalence of sleep disorder among these patients, derived from 27 studies with 15,362 participants, was estimated to be 45% (95% CI: 37%—53%; I2 = 98.7%). Subgroup analyses based on geographical regions and assessment scales revealed significant variations in prevalence rates. Meta-regression analysis showed significant correlations between the prevalence and total sample size of studies, the age of participants, and the percentage of male participants. Publication bias was assessed using Doi plot visualization and the Peters test, revealing a potential source of publication bias for depression (p = 0.0085) and sleep disorder (p = 0.02). However, no evidence of publication bias was found for anxiety (p = 0.11).ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate a considerable burden of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, among individuals recovering from COVID-19. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive mental health support and tailored interventions for patients experiencing persistent symptoms after COVID-19 recovery.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers and Job Loss From a Gender Perspective in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant stress and anxiety among the general population and healthcare workers (HCWs) worldwide. India is one of the countries severely impacted by the pandemic. This review explores the gender perspective of mental health conditions among HCWs and job loss during the pandemic in India. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published till March 2021. Studies that reported the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and worry among HCWs in India during the pandemic and job loss in both males and females due to COVID-19 were included. We used a random-effects model to estimate pooled prevalence rates with 95% CIs. We assessed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. The meta-analysis included 11 studies; the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and worry among HCWs was 34.9% (95%CI 27.33, 42.47), 35.4% (95%CI 24.46, 46.33), 32.9% (95%CI 25.43, 40.37), and 42.87% (95%CI 25.83, 59.91), respectively. The pooled prevalence of job loss due to COVID-19 was 16.6% (95%CI 8.34, 19.66). We employed meta-regression and Egger's regression for publication bias. The meta-analysis findings suggest that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and worry among HCWs in India during COVID-19 was high. Furthermore, job loss due to COVID-19 has also been prevalent in India. These findings emphasize the need for mental health support for HCWs and those who have lost their jobs during the pandemic. It is essential to prioritize mental health and job creation policies in India to support individuals affected by COVID-19.

Prevalence Rates of Depression and Anxiety among Young Rural and Urban Australians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Globally, depression and anxiety are major public health concerns with onset during adolescence. While rural Australia experiences overall lower health outcomes, variation in mental health prevalence rates between rural and urban Australia is unclear. The aim of this paper was to estimate the pooled prevalence rates for depression and anxiety among young Australians aged between 10 and 24 years. Selected studies from a systematic literature search were assessed for risk of bias. Random effects model using DerSimonian and Laird method with Freeman-Tukey Double Arcsine Transformation was fitted. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Prevalence estimates were stratified by region and disorder. The overall pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety was 25.3% (95% CI, 19.9-31.0%). In subgroup analysis, anxiety prevalence was 29.9% (95% CI, 21.6-39.0%); depression: 21.3% (95% CI, 14.9-28.5%); and depression or anxiety: 27.2% (95% CI, 20.3-34.6%). Depression and anxiety prevalence were higher in urban 26.1% (95% CI, 17.3-35.9%) compared to rural areas 24.9% (95% CI, 17.5-33%), although the difference was not statistically significant. The heterogeneity was high with an I2 score of 95.8%. There is need for further research on healthcare access, mental health literacy and help-seeking attitude in Australia.

Depression and Anxiety Trajectories in Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

People living with chronic diseases are at an increased risk of anxiety and depression, which are associated with poorer medical and psychosocial outcomes. Many studies have examined the trajectories of depression and anxiety in people with specific diseases, including the predictors of these trajectories. This is valuable for understanding the process of adjustment to diseases and informing treatment planning. However, no review has yet synthesised this information across chronic diseases. Electronic databases were searched for studies reporting trajectories of depression or anxiety in chronic disease samples. Data extracted included sample characteristics, results from trajectory analyses, and predictors of trajectories. Meta-analysis of the overall pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety trajectories was conducted, and qualitative synthesis of disease severity predictors was undertaken. Following search and screening, 67 studies were included (N = 61,201 participants). Most participants followed a stable nonclinical trajectory for depression (69.0% [95% CI: 65.6, 72.2]) and anxiety (73.4% [95% CI: 66.3, 79.5]). Smaller but meaningful subsamples followed a trajectory of depression and anxiety symptoms consistently in the clinical range (11.8% [95% CI: 9.2, 14.8] and 13.7% [95% CI: 9.3, 19.7], respectively). Several clinical and methodological moderators emerged, and qualitative synthesis suggested that few aspects of disease severity were associated with participants' trajectories. Most people with chronic disease follow a trajectory of distress that is low and stable, suggesting that most people psychologically adjust to living with chronic disease. Evidence also suggests that the nature and severity of the disease are not meaningful predictors of psychological distress.

Depression among caregivers of cancer patients: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

It is imperative to provide care for patients with terminal illnesses such as cancer, though it demands time, financial resources and other unmet needs. Subsequently, caregivers might be exposed to psychological stress and other mental health problems. Previous meta-analysis finding shows caregivers of cancer patient suffer from depression. During the past 4years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of newly studies, and we therefore intended to update this finding and provide current global prevalence of depression among caregivers of Cancer patients. We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHIL, Embase, and PsychINFO to identify peer-reviewed studies which reported the prevalence of depression among caregivers of cancer patients using pre-defined eligibility criteria. Studies were pooled to estimate the global prevalence of depression using a random-effect meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's regression tests were used to check for publication bias. Our search identified 4375 studies, of which 35 studies with 11,396 participants were included in the meta-analysis. In the current review, the pooled prevalence of depression among caregivers of Cancer patients was 42.08% (95% CI: 34.71-49.45). The pooled prevalence of depression was higher in the studies that used cross-sectional data (42%, 95% CI: 31-52) than longitudinal data (34%, 95% CI: 18-50). We also observed a higher rate of depression among female caregivers when compared to their male counterparts (57.6%) (95% CI: 29.5-81.5). Globally, around two in five cancer patient caregivers screened positive for depression, which needs due attention. Routine screening of depressive symptoms and providing psychosocial support for caregivers is crucial.

Mental Health Among Medical Students During COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundThe mental health of medical students is an issue worthy of attention, especially during COVID-19. Many studies have shown that depression and anxiety are the main problems faced by medical students. To assess the pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students worldwide, we conducted this meta-analysis.MethodsAccording to PRISMA, we used a computerized strategy to search studies in EMBASE, PubMed, PsycArticles, Web of Science, and China Biology Medicine disc. The pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety was calculated by a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also carried out in this meta-analysis.ResultsOf 1316 studies, 41 studies were selected based on 36608 medical students. The pooled depression prevalence was 37.9% (95% CI: 30.7–45.4%), and pooled anxiety prevalence was 33.7% (95% CI: 26.8–41.1%). The prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students varied by gender, country, and continent.ConclusionThe data reported that the prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students during COVID-19 was relatively higher than those of the general population and the healthcare workers. The impact of COVID-19 on medical students and how to protect the mental health of medical students are needed to determine through further research.Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021274015], identifier [CRD42021274015].

Prevalence of Depression among Iranian Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Major: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Patients with beta-thalassemia (BT) are susceptible to psychological disorders such as depression. The present study was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression among patients with BT in Iran.Methods: Domestic and international databases were searched for relevant articles published from 1991 until June 2019. We searched international databases such as Scopus, ISI, and Embase; Iranian databases such as SID, Magiran, and IranDoc; and Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The MeSH keywords used were “depression”, “mental health”, “depressive disorder”, “thalassemia”, “beta-thalassemia major”, “prevalence”, “epidemiology”, and “Iran”. Relevant cross-sectional or cohort studies were included in the analysis. Cochran’s Q test and the I2 index were used to assess heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using “metaprop” commands in Stata 14. In cases, where the I2 statistic was greater than 50%, the random-effects model was used.Results: Eighteen eligible studies were included. The pooled prevalence of depression was 42% (95% CI: 33% to 52%), whereas the pooled prevalence of mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe depression was 16% (95% CI: 11% to 22%), 13% (95% CI: 9% to 18%), 13% (95% CI: 9% to 17%), and 3% (95% CI: 0% to 8%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of depression in moderate- and high-quality studies was 45% (95% CI: 29% to 61%), and 39% (95% CI: 27% to 51%), respectively.Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression highlights the urgent need for the establishment of interventions for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of depression among Iranian patients with BT

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Depression Prevalence amongst Nigerian Students Pursuing Higher Education

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders currently going undiagnosed in many developing countries, including Nigeria. Stigmatization, inadequate financial resources, poor healthcare infrastructure for accurate diagnosis, and low research attention are contributing factors to the prevalence of depression among youths in West Africa. This study estimated the prevalence of depression among higher education students in Nigeria. Data was extracted and examined from 1225 publications by three independent reviewers. To minimize bias, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidelines was used to assess the data. Pooling of logit-transformed data was done using a generalized linear mixed-effects model, while restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate between-study variance (τ2). Knapp-Hartung adjustments were included for calculating the confidence intervals around pooled effects, and R was used to calculate pooled estimates of depression prevalence. The risk factors of depression were examined by subgroup analyses and random-effect meta-regression models. Egger’s regression was used to check for publication bias in small-sampled studies with high prevalence estimates. Mean age of students across the 18 studies ranged from 19.09 to 26.3 years, with sample sizes ranging from 81 to 1482 participants. The pooled depression prevalence across studies was 26% (95% CI 0.18, 0.36) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%, τ2 = 0.9512). The subgroup analyses showed that higher education students in the Northwestern region of Nigeria have the highest depression prevalence (45.9%), followed by the South-South region (33%), Southeastern (22.1%), and Southwestern region (18.1%). Our findings show that depression among higher education students in Nigeria is highly prevalent. A significant proportion of higher education students in Nigeria are depressed. The factors contributing to the high depression prevalence, particularly among higher education students in the Northwestern region of Nigeria, should be investigated.

Prevalence of depression among Indian medical students in COVID-19 pandemic – A meta-analysis

Background: There are numerous studies indicating that COVID-19 pandemic has brought a great deal of pressure for medical fraternities, as medical teachers and students were busy saving lives. The mental health of these frontiers and medical education both suffered. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to determine the assessed pooled prevalence of depression among medical students of India by undertaking meta-analysis of published original research studies during pandemic. Materials and Methods: Researcher followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Authors used terminologies such as depression, mental health, medical students, and India to search PubMed and Google Scholar databases for original articles published between January 2020 and March 2022 based on mental health of Indian medical students. Researcher had chosen only the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 items based study to prevent false heterogenicity. Results: Out of 1471 screening, a total of six original research articles were included after screening for eligibility criteria involving 3248 medical students from different medical colleges of India. The median number of students was 541.33 (range, 181–2021). Meta-analysis of pooled prevalence assessment of depression among medical students in India by random effects model was 38% (confidence interval: 27–49%). Conclusion: Within study limitations, the high prevalence of depression was noted among medical students of India.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Depression and Associated Factors among Adult HIV/AIDS-Positive Patients Attending ART Clinics of Ethiopia: 2021.

Introduction Depression is the most common mental health problem in people living with the human immune virus. It ranges from 11% to 63% in low- and middle-income countries. Depression was high in people living with HIV/AIDS in developing countries, especially in the Ethiopian context. Even though depression has negative consequences on HIV-positive patients, the care given for depression in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia is below the standard in their HIV care programs. Method International databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Hinari, Embase, and Scopus) and Ethiopian university repository online have been covered in this review. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using the Stata version 14 software program. We detected the heterogeneity between studies using the I2 test. We checked publication bias using a funnel plot test. Results The overall pooled depression prevalence among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was 36.3% (95% CI: 28.4%, 44.2%) based on the random effect analysis. Adult HIV/AIDS patients having CD4count < 200(AOR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.89, 8.99), widowed marital status (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 2.394, 5.789), medication nonadherence (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.15), poor social support (2.986) (95% CI: 2.139, 4.169), perceived social stigma (2.938) (2.305, 3.743), opportunistic infections (3.010) (2.182, 4.151), and adverse drug reactions (4.013) (1.971, 8.167) were significantly associated with depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, in Ethiopia. Conclusion and Recommendation. The pooled depression prevalence among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was higher than the general population and is alarming for the government to take special consideration for HIV-positive patients. Depression assessment for all HIV-positive patients and integrating with mental health should be incorporated to ensure early detection, prevention, and treatment. Community-based and longitudinal study designs mainly focusing on the incidence and determinants of depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients should be done in the future.

Meta-analysis of studies on depression prevalence among diabetes mellitus patients in Africa

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It can be caused by the consumption of carbohydrate meals or medication side effects. Depression as a comorbid condition in an individual with diabetes is accountable for increased disability, mortality, and significant health problem in patients. As a continent, Africa does not have an overall estimation of depression prevalence among diabetes mellitus patients at a regional level. Consequently, this study's purpose was to use the meta-analysis method to summarize estimates of extant studies that have reported depression prevalence among patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa. The literature search method was executed to classify studies with reported depression prevalence with evidently designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 20 studies from sundry screened articles were appropriate for ultimate inclusion in the meta-analysis. Since substantial heterogeneity was expected, a random-effects meta-analysis was carried out using the number of cases with a total sample size to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus at a regional level. The residual amount of heterogeneity was found to be high according to the statistics of τ2 = 0.06; I2 = 99.10%, chi-square = 2184.85, degree of freedom = 19 and P =< 0.001. The pooled depression prevalence was 40% within a 95% confidence interval of 29%–51%. The meta-regression analysis result showed that none of the included moderators contributed to the heterogeneity of studies. The result of effect size estimates against its standard error showed publication bias with a P-value of 0.001. The meta-analysis findings of this study have indicated that depression prevalence in Africa is still high. Reporting on numerous risk factors like socio-demographic characteristics were not possible in this study because of a lack of completeness in the included articles. Consequently, screening diabetes patients for comorbid depression with its associated risk factors is highly recommended.

Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Depression among Prisoners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Prison populations tend to be marginalized and disadvantaged of the rights and freedoms that other people in the community benefit from. Their separation from families, a narrow room and lack of privacy in the prison, violence between prisoners, and the uncertainty about the future result in psychological distress, for example, depression. The review has synthesized previous studies conducted on the topic and summarized to formulate recommendations for future prison health care services. Methods We systematically searched the databases: PubMed, Psych Info, and SCOPUS, as well as manual Google Scholar searches, were conducted to retrieve published literature globally. We have included observational studies, written in English language. Estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42020156108. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis was conducted, and heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using Q and the I2-test. Publication bias was assessed by inspection of the funnel plot and Egger's regression test. Result A total of 1313 studies were initially identified through the electronic database; among these, a total of 73 full-text articles were retrieved for further appraisal. Further, 32 full-text articles were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was 36.9% (95% CI; 27.3-47.6). The pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners in the developing and developed countries was 39.2% and 33.1%, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of depression was 19.1% and 54% for the studies that used diagnostic and screen tools to diagnose or screen depression, respectively. A leave-one-out analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was not dependent on a single study removal or addition. Thus, the pooled prevalence of depression ranges between 35.3 and 38.0%. Conclusion The prevalence of depression among prisoners was high. Therefore, regular and continuous screening of depressive symptoms for prisoners along with its appropriate management is highly recommended.

Prevalence of Depression or Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Narcolepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A meta-analysis was conducted to review the prevalence and associated moderators of depression or depressive symptoms in patients with narcolepsy. An extensive search of the literature yielded 1104 articles and abstracts, of which 31 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that the overall pooled prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms in patients with narcolepsy was 32% (95% Confidence Interval, 28-36%) with high between-study heterogeneity (Q = 249.77, df = 30, p < 0.001, τ2 = 0.0087, I2= 88%). An analysis of 13 studies with healthy control groups indicated that narcolepsy was associated with a significantly increased risk of depression or depressive symptoms (Odds Ratio 3.48, 95% Confidence Interval 2.73-4.45; Q = 41.23, df = 12, p < 0.001, τ2 = 0.0087, I2= 70.9%). The prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms in patients with narcolepsy was significantly affected by study design (Q = 5.05, p = 0.02) and recruitment setting (Q = 5.98, p = 0.01), and was marginally affected by age group (Q = 3.44, p = 0.06). The results indicate that narcolepsy patients should be closely monitored for depression and depressive symptoms and that early screening should be considered. However, these conclusions should be tempered because of high variability between studies. The estimates across studies are very inconsistent, indicating the need for larger, multicenter studies, with stringent case definitions.

The Research of Mental Health Status Among Medical Personnel in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: In China, burnout, anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts among medical staff are common and have been associated with high-intensity work, patient complaints, pressure from public opinion, misunderstanding, and long training and working cycles. However, mental health status of medical personnel has not been well described at a national level. To estimate the mental health status of medical staff, focusing on identifying healthcare providers in the high-risk groups, and executing positive psychological intervention, counseling, treatment initiatives, and moreover, carry out crisis interventions in advance. Methods: This study was using data collected from both the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores, representing the national sample of the medical staff in China, collected from May 2016 to July 2019. The three componentsof mental health, emotional well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being, were used to evaluate the mental health status of the target population. The survey covered 10 basic information and 40 psychological questions. The main questionnaires were from both the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), as well as gender, age, marital status, education, professional title, salary, job category, and hospital levels, which were made an electronic questionnaire format by questionnaire star. We sent the message to the healthcare workers’ Wechat group. The responses from 4403 medical physicians (included medical students, refresher doctors, training physicians, and doctors), as well as nursing staff, and medical technicians, were utilized. Findings: The overall pooled prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among medical personnel in China was 27.8%, and symptoms of anxiety were reported from 22.3% (980 out 4403) physicians. Among these medical staff, the secondary hospital ( P =0.017, P =0.049) and night shift frequency less than 5 days ( P =0.002, P =0.000) and unemotional management-related learning and training ( P =0.000, P =0.000) were significantly associated with SAS and SDS scores. In addition, the study showed that sleep quality (sleep deprivation) were related to gender ( P =0.006) and marital status ( P =0.045), while suicidal ideation were statistically associated with age ( P =0.025), marital status ( P =0.021), occupation ( P =0.028), hospital-level ( P =0.048), professional title ( P =0.037), annual income ( P =0.029), and whether there was emotional management learning ( P =0.001). Interpretation: In this Chinese national study of medical personnel, the findings indicated that the prevalence of depression and anxiety in hospitals at three levels were high. Further research is needed to better understand and identify the high-risk groups of medical staff under high-stress circumstances and to address these issues properly. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1800019542 Funding Statement: The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, a component of the National Institutes of Health (5G12MD007592 and 2U54MD00759226). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The West China Hospital approved this study and waiver of informed consent of the Sichuan University institutional review board.

Prevalence of Depression in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this study was to provide a summary estimate of depression prevalence among people with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in comparison to those without AS. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, the Cochrane database library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database from their inception to December 2016. The results showed that thirty-one eligible studies involving 8,106 patients were analyzed. Fifteen methods of defining depression were reported. The overall pooled prevalence of depression was 35% (95% CI, 28–43%), with high between-study heterogeneity (I2=98.8%, p<0.001). The relative risk of depression among people with AS was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.21–2.55, eight studies, n=3,006) compared with people without AS. The depression score [standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.43, 95% CI: 0.19–0.67, seven studies, n=549] was higher in AS patients than in controls. The main influence on depression prevalence was the sample size and country of origin. In conclusion, one-third of people with AS experience symptoms of depression. Depression was more prevalent in AS patients than in controls. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies for preventing and treating depression among AS patients.