Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers Research Articles

Study on characteristics of marine heavy fuel oil and low carbon alcohol blended fuels at different temperatures

The current study proposes heavy fuel oil (HFO)-methanol/ethanol blends as sustainable way shipowners can limit their emissions to acceptable levels. However, the blends of HFO- methanol/ethanol present miscibility problems, and little has been reported about the improvement of this situation within the existing literature. Hence, the primary aim of the current study is to prepare a blend of HFO- methanol/ethanol in the presence of n-butanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), that can be kinetically stable for at least 48 h. Also, the ternary systems’ viscosity, corrosivity, and sulfur content relative to that of neat HFO were ascertained. Finally, an economic feasibility of using the proposed ternary systems in comparison to an HFO + scrubber system, as two different pathways of meeting SOx emission standards is conducted. The ternary blends were undisturbed at an experimental temperature (20 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) for at least 48 h to observe their mutual solubility. After maintaining a 2-day single-phase solution, the best co-solvent for methanol-containing blends was PODE, and that of ethanol was THF. The oxygenated fuels decreased the kinematic viscosity well below that of a preheated/unheated HFO; reducing preheating cost and energy. The corrosivity of the ternary systems were extremely low and negligible. The HFO blend at 1:1 ratio showed a significant decrease in sulfur content of neat HFO. The study promotes the wide use of oxygenated fuels in the shipping industry; a positive step towards decarbonizing this transportation sector.

An experimental and modeling study on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE3) oxidation in a jet stirred reactor

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn, n ≥ 1) is a class of oxygenated fuels containing unique carbon-oxygen chain structure and a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this study, low-temperature oxidation characteristics of PODE3 were studied experimentally and numerically. Experiments were performed in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, in the temperature range of 500 to 950 K, and at atmospheric pressure. Mole fractions of PODE3, O2, H2, CO, CO2, CH3OH and C1-C2 hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatograph (GC). Experimental measurements were compared with the simulation results based on two literature low-temperature oxidation models, denoted as the He model and the Cai model, respectively. Good agreement was obtained between the measured and simulated fuel consumption profiles, while a deviation was observed between the experimental and simulation results on the mole fractions of O2 and intermediate products at medium temperatures. Reaction pathway analyses based on the two models were performed, revealing that the second O2-addition reaction pathway is more significant in the prediction by the Cai model than that by the He model. Sensitivity analyses pointed out that the most important reactions affecting fuel consumption are the H-abstraction reactions of PODE3, and the decomposition of H2O2 and the consumption of CH2O become more sensitive at medium temperatures.

Analyses and rates of reactions influenced by water in synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from trioxane and methylal

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) are promising diesel blend components with high oxygen content, high cetane number and similar properties to diesel. In this paper, we conducted a series of experiments for synthesizing PODEn over a HZSM-5 catalyst in a batch stirred autoclave using methylal and trioxane as reactants. Our research focused on the water influence on these syntheses by contrasting the differences from experiments with or without water and built reaction pathway and rate laws. The experimental and kinetic results showed that decrease of water amount could not only increase yields of the PODEn but also reduce the influences on formation rates of the desired products and eliminate some side reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize water amount in the raw materials for balancing costs of the feed and operation as well as yields of the products to maximize the economy in a commercial production of PODEn.

Ultra-low emissions of a heavy-duty engine powered with oxymethylene ethers (OME) under stationary and transient driving conditions

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising candidates as substitutes for fossil diesel fuel. A regenerative electricity-based production, using captured airborne carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) from water electrolysis as reactants, provides a valuable contribution to the energy transition in mobile applications. Besides the possibility of carbon-neutral production, OME offer the advantage of a sootless combustion, which resolves the trade-off between soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and supports the efforts of air pollution control. While the emission behaviour of OME-powered diesel engines in raw exhaust has been studied extensively, interactions between this exhaust and components of the after-treatment system are mainly unknown. This study contains investigations conducted using a urea dosing variation (alpha titration) on a heavy-duty engine in combination with a system for selective catalytic reduction (SCR). These investigations showed a lower NOx reduction efficiency in OME operation in partial load operation compared with the one in fossil diesel operation. This can be attributed, among other reasons, to lower exhaust temperatures in OME operation. However, the high tolerance of OME to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) compensates for this disadvantage because of the reduction of the raw NOx emission level. The difference in SCR efficiency disappeared at a high load operation point. Additionally, the alpha titration revealed, that urea dosing decreases formaldehyde emission in the SCR system. A pre-conditioned WHSC and WHTC cycle demonstrated the potential of an OME engine with after-treatment in the form of a twin-dosing SCR system for ultra-low emissions. For the specific evaluation of the emissions during these test cycles, this study contains the detailed calculation of the required factors – so-called ‘ u-values’– for OME exhaust according to the technical standard UN/ECE R49.

Experimental and kinetic modeling studies of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) pyrolysis in jet stirred reactor

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (DMMn) is regarded as a potential alternative fuel for transportation utilization. The jet stirred reactor (JSR) pyrolysis of DMM1−3 was studied at temperatures of 450∼1080 K and pressures of 1.03 atm with the residence time (τ) of 2 s. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS/FID) was used to detect and provide reliable pyrolysis experimental data. Seven key pyrolysis products were detected and measured in the present work, including fuel, methyl formate, methanol, acetaldehyde, methane, ethane and ethylene. A detailed kinetic model of DMM1−3 pyrolysis was elaborated. Both rate of production (ROP) and sensitivity analysis were performed to reveal the DMM1−3 pyrolysis processes. Results show that the chemical kinetic simulation can reproduce the consumption of fuel and most intermediate species reasonably well. With the increase of n from 1 to 3 inside DMM1−3, the reactivity increases evidently and the initial pyrolysis temperature decreases significantly, which is mainly resulted from different fuel-specific chain initiation reactions of DMM1−3. Methane and methyl formate are two detected key species with relatively significant concentrations. It was revealed that the fuel-specific chain initiation reactions of DMM1−3 can also significantly affect the production and consumption paths of methyl formate. In addition to the major production and consumption paths of formaldehyde, two key competitive channels were found to perform relatively high negative sensitivity to formaldehyde production of DMM2 and DMM3.

Experimental Research on the Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Diesel-PODE3-4 Blends

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) is a low-viscosity oxygenated fuel that can improve the volatility of blended fuels. In this work, the macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of diesel-PODE3-4 under different ambient temperatures and injection pressures (IP) are studied. The studied blends consisted of pure diesel (P0), two diesel blend fuels of 20% (P20) and 50% (P50) by volume fraction of PODE3-4. The Mie scattering and Schlieren imaging techniques are used in the experiment. The results show that with the increase in IP, the vapor phase penetration distance and the average cone angle of the three fuels increased, and the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the three fuels decreased. When the ambient temperature increased, the vapor phase projection area and the average vapor phase cone angle of P20 and P50 increased, and the SMD decreased, but the vapor phase projection area of pure diesel did not change significantly. The results indicate that the blended fuel with PODE3-4 has better spray characteristics than P0 at low temperature, and the SMD hierarchy between the three fuels is P0 > P20 > P50. Through the visualization experiment, it is helpful to further understand the evaporation characteristics of different fuel properties and develop appropriate alternative diesel fuel.

Theoretical predictions of compatibility of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers with diesel fuels and diesel additives

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) is an emerging biofuel that has a great potential to become one of the competitive alternative fuels for diesel engine due to their capability of reducing soot formation during combustion. The reliable methods for calculation/prediction of the miscibility of PODEn with diesel and the compatibility of PODEn with diesel additives are essential for the utilization of PODEn. The methods for accurate calculation/prediction of the liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) in the systems of PODEn, water and extractants are essential for the reliable design of the production process of PODEn. However, these methods are seldom reported. Here, the COSMO-RS is used to predict the LLE in the systems (PODEn + H2O + extractant), and good agreements with experimental results are achieved. Then, the COSMO-RS is used to predict the solubilities of neat PODE1−8 in six diesel hydrocarbons and three model diesel fuels at different temperatures. The results show that the solubilities of neat PODE1−8 in the diesel hydrocarbons and the model diesel fuels considered decrease with increasing the oxygen content and n value of PODEn. The miscibility of PODE3−4/PODE3−5 with diesel is also predicted. The results show that the miscibility of PODEn mixtures with diesel decreases with increasing the proportion of long-chain PODEn of the PODEn mixture. Meanwhile, the effect of other types of diesel additives on the miscibility of the PODEn mixtures with diesel is predicted. The results show that the anti-wear agent, CN improver, stabilizer and emulsifier considered can promote the miscibility of PODEn with diesel, while the pour point depressant considered decreases the miscibility of PODEn with diesel.

Auto-ignition of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE3) blended with diesel and gasoline via combustion under homogeneous charge compression ignition

• PODE 3 /diesel/gasoline blends in a HCCI engine are studied for the first time. • High temperature kinetic reactions are dependent on cetane number of fuel blend. • Oxygen from PODE 3 helps promote better ignition when gasoline is added to PODE 3 . • Gasoline addition to PODE 3 presents higher efficiency than diesel addition. • PODE 3 demonstrates high potential in encouraging clean combustion. With high oxygen content and cetane number, PODE 3 is a favorable renewable fuel for engines. PODE 3 /diesel/gasoline blends in a HCCI engine are numerically studied for the first time. The effects of fuel blend ratio and equivalence ratio (ER) on auto-ignition are investigated. A highly compact and robust chemical mechanism has been implemented. Crank angle at which 50 percent of heat is released (CA50) displays higher sensitivity towards blend ratio in leaner mixtures with 50% PODE 3 displaying a change of 12.31 CAD at 0.34 ER and only 6.19 CAD at 0.5 ER when made in comparison to their respective CA50 at 100% PODE 3 . Furthermore, indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) is observed to be better with higher ER with 100% PODE 3 having a 23.3% increase in ITE at 0.5 ER than at 0.34 ER, and is generally higher with increased PODE 3 . Neat PODE 3 displays lowest CO and highest CO 2 for all cases, manifesting high oxidation reactivity. Additionally, acetylene levels are substantially lower for combustions at 0.5 ER as compared to 0.34 ER. Lastly, PODE 3 yields only 2.04 × 10 −10 g/cycle and 5.67 × 10 −11 g/cycle of C 2 H 2 at 0.34 ER and 0.5 ER respectively. With nearly no soot precursors, PODE 3 demonstrates high potential in encouraging clean combustion.

Transient cavitation flow of the neat PODE (polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether) within a solenoid injector

Transient cavitation flow of the neat PODE (polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether) within a solenoid injector

Effects of water and methanol on synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from dimethoxymethane and paraformaldehyde

Water and methanol are two unavoidable by-products for synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) from dimethoxymethane (DMM) and paraformaldehyde (PF), but their effects have not been clearly studied. As DMM decomposes with water and is formed with methanol, the decomposition ratio of DMM is a key quantity to describe the effects of water and methanol. Using this quantity, a simple and accurate method was proposed for calculating CH2O conversion and a complete model of Schulz-Flory (SF) distribution was established in the presence of water/methanol, both of which were validated experimentally. Then the effects of water and methanol were investigated in detail. The presence of water and methanol had complicated effects on equilibrium of the reaction, and both significantly decreased the yield of PODE3-5. These results showed that both water and methanol should be removed from the recycling stream in an industrial plant to enhance the efficiency of the reactor.

Preparation and performance improvement of methanol and palm oil/palm kernel oil blended fuel

Using fossil fuels in engines has caused energy shortages, carbon emissions and environmental pollution. Methanol is considered as an alternative carbon-neutral fuel and energy carrier in the future, but it is hard to be used in diesel engines due to its awful auto-ignition property and low heating value. Blending methanol with vegetable oil can solve the above challenges. Palm oil (PO) ranks first in the total global vegetable oil production. Therefore, in the current study, a new method of preparing PO or palm kernel oil (PKO) with methanol was first proposed. Meantime, the microscope observation, conductivity measurement and other analysis on physico-chemical properties have been conducted. Results show that both methanol and PO/PKO can form stable microemulsion as tetrahydrofuran (THF), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) and butanol were selected as co-solvents, furthermore THF has the strongest solubilizing ability among the three co-solvents. PKO has a stronger affinity for methanol than PO. The electrical conductivity verified the structure and stability of the microemulsion. Copper, polypropylene, polyethylene and fluororubber are resistant to corrosion and swelling of blended fuels. This work provides valuable methods on preparing carbon-neutral fuel in diesel engines.

Preparation of ethanol and palm oil/palm kernel oil alternative biofuels based on property improvement and particle size analysis

With the continuous rise in fuel prices and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, the alternative biofuel which has good stability and is suitable for engine combustion is the focus of scientists' research. In this study, the method of mixing ethanol with palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) was used to improve the shortcomings of PO/PKO, such as high surface tension, high density and viscosity. Five co-solvents with a biological production background are selected: tetrahydrofuran (THF), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) and three butanol isomers to aid solubility. The results show that with the continuous dripping of the co-solvent, the PO/PKO and the ethanol gradually dissolve each other until the emergence of a single-phase liquid. Among the five co-solvents, the order of solubilization is THF > PODE > n-butanol > 2-butanol > iso-butanol. Also, with the increase in temperature, the solubility-assisting ability increases. When the particle size of the ternary blended fuel microemulsion system reaches the maximum value of 59.65 nm, the composition ratio of ethanol in the basic system is 50%. In addition, PKO has a stronger affinity with ethanol than PO; PKO can be completely miscible with ethanol when the experimental temperature is 35 °C. As the proportion of ethanol increases, the surface tension of the ternary system decreases by 36.2% at most. In terms of fuel property adjustment, THF has the best adjustment effect on solubility and viscosity. Butanol has the best adjustment effect on the density of blended fuel. PODE will corrode copper strips due to high oxygen content. In the future, according to the fuel demand in different scenarios, the proportion of each component in the blended fuel can be adjusted to achieve the optimum in practical applications.

Combustion Study of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers and Diesel Blend Fuels on an Optical Engine

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) are a newly appeared promising oxygenated alternative that can greatly reduce soot emissions of diesel engines. The combustion characteristics of the PODE and diesel blends (the blending ratios of PODE are 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% by volume, respectively) are investigated based on an optical engine under the injection timings of 6, 9, 12 and 15-degree crank angles before top dead center and injection pressures of 100 MPa, 120 MPa and 140 MPa in this study. The results show that both the ignition delay and combustion duration of the fuels decrease with the increasing of PODE ratio in the blends. However, in the case of the fuel supply of the optical engine being fixed, the heat release rate, cylinder pressure and temperature of the blend fuels decrease with the PODE addition due to the low lower heating value of PODE. The addition of PODE in diesel can significantly reduce the integrated natural flame luminosity and the soot formation under all injection conditions. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 50% and 100%, the chemical properties of the blends play a leading role in soot formation, while the change of the injection conditions have an inconspicuous effect on it. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 20%, the blend shows excellent characteristics in a comprehensive evaluation of combustion and soot reduction.

A comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling study of dimethoxymethane combustion

Dimethoxymethane (DMM, CH3OCH2OCH3), the simplest member in the class of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), is regarded as a promising fuel substitute for compression ignition engines. To better understand its combustion characteristics, a comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling study on the combustion of DMM was conducted. Ignition delay times (IDTs) of DMM/O2/Ar mixtures were measured in a shock tube at pressures from 1.0 to 10 atm, for temperatures from 1050 to 1450 K, and equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. A predominantly ab initio derived detailed kinetic model of DMM with 121 species and 646 reactions was developed based on AramcoMech2.0 with an updated sub-mechanism of methyl formate (MF, CH3OCHO). CO bond fissions occurred in CH2O and CH3O moieties were demonstrated to be the dominating reaction pathways in DMM high temperature chemistry rather than the competing non-radical decomposition channels. Flux and sensitivity analyses indicated that the two CO bond fissions have a comparatively promoting effect on reactivity, while the DMM = CH3OCH2O + CH3 reaction was the dominating channel at high temperatures. The proposed model was also validated against literature experimental data, including ignition delay times, jet stirred reactor species concentrations, laminar pre-mixed flame speciation, laminar burning velocities and plug-flow reactor speciation. The good performance of the proposed model for reproducing these data revealed its ability to predict DMM combustion over a wide range of conditions. Major reaction pathways of DMM could also apply to larger PODE compounds.

Understanding the blending effect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers as additive in a common-rail diesel engine

Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether (PODE) is known as a promising additive in the traditional diesel engine because it can reduce particulate matter emission in the exhaust gas. The reduction of the particulate matter emission when PODE is used as fuel additives is often attributed to the absence of C-C bond and the high oxygen content of the PODE molecular structure. In this paper, we have studied diesel-PODE3 blends at both low blending ratio (<10%) and high blending ratio (10–30%). We have found that the high oxygen content effect of PODE3 is only prominent in reducing the emission of particulate matter when there is a deficiency in the air supply of engine. Meanwhile, the effect of the absence of C-C bond has negligible impact on the emission of particulate matter. Moreover, an increase in the emission of the particulate matter was observed for the fuel blends containing low blending ratio of PODE3. This is attributed to the decrease in the mean chamber temperature for the PODE3-diesel blends as the lower heating value of PODE3 is much lower than diesel. Despite this, high blending ratio of PODE3 in diesel was found to still capable to decrease the emission of particulate matter. A summary chart has been proposed in this study to enable the prediction of the particle reduction ability of PODE3 additive under different blending ratios and engine loads. In addition, the combustion characteristics and gas emissions (HC and NOx) are also discussed in this paper.

Optical investigation on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers spray flame at different oxygen levels in a constant volume vessel

Optical investigation on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers spray flame at different oxygen levels in a constant volume vessel

Development of a reduced primary reference fuel-PODE3-methanol-ethanol-n-butanol mechanism for dual-fuel engine simulations

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) have attracted worldwide attention, which could be adopted as an alternative or additive of diesel in compression ignition engines. This work focuses on the implementation of PODE for dual-fuel engine combustion. The effects of four dual-fuel combinations on the engine combustion performance and emissions were studied, including PODE-isooctane, PODE-methanol, PODE-ethanol, and PODE-n-butanol. First, a new reduced mechanism of primary reference fuel-PODE3-methanol-ethanol-n-butanol was developed and validated. This mechanism was then employed for the three-dimensional numerical investigation. The results demonstrated that at an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate of 45%, PODE-n-butanol and PODE-isooctane generated higher thermal efficiencies than PODE-methanol and PODE-ethanol, primarily due to the higher reactivity of n-butanol and isooctane compared to methanol and ethanol. The highest thermal efficiency of 47.0% was obtained using PODE-NC4H9OH with a start of injection timing of −7.5°. With an EGR rate of 52%, NOx emissions of all cases met the regulation limit, which, however, were achieved at a sacrifice of engine efficiency; additionally, the highest thermal efficiency of 43.3% was achieved using PODE-CH3OH with an injection timing of −17.5°.

Construction of reduced oxidation mechanisms of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE1–6) with consistent structure using decoupling methodology and reaction rate rule

Due to high oxygen content and lack of CC bond, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) have become desired fuel additives to simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. However, there is a vacancy of reduced reaction mechanisms to describe the long-chain PODEn (n>3) combustion for engine simulations. This study aims at the construction of reduced mechanisms for the series of PODE1–6 with a consistent structure based on the decoupling methodology and reaction rate rule. First, the reduced mechanisms of PODE1–2 are constructed using the reaction class-based global sensitivity analysis and the decoupling methodology. In the reduced mechanisms of PODE1–2, the skeletal fuel-related sub-mechanism is integrated with a detailed H2/CO/C1 sub-mechanism and a reliable reduced C2–C3 sub-mechanism. Then, due to the similar molecular structure, the skeletal fuel-specific sub-mechanisms of the long-chain PODE3–6 are constructed based on the benchmark fuel of PODE2. The kinetic parameters of the reactions in the skeletal fuel-specific sub-mechanism of PODE3–6 are obtained using the modified linear lumping method and the reaction rate rule assumption. Through the approach proposed in this study, the reduced mechanisms of long-chain PODEn can be effectively constructed based on the chemistry of short-chain PODEn, especially for PODE5–6 with no available detailed mechanisms so far. The final reduced mechanism for the complete series of PODE1–6 only consists of 92 species and 389 reactions. To validate the predictions of the reduced mechanism, extensive comparisons are carried out including ignition delay times in shock tubes, major species concentrations in jet-stirred reactors, and laminar flame speeds and flame species concentrations in premixed laminar flames. Moreover, the measurements of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines fueled with PODE2–4 and PODE3–6 are used for the validations of in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and emissions. The overall performance of the reduced mechanism of PODE1–6 is satisfactory under wide operating conditions. This present approach can also be extended to build compact-size reduced mechanisms for the fuels with similar molecular structures, even though no detailed mechanism is available.

Evaluating OMEx combustion towards stoichiometric conditions in a compression ignition engine

Low energy density fuels combined with low temperature combustion modes have demonstrated a great contribution to engine-out NOx and soot reduction. Additionally, synthetic fuels have become an important way of reaching carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels and internal combustion engines. Specifically, poly-oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEx) have demonstrated great advantages in combination with conventional fuels with higher energy content to compensate that aspect to reduce NOx emissions below the EU VI homologation normative while maintaining ultra-low soot emissions with a great benefit in CO2 emissions in a well-to-wheel basis. Nonetheless, the properties of this fuel in single-fuel combustion strategies are not thoroughly investigated in the literature. The objective of this work is to investigate the capabilities of OMEx fuel under conventional combustion modes compared to those of conventional diesel combustion. To do this, an experimental characterization under stoichiometric combustion has been carried out to evaluate the impact on engine hardware demand and total emissions. Additionally, a brief exploration under leaner conditions is performed. The results obtained from this work point out that, even under ultra-high EGR rates to reach high fuel-to-air ratios, OMEx fuel can emit ultra-low soot and NOx emissions with more than 90% reduction compared to diesel on engine out emissions. Under stoichiometric conditions, a significant increase appears on CO, UHC due to excessive usage of EGR and equivalent fuel consumption is penalized from 15% to 40% depending on the operating condition, but under slightly leaner conditions, a region where equivalent fuel consumption is improved with respect to CDC appears, and the four main pollutants investigated are almost EU VI compliant, exposing a very high potential for this fuel.

Enabling robust simulation of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE3) combustion in engines

PODE3 reaction mechanism developments are still in the early stages with very limited research. In particular, reaction mechanisms to characterize PODE3 combustion are neither sufficiently compact nor robust for 3D numerical simulations. Hence, the current work seeks to develop a compact yet reliable PODE3 reaction mechanism, embedded with appropriate chemistry to describe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon reactions. A decoupling methodology has been employed to achieve the desired outcome. The final mechanism comprises only 120 species and 560 reactions even after including components of diesel and gasoline surrogates. It has been validated with ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, jet-stirred reactor species concentration profiles, flame species concentration profiles, extinction strain rates, heat release rates in constant volume combustion chamber, homogeneous charge compression ignition engine combustion, and direct injection compression ignition engine combustion. In a numerical investigation conducted using gasoline/diesel/PODE3 blends, soot emissions are observed to decrease with PODE3 increment, which establishes PODE3 as a promising additive. Intriguingly, the current study has also discovered that with 15% PODE3 addition, soot and its precursors will increase in concentration during combustion, though this effect will be outweighed by oxidative effects towards the end. Overall, the new mechanism has been proven suitable and feasible for engine simulations.