Percentage Of Polymorphism Research Articles

Analysis of genetic diversity in Prunus sibirica L. in inner Mongolia using SCoT molecular markers

Population genetic diversity contributes to the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, especially via genetic breeding. In the present study, start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) molecular markers were used to study the genetic diversity of 278 individuals from 10 Prunus sibirica L. populations in Inner Mongolia. A total of 289 polymorphic bands were amplified with 23 SCoT primers, showing a polymorphism percentage of 98.87% and an average of 12.6 polymorphic bands per primer. The SCoT21, SCoT32, and SCoT53 primers amplified up to 17 bands, and the polymorphism percentage was 100%. The minimum number of bands amplified by SCoT25 was 9, and the polymorphism percentage was 90%. Therefore, SCoT molecular markers were shown to be highly polymorphic and suitable for genetic diversity studies of P. sibirica in Inner Mongolia. The analysis of molecular variance showed that 39% of the observed genetic differentiation occurred among populations and 61% occurred within populations, indicating that the genetic differentiation within populations was greater than that among populations. The results of the unweighted pair-group method with an arithmetic cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis were basically the same and divided the 278 individuals from the 10 populations into 2 groups. The results indicated that the efficient SCoT molecular marker-based genetic diversity analysis of P. sibirica in Inner Mongolia can provide a reference for P. sibirica variety breeding and resource development.

Vital Parameters Assessments of Starvation Tolerance of in vitro Populus alba Culture

Populus alba is a large woody deciduous plant. The plant has been introduced to shooting, then multiplication of rooting on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. This work was designed to estimate the effect of two factors (low levels of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid NAA and sucrose) on P. alba response resulting in 6 treatments compared to the control, with twelve measured responses. There was a significant difference in some measurements in morphology, like plantlets fresh-weight, shoot-, root-length, and leaf number. In the physiological measurements, there were significant differences in all the measured parameters. The low concentrations of sucrose and media composition/power (MS grams/L) led to starvation in plants; however, these conditions led to enhancement in some morphological and physiological parameters to overcome the starvation effect, compared to the control. The RAPD-PCR molecular marker (four decamers) was used to evaluate the new individuals’ genetic variation (instability), resulting in a total polymorphism percentage of 50.83%. It was formerly known that the plantlets were identical to each other and to the mother plant. In this study, however, the use of distinct media power, hormonal and sucrose levels resulted in molecular variation reflected in P. alba’s morphological and physiological responses.

Genetic diversity study of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) populations via molecular markers

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity among Chrysoperla carnea samples collected from different locations of Iran (including, East-Azerbaijan, West-Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Hormozgan and Hamedan provinces) using the Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I - COI) molecular markers in 2016-2018. The results showed that a total of 64 bands were produced by ten primers of ISSR markers which among them 43 bands were polymorphic. The highest and lowest polymorphic percentages belonged to primer UBC-809 (88.88%) and primer UBC-886 (33.33%), respectively. The results of cluster analysis based on ISSR marker data divided the samples into three separate clusters. This grouping was also confirmed by analysis of molecular variance. According to the results of the analysis of molecular variance diversity within and among groups was about 84% and 16%, respectively. In the present study five haplotypes were obtained. The first haplotype (H1) was common in all populations which can be considered as the ancestral haplotype, the other haplotypes have been evolved from it. The novelty of this study is that we report the first time genetic diversity analysis of family Chrysopidae using ISSR and CO1 markers covering more than ten provinces and thirty cities of Iran with a full picture of its genetic diversity. Genetic distance matrix based on Jaccard index indicated low genetic distance of populations. The results showed that ISSR and CO1 markers have high efficiency in study of genetic diversity in the family Chrysopidae.

Analysis of leaf morphology variation and genetic diversity via SRAP markers for near-threatened plant Acer truncatum

To fully protect and utilize Acer truncatum resources, the phenotypic variation and genetic diversity of A. truncatum in different regions should be understood. In this study, leaves of A. truncatum trees from 15 provenances were used as experimental materials to analyze leaf morphological variation and genetic diversity at the molecular level. The results showed that the sizes of leaves of A. truncatum trees from different provenances were significantly different, and there was a certain correlation with the geographical environment: leaf size gradually decreased with increasing longitude, latitude and elevation. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the variation in leaf morphology among provenances concerned mainly the petioles, leaf width, and leaf length; there was no correlation between leaf morphological variation and geographic distance. From 240 pairs of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer combinations, 12 pairs that met the conditions were identified, and a total of 267 bands were amplified; 252 of the bands were polymorphic, with a polymorphism percentage of 94.38%, and an average of 22.25 bands and 21 polymorphic bands were amplified from each pair of primers. Ne, H and I indicated that A. truncatum has relatively high genetic variation and a rich genetic diversity at the species level. Among the provenances, H and I were 0.1754 and 0.2707 respectively, indicating that the genetic diversity among the provenances of A. truncatum was low. There were differences in genetic diversity parameters among the various sources. Yongji, Shanxi (6) had the highest genetic diversity, and Huixian, Gansu (15) had the lowest genetic diversity. The genetic similarity coefficients among the various sources ranged from 0.8404 to 0.9558, the range of variation was 0.1154, and the average coefficient was 0.9006. The provenance of Taian, Shandong (4) and Yongji, Shanxi (6) had the closest genetic relationship, with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.9558 and a D of 0.0824; Pingquan, Hebei (2) and Huixian, Gansu (15) were the most distantly related, with the largest D , and a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.8404. Cluster analysis based on the genetic similarity coefficient also showed that the D s and geographic distances of A. truncatum from different provenances were not correlated. These results provide a reference for research on A. truncatum germplasm management and ecological adaptability. • The leaf size gradually decreased with increasing longitude, latitude, and elevation. • The leaf morphology variation was mainly in the petioles, leaf width, and leaf length. • Among the provenances, H and I were 0.1754 and 0.2707, respectively. • The D s and geographic distances from different provenances were not correlated.

Assessment of molecular diversity and establishing phenotypic relationships in female and male genotypes of spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.)

Spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) is a highly nutritious vegetable crop with dioecious reproductive nature. Forty-eight spine gourd genotypes including 32 female and 16 male genotypes were assessed for molecular divergence to establish phenotypic relationships using ISSR markers. Twenty-two out of a total of 25 ISSR primers studied yielded a total of 88 bands of which 80 bands were polymorphic, with three of them being unique in their profile. Each primer thus produced a mean of 4.0 bands per marker, with 3.64 mean polymorphic bands per marker. Fifteen primers showed 100 percent polymorphism. In the dendrogram, genotypes were distinguished from each other with a similarity range of 0.465 to 0.959. A wider range of molecular diversity detected by ISSR markers reflected the presence of a high level of genetic variation forming different 5 broad groups of clusters. The clustering pattern based on molecular variation during this investigation revealed five clusters; of which cluster three had twenty-eight (all 16 malealong with 12 female genotypes) genotypes; while cluster 4 and 5 were mono-genotypic.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Genetic Diversity According to ISSR and SCoT Markers, Relative Gene Expression, and Morpho-Physiological Variation under Salinity Stress.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a halophytic crop that can withstand a variety of abiotic stresses, including salt. The present research examined the mechanisms of salt tolerance in five different quinoa genotypes at four different salinity levels (control (60), 80, 120, and 160 mM NaCl). ISSR and SCoT analysis revealed high polymorphism percentages of 90.91% and 85.26%, respectively. Furthermore, ISSR 1 and SCoT 7 attained the greatest number of polymorphic amplicons (27 and 26), respectively. Notably, LINE-6 and M-28 genotypes demonstrated the greatest number of unique positive and negative amplicons (50 and 42) generated from ISSR and SCoT, respectively. Protein pattern analysis detected 11 bands with a polymorphism percentage 27.27% among the quinoa genotypes, with three unique bands distinguishable for the M-28 genotype. Similarity correlation indicated that the highest similarity was between S-10 and Regeolone-3 (0.657), while the lowest similarity was between M-28 and LINE-6 (0.44). Significant variations existed among the studied salinity treatments, genotypes, and the interactions between them. The highest and lowest values for all the studied morpho-physiological and biochemical traits were recorded at 60 and 160 mM NaCl concentrations, respectively, except for the Na and proline contents, which exhibited the opposite relationship. The M-28 genotype demonstrated the highest values for all studied characteristics, while the LINE-6 genotype represented the lowest in both seasons. On the other hand, mRNA transcript levels for CqSOS1 did not exhibit differential expression in roots and leaf tissues, while the expression of CqNHX1 was upregulated more in both tissues for the M-28 genotype than for the LINE-6 genotype, and its maximum induction was seen in the leaves. Overall, the genotypes M-28 and LINE-6 were identified as the most and least salinity-tolerant, respectively.

Genetic Diversity of Turkish Cultivated Emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) Revealed by Microsatellite Markers

The aim of this study is to evaluate the genetic diversity of twelve populations for cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) species, which are important wheat gene resources and grown in different villages in Kars province (Turkey), using eleven microsatellite markers. SSR primers produced a total of 41 alleles and the average polymorphism percentage was 86.2%. The average number of alleles obtained from primers was 3.72. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values varied between 0.14 and 0.37 with the means of 0.26 value. The primers of Xgwm-46 (0.287), Xgwm-154 (0.304) and Xgwmn-361 (0.325) were identified as the most effective primers in understanding the genetic diversity of emmer genotypes. Local emmer wheat had a little higher allelic richness and gene diversity than cultivated wheat. Due to geographic and climatic variations, genetic differentiation was detected in these wheat populations.

Study of Parental Polymorphism and Allelic Variation for Grain Quality and Yield Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using SSR Markers

Aim: Identification of polymorphic markers is prerequisite for conducting any QTL mapping experiment because if the parents are polymorphic for the traits of interest, then further selection of plants in the progenies becomes easy. Hence, the objective of the present study was to identify polymorphic markers for grain quality and yield traits among the parental lines Improved Samba Mahsuri and Badshabhog.
 Place and Duration of Study: It was carried out at Molecular Breeding Lab, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, India, during 2019.
 Methodology: Two parents Improved Samba Mahsuri and Badshabhog were used for the present study. The DNA extraction was done as per the CTAB method suggested by Murray and Thompson. Standard PCR protocol was followed.
 Results: For parental polymorphism survey, a total of 576 randomly selected SSR markers including 26 gene specific markers related to aroma, cooking and eating quality, grain dimension and yield related traits distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice were used. Overall, 96 markers including 4 gene specific markers were found to be polymorphic between the two genotypes indicating a total polymorphism percentage of 16.67%. The highest polymorphism percentage was recorded on chromosome 6 (26.67%) followed by chromosome 4 (21.43%) and the lowest polymorphism percentage was observed on chromosome 10 (8.93%). The gene specific markers nksbad2, ARO7, BADEX7_5 and SSI were found to be polymorphic.
 Conclusion: Based on the present study it may be concluded that the polymorphic markers identified will further be utilized in genotyping of F2:3 population, linkage analysis and mapping QTL’s for grain quality and yield traits.

Genetic structure and diversity among individuals of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. from Mato Grosso, Brazilian Amazon, using ISSR markers

The Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and is home to around 20% of all the biodiversity on the planet, among the species present in the Amazon is Copaifera langsdorffii, exploited mainly for the extraction of oil-resin and wood, often in ways incorrect, which can cause the loss of genetic variability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure and diversity among individuals of C. langsdorffii located in Mato Grosso, Brazil, using ISSR markers. We sampled leaves from 27 adult individuals of C. langsdorffii, whose total genomic DNA was extracted. A total of 12 ISSR primers were used for the molecular characterization of the individuals. A grouping analysis was performed using the unweighted pair group method, Bayesian analysis and characterized by the genetic diversity. The genetic diversity among and within the groups was demonstrated by the AMOVA. As a result, 106 fragments were amplified and 98.11% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content of each primer ranged from 0.45 to 0.81. The dendrogram showed the formation of 4 distinct groups. The greatest genetic variability is found within the groups and not between them. The percentage of polymorphism, genetic dissimilarity values and genetic diversity indexes indicate that there is high genetic variability among Copaifera langsdorffii individuals, suggesting that ISSR primers were efficient in detecting polymorphism in this species and that the individuals have potential for compose programs aimed at the preservation of the species and the ability to integrate germplasm banks.

Genetic Stability of in vitro Propagated Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Al-Bayadi

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) fruit crops are a significant source of antioxidants, fibre, and nutrients; all are vital for a healthy diet and play a key role in the economy of several advanced and developing countries. It is of great importance to generate true-to-type plant products using in vitro propagation system. Thus, somaclonal variations can multiply very rapidly which leads to loss of the main features of parent rootstocks. In this research, a mixture of three Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based molecular marker methods – (conserved DNA derived polymorphism) CDDP, (Inter-simple sequence repeat) ISSR, and DNA barcoding – have been used to verify micro propagated grapevine genetic stability. Both ISSR and CDDP primer combinations produced scorable PCR fragments. The total number of bands was 98 and 109, with an average of 9.8 and 10.9 bands/primer in ISSR and CDDP assays, respectively. On the other hand, about 20 polymorphic bands were collected by CDDP primers, of CDDP-3 and CDDP-11produced 1 and 5 bands, with a polymorphism percentage of 11% and 33%, respectively. About 5 different unique PCR bands were detected in the mother plant (control) and were not observed in micro propagated plantlets (MP) samples of grapevine plant or vice versa. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using ISSR and CDDP assays diverged the control from MP samples at 1.3% and 7%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree constructed using (chloroplast gene RNA polymerase1) rpoC1 gene, multiple sequence alignment revealed that rpoC1 gene sequencing detected small genetic differences between control and MP samples of the grapevine and clustered grapevine control and MP samples to a single cluster with other Vitis species. This experiment reveals the potentiality of using CDDP, ISSR, and DNA barcoding in detecting the somaclonal variation of grapevine varieties subjected to tissue culture as a tool for plant conservation and breeding programs.

CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISM IN BULGARIAN PATIENTS WITH REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS – ONE GENETIC CENTRE EXPERIENCE

Chromosomal polymorphism is described as normal variants at chromosomal regions with no impact on the phenotype but a possible correlation to infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the chromosomal polymorphisms involved in families with reproductive failures in the Bulgarian population. Material and methods: A total of 1733 patients with unexplained reproductive failures who visited the Laboratory of Medical Genetics – Varna, Bulgaria, (2004 - 2019) were investigated by conventional cytogenetic analysis GTG and CBG differential banding techniques and analyzed at the resolution 400-550 GTG bands. Results: Chromosomal polymorphisms were found in 173 infertile patients (9,98%). The sex distribution was 6,52% males and 3,46% females. The most frequent finding was inv(9)(qh) (23,7%). The other chromosomal variants, which were found, consisted: 9qh+/- variants (15,1%); polymorphisms on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes (21,4%); 16qh+ (12,7%) and 1qh+ (6,9%). Y chromosome polymorphism was found in 27,4% of the males with polymorphisms. Two rare cases of polymorphism involving the centromere regions - 19qcenh+ and 20pcenh+ were also found. Conclusion: There is growing evidence that polymorphisms may have a clinical impact on fertility and could take part in the etiology of RF. In this study, we found a significantly high percentage of polymorphisms (9,98%) among the tested patients, and they were more common among males. The statistical significance of increased incidence of chromosome variations found in our study emphasizes the need for routine evaluation of their role in families with RF in our country.

In Vitro Conservation and Genetic Stability in Vanilla planifolia Jacks.

Vanilla planifolia Jacks. is a species of great economic importance, since vanillin, a compound highly valued in the food and pharmaceutical industry, is extracted from its pods. This species is in the category of special protection, so it is important to take actions for its conservation and to maintain the genetic stability of the conserved germplasm. An adequate way to achieve this is through the minimal growth in vitro conservation techniques. The present work aimed to establish an in vitro conservation protocol for vanilla germplasm that allows the genetic stability of the conserved material. For the establishment of the minimal growth in vitro conservation protocol: two concentrations of basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (50% and 100%), two incubation temperatures (4 and 22 °C) and two concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) (3 and 5 mg⋅L−1) were evaluated. To evaluate the genetic stability of the germplasms used in this study (cultivated, wild, and V. insignis morphotypes) by analyzing the profiles of molecular markers SSR (simple sequence repeats) and ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats). The MS medium (100%) supplemented with 3 mg⋅L−1 of ABA and incubated at 22 °C, was the best treatment for the in vitro conservation of Vanilla spp. Compared with the control treatment, it allowed us to obtain smaller shoots (1.17 × 0.17 cm), which showed high genetic stability, given by the low percentages of polymorphism detected in morphotypes cultivated and wild (SSR 0%, ISSR 2%) and V. insignis (SSR 0%, ISSR 0%). We conclude the usefulness of the established protocol to conserve the genetic variation of the evaluated Vanilla germplasm.

Genetic variability and population structure of Ethiopian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm.

Evaluation of the genetic diversity and an understanding of the genetic structure and relationships of chickpea genotypes are valuable to design efficient germplasm conservation strategies and crop breeding programs. Information is limited, in these regards, for Ethiopian chickpea germplasms. Therefore, the present study was carried out to estimate the genetic diversity, population structure, and relationships of 152 chickpea genotypes using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Twenty three SSR markers exhibited polymorphism producing a total of 133 alleles, with a mean of 5.8 alleles per locus. Analyses utilizing various genetic-based statistics included pairwise population Nei's genetic distance, heterozygosity, Shannon's information index, polymorphic information content, and percent polymorphism. These analyses exemplified the existence of high genetic variation within and among chickpea genotypes. The 152 genotypes were divided into two major clusters based on Nei's genetic distances. The exotic genotypes were grouped in one cluster exclusively showing that these genotypes are distinct to Ethiopian genotypes, while the patterns of clustering of Ethiopian chickpea genotypes based on their geographic region were not consistent because of the seed exchange across regions. Model-based population structure clustering identified two discrete populations. These finding provides useful insight for chickpea collections and ex-situ conservation and national breeding programs for widening the genetic base of chickpea.

Полиморфизм количественных признаков морозника зеленого (Helleborus viridis L.)

Hellebores in a number of countries are economically important ornamental crops, and these plants are also sources of glycosides used for medicinal purposes. In the literary sources, it was not possible to find information on the variability of the traits of Helleborus viridis L., and this must be known for directed plant breeding. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the polymorphism of quantitative traits in hellebore green in the collection of the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden (Moscow, Russia). Quantitative data collection was carried out in 2021. There were 20 traits, including 2 traits of plant habit, 8 traits of a leaf, 6 for a flower and 4 for a fruit. Statistical processing of the data was carried out using the calculation of the coefficients of variation and carrying out one-way analysis of variance. It was found that a high percentage of polymorphism falls on the parameters of the leaf, and a low variability - in the traits of a flower and a fruit. Features of the genotype affect the parameters of leaves by 20-30%, and no significant effect on other parameters was found. Keywords: HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS L., HELLEBORE GREEN, ANALYSIS OF VARIABILITY, CORRELATION, CONTAINER GROWING

Evaluation of genetic diversity by morphological, biochemical and molecular markers in sour cherry genotypes.

Turkey's ecological and geographical diversity allows the cultivation of most plant species that have economic importance throughout the country. One of these species, sour cherry, is among the stone fruits that are very important for human health. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity of 21 sour cherry genotypes grown from seed in Kelkit Valley and standard Kutahya cultivars. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular marker techniques [ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat)] was used to determine genetic diversity. G11 in terms of fruit characteristics, particularly weight with 4.81g, and G20 in terms of leaf width produced better results than the other genotypes with 40.10mm. Molecular marker analysis, a total of 70 bands were obtained from 12 ISSR primers and 49 of them were polymorphic. The mean polymorphism rate in the study was 70%, and the DICE's similarity coefficient of genotypes differed between 0.81 and 0.95. Polymorphism percentages of the ISSR primers varied from 20 to 100%. In biochemical analyzes, G17 with 140.18mg QE/100g in total flavonoids content, G19 with 208.63mg GAE/100g in total phenolics content, G19 with 8.33mg cyn-3-gluc/100g in total anthocyanin content compared to other genotypes prominent genotypes. The use of the obtained results in breeding studies to be carried out on this species, as well as the detection and protection of gene sources, may be beneficial for researchers.

Domestication Strategies of Tinfoil Barb Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1854): Potential Candidate for Freshwater Aquaculture Development

This paper discussed domestication strategies of Tinfoil barb from different populations for evaluation of potential fish candidate for freshwater aquaculture development. Collection and maintenance of wild-caught adult fish was the first step in domestication strategies followed by characterization of fish, broodstocks selection and maturation, control of fish reproduction, and larval rearing. The Tinfoil barb presented an excellent performance to adapt to the new environment. This was indicated by survival rate of the fish acclimated in the captive environment of about 69.28 ± 19.64% for five weeks. Phenotypic characterization revealed that Tinfoil barb collected from Borneo, Java, and Sumatra have different morphological characters. Based on genetic characters, polymorphism percentage and heterozygosity of the Borneo tinfoil barb population provided the highest performance followed by Java and Sumatra. The growth model of all Tinfoil barb populations was allometric negative indicating a faster increase in length than in weight. Reproductive performance presented that the fecundity of Tinfoil barb female from Borneo was the highest (2795-5099 eggs/gram) followed by Sumatra (1822-2976 eggs/gram) and Java (2210 eggs/gram). The artificial reproduction performance of broodstock from Borneo also presented more excellent performance than other population after hormonal treatment. Fertility rate and hatching rate were 94,33+0,29 % and 77,44+1,03%, respectively. Java Tinfoil barb had fertility rate 93+0,05% and hatching rate 73,67+3,15%, while it was no fertility rate and hatching rate obtained from Sumatra brood-stock group. Wild-caught adult Tinfoil barb from Borneo population presented the best performance used for potential brood-stock regarding genetic characters, reproductive performances, and response to artificial reproduction. Future studies need to be concerned with the acceleration of gonad maturation and the improvement of larval rearing technology for improvement of domestication strategies of Tinfoil barb as a potential candidate for freshwater aquaculture development.

Genetic variability of Sargassum liebmannii on the coast of Jalisco in the central Mexican Pacific revealed by molecular markers and morphological traits

Sargassum liebmannii is widely distributed throughout rocky, coastal upwelling areas in the tropical Mexican Pacific. This brown algae is of great environmental and industrial importance. However, no information is available that documents the genetic or phenotypic variability of the species, which is needed to determine how it may react to environmental variation related to climate change. In this study, S. liebmannii specimens were collected from the coast of Jalisco, Mexico, and molecular and morphological characterization was conducted. Intraspecific variability was estimated according to the study areas. The inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers indicated a polymorphism percentage of 95%. The Shannon index and Nei index showed relatively low values among the populations (0.3569 and 0.081, respectively). On the other hand, the genetic differentiation coefficient indicated inter- and intrapopulation values of 36.69% and 63.31%, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to determine the degree of similarity among individuals by geographical area. The morphological characteristics and environmental variables that were used to correlate phenotypes and genotypes indicated that S. liebmannii showed low genetic flow because of the presence of geographical barriers due to substrate that was not optimal for algal development. The ISSR markers were useful for detecting genetic differences among S. liebmannii individuals. The results indicate that a coupled genotypic-phenotypic study is beneficial for documenting the variation present in the little-studied algal species. These studies may be used in future research to clarify taxonomic controversies while generating additional genomic information. How to cite: Jung-Kim HW, Hernández-Herrera RM, Enciso-Padilla I, et al. Genetic variability of Sargassum liebmannii on the coast of Jalisco in the central Mexican Pacific revealed by molecular markers and morphological traits. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.08.003

Molecular variability and salinity effects on growth characters and antioxidant enzymes activity in Egyptian barley genotypes

To evaluate the response of ten barley genotypes to high yield potency and constant performance under normal and saline soil conditions this study was carried out. All agronomic studied traits were significantly decreased due to saline stress. The main genotypic effect and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that Lines 6, 4, 8 and Giza-123 were the highest in the productivity and more tolerant to saline stress. Results of SSI indicated that, some genotypes were considered to be the highly tolerant for the studied traits. Also, the physiological response of barley leaves to salinity indicated that the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes were changed in equal with the increased salt concentrations in tolerant genotypes. Under gradual salt stress intensity, Lines 3, 5 and 6 showed highly increase in their peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (POX) effectiveness associated with a significant altitude in their germination rate especially at 10 dsm−1 of NaCl. All genotypes recorded a significant excess in their activities under mild salt stress concentration (10 dsm−1 of NaCl) followed by a strong reduction in POD and CAT activities at sharp stress (14 dsm−1 of NaCl). While POX activity showed higher increase at14 dsm−1 of NaCl as compared to 10 dsm−1 of NaCl and control treatments. Molecular analysis showed that a total of 90 different loci with an average of 12.86 loci per RAPD primer were amplified from different barley genotypes in the three different systems, single, double and triple-RAPD, out of them, 77 loci (85.56%) were found to be polymorphic. The total percentages of polymorphism were decreased with increasing the number of primer combinations which recorded 91.67, 82.35 and 62.50% of polymorphism in the single, double and triple-RAPD systems, respectively, indicating that single-RAPD technique showed the highest percentage of polymorphism (91.67).

Assessment of Genetic Variability among Onion (Allium cepa L.) Cultivars using RAPD and SRAP Molecular Markers

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, however, limited studies are available on genetic variability of onion resources. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of twelve onion cultivars which are widely grown in different regions of Sudan, using RAPD and SRAP markers. A total of 32 RAPD and 21 SRAP primers were screened. To assess variability, the data generated were used to group the cultivars using Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity. Only 20, out oftested RAPD primers were producible and showed 326 different-sized DNA fragments with one or more of the tested cultivars giving an average of 27.17 alleles per cultivar. Hundred percent polymorphism was recorded for each of the primers tested with high polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.89 to 1.00. In SRAP analysis, 8 out of 21 primer pairs tested,produced bands of different sizes. A total of 66 DNA fragments were detected for the 12 cultivars with an average of 5.5 alleles per cultivar. The number of different fragments generated by each primer ranged from one to eight and 100 percent polymorphism was recorded for each of the primers tested with high PIC of approximately 1.00. Similarity matrices constructedusing RAPD, SRAP or the combined data suggested a relatively high level of genetic diversity among the 12 onion cultivars, the most diverse cultivars were Shendi yellow and Baftaim red hybrid with 14 % similarity. The study revealed that although both molecular markers used were efficient in elucidating genetic diversity among the tested onion cultivars, SRAP markerswere the most potential and could be used as an integrated approach in onion breeding programmes.

Genetic Divergence among Populations of Invasive Alien Species Lantana camara L. from Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Lantana camara L., a well-known invasive alien species causing invasion and posing threat to native plant species community in different regions of Bangladesh. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of L. camara populations in different regions of Bangladesh. Eight RAPD markers were used in order to probe into its genetic variability. Total number of bands (202), polymorphic loci (104), per-centage of polymorphism (97.20%), average Shanon’s information index (0.3051±0.115), Nei’s gene diversity (0.4733±0.144) was found and in different populations and multiple divergent genetic clustering along with presence of unique alleles (4) for RAPD revealed high genetic diversity among the populations of L. camara in different regions of Bangladesh.