Release Of Polyphenols Research Articles (Page 1)

Construction and structural characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels from Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace for oral drug delivery.

The retention of polyphenols in thermally processed noodles is constrained by interactions with starch and glutenin, critically impacting functional properties (antioxidant activity, starch digestibility modulation) and quality attributes. Current understanding lacks quantitative links between initial pomace particle size, polyphenol behavior throughout processing, and the resulting noodle properties. This study systematically investigated how Rosa roxburghii pomace particle size (0.1–250 μm), fractionated into five ranges, governs polyphenol extractability, retention in fresh/boiled noodles, and their functional and quality outcomes. Mathematical modeling established quantitative particle size–property relationships. The results indicated that polyphenol release was maximized at the 1–10 μm particle size. Total phenolic retention in boiled noodles was highest with 0.1–1 μm pomace, while the retention of specific phenolics peaked with 60–80 μm pomace. Fresh noodle hardness and gumminess decreased significantly, particularly with extracts from 1 to 40 μm pomace, whereas boiled noodles showed increased chewiness/adhesiveness. All polyphenol-enriched noodles exhibited suppressed starch digestibility and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Robust quadratic regression models predicted key properties based on particle size. Molecular interactions (hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic contacts, π–cation stacking, salt bridges) between key phenolics (EGCG, hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and isoquercitrin) and the gluten–starch matrix, critically involving residues Arg-86 and Arg-649, were identified as the underlying mechanism. These results demonstrate that precise control of pomace particle size regulates extract composition and molecular binding dynamics, providing a strategic approach to optimize functional noodle design.

In this study, the electrospinning technique was employed to encapsulate mountain germander (MG) polyphenolic extract into pullulan/zein (PUL:ZE) delivery systems stabilized with sunflower lecithin. The rheological and physical properties of the pullulan (PUL), PUL:ZE, and zein (ZE) polymer solutions were evaluated to assess their electrospinnability potential. Fabricated nanofibers were then characterized for their morphology, physicochemical, and thermal properties, as well as encapsulation efficiency and simulated in vitro digestion. The elastic component of the polymer solution, quantified by the Deborah number, showed a strong correlation with nanofiber diameter (r = 0.75). FT-IR spectra confirmed the role of sunflower lecithin as a mediator in the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions among PUL, ZE, and polyphenols. The circular dichroism spectra confirmed the influence of the MG extract on the change in the secondary conformation of the protein structure. The PUL:ZE delivery matrix proved to be suitable for the retention of phenylethanoid glycosides (encapsulation efficiency > 73%). The formulation 50PUL:50ZE was found to have the highest potential for prolonged release of polyphenols under gastrointestinal in vitro conditions. These findings propose a water-based electrospinning approach for designing polyphenolic delivery systems stabilized with lecithin for potential applications in active food packaging or nutraceutical products.

Punica granatum extract(PG), consistingof punicalagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, was loaded onto anFe3O4/Chitosan (Fe3O4@Chi)nanocomposite (Fe3O4@Chi-PG) to enhance pharmacokineticproperties. Fe3O4 was synthesized via the coprecipitationmethod and coupled with chitosan in 2% acetic acid solution via glutaraldehydecross-linking. The presence of interested polyphenols in the pomegranateextract was confirmed by HPLC analysis, and the extract was post-loadedto the nanocarrier. XRD confirmed the crystallographic orientationof the nanocarrier, and SEM analysis confirmed the successful couplingof Fe3O4 onto the chitosan surface during thefabrication of Fe3O4@Chi. BET surface area analysisrevealed the presence of micro- and mesopores in the synthesized materials.Significant reduction of the BET surface area and the pore volumeof Fe3O4@Chi-PG compared to Fe3O4@Chi suggested the loading of the porous network and surfaceby PG. The presence of vibrational bands corresponding to the functionalgroups of the relevant bioactive compounds was confirmed via FT-IRanalysis. The IC50 values of the nanocomposite for DPPHand egg albumin denaturation assays were 18.69 and 257.69 μg/mL,respectively. The PG encapsulation efficiency of Fe3O4@Chi-PG was reported to be 86.44%. The pH-responsive releaseof the polyphenols was studied by fitting the release data into fivekinetic models, including Korsemeyer–Peppas (KP) and Peppas–Sahlin(PS). The KP and PS models were selected to interpret the releasemechanism based on the R2 ≥ 0.95value. A combination of Fickian diffusion, relaxation, and swellingdominates the polyphenol release. Quasi-Fickian diffusion is responsiblefor the release in media with pH 1–6.7, whereas anomalous transportoccurs at pH 7.4 (n = 0.46) according to the KP model.Polymer relaxation is the dominant mechanism for the release of bioactivecompounds at pH 7.4, as exhibited by R/F > 1. However, the contributionof relaxation to the release of polyphenols at pH 2.5, 4, and 5.5was negligible according to the parameters (kR = 0). Characteristics of chitosan, including protonationand deprotonation of NH2 groups, surface charge of Fe3O4, ionization of COOH and OH groups of the polyphenols,and molecular weight of the active compounds, contributed to the differencesin the release behavior.

With growing consumer demand for functional dairy products, developing yogurts enriched with natural bioactive ingredients has become a research focus. Millet, a traditional cereal rich in polyphenols and dietary fiber, remains understudied in fermented dairy applications. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and functional activities of yogurt co-fermented with millet. Millet liquid, pre-treated through gelatinization and α-amylase liquefaction, was co-fermented with milk at addition ratios of 40% and 60% (w/w). The results indicated that millet liquid increased Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus viability (8.55-8.58 log CFU/g vs. 8.26 log CFU/g in the control), improved viscosity (up to 1.0-1.6-fold higher than the control), enhanced texture properties (51-65-fold increase in springiness, 4.3-4.6-fold higher chewiness), and reduced syneresis (18.6-49.2% lower than the control). Sensory evaluation revealed superior flavor and sweetness in millet-enriched yogurt, achieving significantly higher scores than plain yogurt (p < 0.05). Functionally, the 60% millet yogurt showed 77.8% and 84.3% higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities, respectively. Additionally, it suppressed DSS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in Caco-2 cells (27.2-69.7% inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). The improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may be attributed to polyphenol release from millet. This work highlights the potential of millet-milk co-fermentation for developing yogurts with enhanced texture, sensory appeal, and bioactive properties.

This study presents the development of antibacterial electrospun nanofibrous mats composed of keratin and polyethylene oxide, incorporating Echinacea purpurea L. (EchP) and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (bioAgNPs) produced using EchP extract. The successful synthesis of bioAgNPs was confirmed by colorimetric analysis, FTIR, XRD, and TEM. In vitro assays demonstrated antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at ~0.6 µg/mL. Keratin, extracted from sheep wool, retained partial native structure, supporting biocompatibility and cellular regeneration. Incorporation of EchP or bioAgNPs reduced solution viscosity by 25–45%, significantly affecting mat morphology and shifting fiber diameters toward the 50–100 nm range. Quantitative phytochemical analysis, conducted via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, showed 2–3 times higher release of tannins and phenolic compounds compared to hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Keratin electrospun mats with bioAgNPs exhibited about 1.5-fold lower polyphenol release, confirming the dual role of polyphenols as electron donors in Ag+ bioreduction and as stabilizers.

This study explores an innovative delivery strategy for the management of skin conditions: lipid nanosystems incorporated into a gel matrix. Echinacea purpurea extract, known for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, was encapsulated into lipid-based nanosystems and subsequently incorporated into Carbopol-based gel. The extract, rich in chicoric and caftaric acids, exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 56.9 µg/mL). The resulting nanosystems showed nanometric size (about 200 nm), high entrapment efficiency (63.10–75.15%), and excellent short-term stability. Superior biocompatibility of the nanosystems, compared to the free extract, was demonstrated using an MTS assay on L-929 fibroblasts. Moreover, the cytoprotective potential of the lipid carriers was evident, as pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that lipid-based encapsulation enhances the therapeutic profile of E. purpurea. The optimal lipid formulation was incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel, which demonstrated an appropriate pH (5.15 ± 0.75), favorable textural properties, sustained polyphenol release, and overall good stability. This research highlights the potential of plant-derived bioactives in the development of dermatocosmetic products, aligning with current trends in eco-conscious and sustainable skincare.

Dual-functional CS-ZBP nanoparticles (CS-ZBP-NPs): Kinetic study of polyphenol release and synergistic antioxidant-antibacterial performance.

Release and transformation patterns of polyphenols of rice at different milling degrees during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) has the potential to be utilized for polyphenol extraction to be used in functional food formulations and pharmaceutical formulations due to its health benefits. However, polyphenols are sensitive to environmental factors that reduce their stability and functionality. Therefore, encapsulation is necessary to protect their antioxidant capacity, mask undesirable flavours and smells, and, at the same time, allow the release of polyphenols in the gastrointestinal phases. This study encapsulated polyphenols using complex coacervation (CC) and spray drying (SD) with gum arabic (GA), sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (C), and gelatine (G), and evaluated yield (EY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading efficiency (LE), and bioaccessibility through in vitro digestion. The results showed that in the encapsulation using CC, the highest LE of 36.95 ± 7.63% was obtained using SA-G. In SD, significant differences in LE were observed among the tested encapsulant ratios, with the highest LE of 34.77 ± 1.2% achieved using GA (1:3). Bioaccessibility varied significantly depending on the encapsulation technique and encapsulating agent (EA) used. Using GA and spray drying (SD), the highest polyphenol release was achieved at 76.55 ± 5.10%, in contrast to only 6.41 ± 1.61% for the non-encapsulated extract. In conclusion, both techniques for encapsulating polyphenols extracted from CPH are efficient. However, SD allows for greater polyphenol bioaccessibility.

Infected wound treatment remains a critical challenge in clinical medicine. Although existing treatments, like local debridement, antimicrobial agents, and growth factor therapies, have demonstrated certain therapeutic effects, they primarily target only specific stages of wound healing. Moreover, the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance limits their efficacy. To address these challenges, this study employs click chemistry to develop a multifunctional composite hydrogel, aiming to provide a comprehensive and effective treatment strategy. This hydrogel hybrid system comprises methacrylated hyaluronic acid, sulfhydryl kappa-carrageenan, and tannic acid (referred to as HKT). By utilizing a one-step click chemistry strategy (thiol-ene reaction), we innovatively integrated a dynamically cross-linked network. This strategy eliminates toxic by-products while enabling sustained polyphenol release, establishing a therapeutic platform that orchestrates multistage interventions during infected wound management. The resulting composite hydrogel manifests appropriate mechanical characteristics, favorable rheological properties and strong tissue adhesiveness. Additionally, this hydrogel exhibits excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties, with a ROS scavenging rate reaching 69.62% and an antibacterial efficacy of up to 99%. Furthermore, it demonstrates outstanding biocompatibility and a balanced ability to modulate inflammation and promote angiogenesis. In vivo studies reveal a significant enhancement in wound healing efficiency, with an improvement of 48.4% compared to the control group. This study provides a theoretical and practical foundation for the multistage comprehensive management of infected wound healing.

In vitro starch digestion and release of polyphenols from corn starch-polyphenols complex

Polyphenol metabolism, short-chain fatty acids production, and microbiota changes during in vitro digestion and fermentation of Chilean beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Polyphenols are attractive candidates for biologicalsurface modificationsdue to their adhesive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobialproperties. However, the uncontrolled release of polyphenols, suchas tannic acid (TA), from the surface may lead to adverse biologicalresponses. Polyamino acids (PAAs), such as poly-l-lysine(PLL) and poly-l-arginine (PLR), improve wound healing andact as antimicrobial agents, but their high positive charge can resultin cytotoxicity. In this study, TA and PAAs were combined in layer-by-layer(LbL) coatings to take advantage of the beneficial biological propertiesof these molecules while limiting their release and the potentialdamage they can cause to the surrounding tissues. Coating formationwas monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation.Linear growth of the TA thickness versus time was observed for mostof the studied conditions. TA/PLR coatings resulted in higher dissipationshifts compared with TA/PLL, indicating that PLR results in more viscoelasticcoatings. Dissipation progressively increased with the number of depositedbilayers, the increase being more noticeable for TA/PLR. Modeled thicknessof the coatings was greater for TA/PLR than for TA/PLL coatings. Theinteraction between TA and PAAs in the LbL coatings was found to benoncovalent, as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) andUltraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The additionof PAAs to the coatings prevented the release of TA but reduced theirantioxidant capacity. Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) showed a higherviability on TA/PLL than on TA/PLR coatings. Cells adhered to bothmultilayer types and formed multiple focal adhesions (FA), which areessential for proper cell function.

In this study, an innovative and sustainable strategy for the valorization of olive leaves, an underutilized agro-industrial byproduct, was developed through enzymatic-assisted aqueous extraction to produce a polyphenol-rich olive leaf extract (OLE). The extract contained notable concentrations of hydroxytyrosol (0.53 mg/L), luteolin-7-o-glucoside (0.70 mg/L), apigenin-4-o-glucoside (0.18 mg/L), and oleuropein (4.24 mg/L). For the first time, this OLE was successfully nanoencapsulated into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) synthesized at Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, resulting in a series of OLE@LDH_Zn/Al_x/1 nanohybrids. Comprehensive structural characterization confirmed the successful intercalation of OLE within the LDH interlayer galleries. Antioxidant activity (via DPPH assay), total polyphenol content (TPC), and antibacterial tests were conducted to evaluate functionality. Among the nanohybrids, OLE@LDH_Zn/Al_1/1 exhibited the highest TPC (606.6 ± 7.0 mg GAE/L), the lowest EC50,DPPH, EC50,ABTS, and EC50,FRAP values (27.88 ± 1.82, 25.70 ± 0.76, and 39.42 ± 2.16 mg/mL), and superior antibacterial performance against E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, pH-dependent release revealed targeted polyphenol release under acidic conditions (pH = 1), simulating gastric environments. These results highlight LDHs, particularly with a Zn/Al ratio of 1:1, as promising nanocarriers for the stabilization and controlled release of plant-derived polar phenols, with potential applications in nutrition, food preservation, and biomedicine.

Release, digestion and fermentation properties of polyphenols bound to sea buckthorn polysaccharides: Mechanistic explorations from integrated in vitro and in vivo studies.

Abstract Encapsulating plant extracts into an alginate matrix is a propitious approach for developing novel antidiabetic agents. This study focused on preparing, characterizing, assessing release kinetics, and determining biological activities of aqueous extract of Catharanthus roseus L. encapsulated alginate nanoparticles (AqCR‐ANs). The AqCR‐ANs were prepared by the ionic gelation technique and were characterized. In vitro polyphenol release from the alginate matrix was determined at both pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. Antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant activities were assessed. The AqCR‐ANs had satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (62.02%), loading capacity (1.12%), and mean particle diameter (152 ± 33 nm). Notably, the release of polyphenols from AqCR‐ANs was low at pH 1.2 (50%–74%), compared to the release at pH 6.8 (50%–100%). AqCR‐ANs exhibited enhanced antidiabetic activity with low IC50 values of 0.60 ± 0.09, 9.35 ± 1.65, and 1.16 ± 0.07 mg/mL in the α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities, and antiglycation activity, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). AqCR‐ANs were more active against hypotonicity and heat‐induced hemolysis at IC50 values of 0.91 ± 0.04 and 0.09 ±0.01 mg/mL, respectively, compared to AqCR. In conclusion, the antidiabetic and ant‐inflammatory activities of AqCR‐ANs were improved upon encapsulation, while their antioxidant activity was preserved. AqCR‐ANs show promising potential to be developed as a nanoencapsulated antidiabetic drug lead with controlled release.

Melanoidins from stir-frying Atractylodes Macrocephala: Structural characterization, molecular weight distribution, and polyphenol delivery mechanism.

Microencapsulation of Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.: A novel strategy for improving antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as lindane, persist as toxic pollutants in river sediments, necessitating operative and effective remediation. An alkaline green tea (GT)/Fe2+ system shows promise for chemical reductive degradation of lindane through sustained polyphenol release. This study developed a novel in situ capping material (ISCM) composed of tea leaves, bentonite, sodium alginate, and pyrite. The GT ISCM exhibits strong water absorption, swelling, extended polyphenol release, and a stable reducing environment. Using the Taguchi method (L9 orthogonal array), the ISCM formulation was systematically optimized, and Analysis of Variance identified the optimal composition as 10 g bentonite, 0.5 g tea leaves, 0.25 g pyrite, and 0.1 g sodium alginate. Utilizing tea polyphenols as reducing agents, it immobilized lindane and promoted its degradation while preventing the formation of 1,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexene and trichlorobenzene, byproducts produced during alkaline hydrolysis. Under simulated field conditions, the ISCM significantly reduced lindane release from contaminated sediments into the aqueous phase, demonstrating high removal efficiencies. These findings underscore the potential of GT ISCM as a sustainable strategy for stabilizing and degrading lindane in contaminated sediments, providing a green alternative for OCP remediation.