Polymeric Dye Research Articles

Eco‐Friendly Colorimetric Nanofiber Design: Halochromic Sensors with Tunable pH‐Sensing Regime Based on 2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline and 2‐n‐Butyl‐2‐Oxazoline Statistical Copolymers Functionalized with Alizarin Yellow R

AbstractColorimetric nanofibers provide visual, easy‐to‐interpret sensors for personal use as well as advanced applications. The potential of 2‐n‐butyl‐2‐oxazoline (B) and 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (E) statistical copolymers as a universal, versatile support platform for nanofibrous halochromic sensor design is demonstrated. These polymers are electrospinnable from eco‐friendly solvent systems, while wettability, moist adsorption capacity, and water‐solubility of the membranes can be easily tuned by changing the B/E monomer ratio, ensuring wide applicability. The halochromic sensing functionality is introduced by incorporating the alizarin yellow R (AYR) chromophore, which is covalently modified with an ethyl ester‐group or a short poly(2‐n‐butyl‐2‐oxazoline) chain, which is demonstrated to simultaneously prevent dye‐leaching and allows tuning of the halochromic pH‐sensing window. The colorimetric nanofibrous sensors reversibly respond toward aqueous solutions of different pH, (hydrochloric) acid and alkaline (ammonia) vapors, and several biogenic amines with detection limits as low as 5 ppb. Tunability of sensor responsivity, sensitivity, and pKa via manipulation of dye–polymer interactions, determined by support polymer structure and semi‐crystallinity, as well as the chain length of the AYR‐modified polymer, are discussed. Preliminary proof‐of‐principle studies indicate the potential of the developed sensors for sub‐ppm biogenic amine vapor detection, which may serve as the basis for future applications in food packaging or breath analysis.

Preparation and characterization of novel Yellow-Green fluorescent polymerizable dye and its copolymer with application of highly selective sensor for cations iron

PurposeIn this work, A new 4–(2-aminoethylene) amino-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide with intense green fluorescent was synthesized. This low molecular weight compound was immobilized by forming a covalent-bond with an acrylonitrile polymer containing carboxylic acid groups. The new prepared dye and self-coloured polymer were characterized by analytical techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe synthesized compounds were characterized by TLC, DSC, FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, GPC, UV–visible and Fluorometery. The photophysical characteristics of the dye and polymer containing naphthalimide moiety in the side chain, were measured both in the absence and in the presence of Ag+, Cd+2, Co+2, Cr+3, Cu+2, Fe+3, Hg+2, Ni+2, Pb+2 and Zn+2 cations.FindingsThe results showed that the characterization of the synthesized dye and its polymer verified their structural correctness. It is shown that dye and polymer are photo-induced electron transfer (PET) fluorescent sensors which exhibit fluorescence quenching in the presence of metal ions. Among the various metal ions, both dye and polymer are more sensitive to Fe+3 cations.Originality/valueThis study is original. A 4–(2-aminoethylene) amino-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide and its self-coloured polymer were synthesized for the first time, successfully.

Synthesis of an amino-terminated waterborne polyurethane-based polymeric dye for high-performance dyeing of biomass-derived aldehyde-tanned chrome-free leather

An amino-terminated waterborne polyurethane-based polymeric dye (AWPUD) was synthesized for the high-performance dyeing of chrome-free leather tanned by biomass-derived aldehyde (BAT). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H NMR spectra illustrated the successful synthesis of AWPUD via incorporating small-molecule dyes (SMDs) (C.I. Acid Red 14) and sodium 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonate into the polyurethane skeleton. The amino group content of AWPUD was tested to be 1.34 wt% (based on dry weight), which included 0.65 wt% of terminal amino groups. The characteristic absorption peaks of AWPUD were observed at 538 nm and 573 nm, similar to those of SMDs. AWPUD-dyed crust leathers exhibited better dyeing performances than SMD-dyed crust leather in terms of comparable dye penetration degree, lower chroma of wastewater, and higher filler-dye uptake ratio. In addition, AWPUD-dyed crust leathers had higher dyeing uniformity, dry-wet rubbing resistance, and thermal stability. Meanwhile, AWPUD-dyed crust leathers had better comprehensive physical properties in terms of higher mechanical strengths, comparable softness, and smooth grain surface. These results suggest that AWPUD has the great potential to be used in the high-performance dyeing of BAT-tanned leather.

Ferroelectric barium titanate microspheres with superior light-scattering ability for the performance enhancements of flexible polymer dye sensitized solar cells and photodetectors

In this study, barium titanate microspheres (BTMS) comprising 10 to 20 nm thick one-dimensional (1D) nanorods have been synthesized via a dual-stage hydrothermal process and used as photoelectrode material for the fabrications of high-performance flexible dye sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs) and photodetectors. Crystal structure and morphological analyses have indicated a rutile phase TiO2 microspheres (RTMS) intermediate is transformed as tetragonal BTMS during the hydrothermal process. Because of the superior light-scattering ability and reduced charge recombination at the BTMS/TiO2 nanoparticles film/electrolyte interface by the ferroelectric dipoles of BaTiO3, BTMS/TiO2 nanocomposite based FDSSC photoanode has demonstrated ~1.7-fold higher power conversion efficiency (PCE = 4.53%) than the pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles based FDSSC photoanode (PCE = 2.66%). A high dielectric permittivity (ɛr = 3114 at 25 °C) and tangent loss (ɛ˝) obtained for the BTMS at low AC frequencies have confirmed their superior dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics over RTMS (ɛr = 888 at 25 °C), created by the strain induced ferroelectric polarization of 1D BaTiO3 nanorods. Similarly, the BTMS coated PET based flexible photodetector has produced quantum efficiency (QE) of 1.1% with an excellent photoresponse, which further indicated the ferroelectric polarization aided photocurrent generation in the BTMS based photoactive materials.

Wastewater treatment and Mycoremediation by P. ostreatus mycelium

Wastewater from industries contains a considerable amount of chemicals and is characterized by high biological oxygen demand (BOD), heavy metals, intense color and are thus toxic to the environment. White-rot fungi such as Oyster mushrooms are comprised of high biomass and various degradative enzymes that add to another dimension of use, such as mycoremediation. The mushroom was maintained in vitro in mycelial form. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Methyl Red (M.R.), and Malachite Green (M.G.) dyes, which are recalcitrant dyes that are often used for the preparation of many polymeric dyes, and textile dyeing, were used to test the decolorization potential of natural isolates of oyster mushroom. Mycelium was grown in the presence of RBBR, MR, and M.G. at a concentration of 100μM. It was found to decolorize more than 70%, 95%, and 80% of RBBR, MR, and M.G. dye, respectively, within 6 days. Mushroom mycelium was also tested for its lead tolerance and heavy metal biosorption potential. Lead tolerance was studied up to 500mg/L, which shows species′ latent growth with fungal morphology changes. Biosorption ability was observed by the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma spectrometry, which shows lowered concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni) after 5 days of mycelial growth in the presence of these metals. The isolated strain was also found to have significant decolorizing and degrading potential for synthetic dyes and phenolic compounds in industrial effluents. This study focuses on edible oyster mushrooms′ ability to develop environmentally less aggressive processes in the treatment of industrial effluents.

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Nanocomposite Film Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Polymer and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium Dye as a Low Radiation Dosimeter in Medical Diagnostics Application.

Dosimetry is a field of increasing importance in diagnostic radiology. There has been a realization among healthcare professionals that the dose of radiation received by patients via modern medical X-ray examinations could induce acute damage to the skin and eyes. The present study highlights the synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol/nitro blue tetrazolium nanocomposite films (PVA/NBT) for radiation detection depending on chromic, optical, chemical and morphologic changes. First, we synthesized the nanocomposite film-based PVA doped with NBT and the different parameters of the preparation procedure were optimized. Then The films were exposed to different low X-ray doses on the scale of mGy level (0, 2, 4, 10 and 20 mGy). The sensitivity and the performance of the made composite films were evaluated via different characterization methods. Indeed, the response curve based on UV-Vis absorptions revealed a linear increase in absorbance with increased radiation doses (R = 0.998). FTIR analysis showed a clear chemical modification in recorded spectra after irradiation. X-ray diffraction assessment revealed clear structural changes in crystallinity after ionization treatment. SEM analysis showed a clear morphological modification of PVA/NBT films after irradiation. In addition, the prepared PVA/NBT films exhibited excellent pre- and post-irradiation stability in dark and light. Finally, the quantitative colorimetry study confirmed the performance of the prepared films and the different colorimetric coordinates, the total color difference (∆E) and the color strength (K/S) showed a linear increase with increasing X-ray doses. The made nanocomposite PVA/NBT film might offer promising potential for an effective highly sensitive medical dosimeter applied for very low doses in X-ray diagnostic radiology.

High concentration acid-induced discoloration polymeric dyes fabricated with UV-curable azobenzene-lignin-based waterborne polyurethane

A durable and reversible acid-induced discoloration azobenzene UV-curable lignin-based waterborne polyurethane polymeric dye (EDA-ULPD) is prepared from lignin, azobenzene and pentaerythritol triacrylate(PETA) by chemical modification of waterborne polyurethane. Lignin and PETA are chemically bonded to the polyurethane chain to improve thermal stability, UV resistance and color fastness, while also endow the polymeric dye with UV curing performance, which is a green and environmentally friendly fixing way. The acid-induced discoloration property of EDA-ULPD with azobenzene chromophore side chain is comparable to those of 4-ethyl-4-2,2′-dihydroxy diethylamine azobenzene (EDA). As the pH value decreases from 7 to 1, the maximum absorption peak of EDA-ULPD from 420 nm to 530 nm, and the color change from yellow to pink due to the transformation of EDA molecular structure from diazo to hydrazone. Interestingly, when EDA-ULPD is fixed to the fabric in the way of UV curing, its printed fabric exhibits the performance of high concentration acid-induced discoloration (1 mol·L−1 HCl) due to the cross-linked structure formed by EDA-ULPD. The acid-induced discoloration property of EDA-ULPD printed fabrics also presents outstanding repetitious stability. The stimulus response printed fabric with reversible high concentration acid discoloration possesses a broad application prospect in smart textiles.

Fully-water-soluble BODIPY containing fluorescent polymers prepared by RAFT method for the detection of Fe3+ ions

The development of water-soluble polymer dyes is of great practical and scientific significance. In this article, small fluorescent molecule boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) bearing C=C bond was synthesized first. And then, via Suzuki reaction, recognition groups were introduced into the 2, 6 positions of BODIPY. Thus polymerizable fluorescent monomers were prepared. Finally, methacrylic acid (MAA) was copolymerized with the as-prepared small molecular fluorescent monomers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization methodology. Four fully-water-soluble polymer sensors with BODIPY moieties in the end of the polymer chain were obtained eventually. In the presence of long PMAA chain, and by the assistance of it, BODIPY could be dissolved totally in water. These polymer sensors exhibited sensitive and selective recognition ability to Fe3+. Even the content rate of BODIPY was as low as 0.5% of the polymer (calculated from element analysis), the detection limit could reach 1.2 μM. The sensors with two recognition groups in one BODIPY unit were more sensitive than that with one recognition groups in each BODIPY unit. The sensing mechanism was investigated as well. By endowing the water solubility to organic sensors, the application scope could be greatly enlarged in sensing metal ions in aqueous environments. This work provides a method to develop water soluble high performance polymer sensors.

Synthesis of chitosan-based polymeric dyes as colorimetric pH-sensing materials: Potential for food and biomedical applications

pH-sensitive polymeric dyes were fabricated by grafting phenol red (PR) and rosolic acid (RA) onto chitosan (CS) by a facile method. Successful grafting was confirmed by 1H NMR, FT-IR, UV–vis, XRD, and elemental analysis. The polymeric dyes exhibited no cell toxicity. The colorimetric pH-sensing films were fabricated by blending the polymeric dyes with CS to establish their pH-dependent color properties. The film color changed in the pH range 4–10, which may indicate food spoilage or wound status. Covalently grafting of polymeric dyes in the films led to excellent color stability, leaching resistance, and reversibility. Hence, the synthesized polymeric dyes had potential as pH-indicative colorants for food and biomedical fields.

The effect of dye concentration and cell thickness on dye–polymer random laser action

This study has been aimed to explore the effect of dye concentration, cell thickness, and polymers on the characteristics of random laser (emission spectrum, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and lasing threshold). It has been found that the properties of the random laser are affected by these three parameters significantly, as it was observed that the emission spectrum reached its best value when adding the of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer. As for the FWHM and the laser threshold, their value decreased from 38 to 35 nm and from 0.71 to 0.68 A respectively after adding the polymeric material. These results were achieved at concentration of 5×10–4 M and cell thickness 0.1 cm. Improving the properties of random lasers is considered a significant step in creating optical devices useful in medical applications and biosensors.

Coloration of Calcium Alginate Fiber with Dye and Auxiliary Derived from Polyvinylamine (PVAm). I. Complex Dyeing with Polymeric Dyes Containing PVAm

Calcium alginate fiber is a biomaterial with promising application in textile industry. However, the poor dyeing property of this fiber restricts its development. In this study, three PVAm (polyvinylamine) dyes were applied to the exhaust dyeing of calcium alginate fiber and their dyeing behavior under different dyeing conditions was studied. The dyeing results revealed that PVAm dyes were firmly adsorbed on calcium alginate fiber by coordination bonding formed between the primary amino groups in PVAm backbones of dyes and Ca2+ ions in calcium alginate fiber. This special complex dyeing mode was further confirmed by a Langmuir-type adsorption manner of PVAm-1 dye for calcium alginate fiber. By the formation of this stable chelation structure between dyes and fibers, high exhaustion rates (88.9–97.1 %) and excellent color fastness were obtained. SEM and XRD results also showed that the surface and crystal phase of dyed fibers had very slight changes compared to those of original calcium alginate fibers. The strength property of the fiber was also maintained well after this special complex dyeing process.

Fluorescence Switchable Conjugated Polymer Microdisk Arrays by Cosolvent Vapor Annealing.

Depositing minute light emitters into a regular array is a basic but essential technique in display technology. However, conventional lithographic methodologies involve multistep and energy-consuming processes. Here, we develop a facile method in which organic and polymeric fluorescent dyes spontaneously aggregate to form a patterned microarray. We find that a thin film of fluorescent π-conjugated polymer transforms into micrometer-sized aggregates when exposed to binary organic vapor at ambient temperature. The arrayed microaggregates can be formed over the whole substrate surface when using a quartz substrate that is prepatterned with regular hydrophilic boxes and hydrophobic grids. The resultant microarray is applicable to optical memories and displays when photoswitchable fluorophores are doped into the polymer matrix.

Telechelic PEG‐polymers end‐capped with chromophores: Using as cationic reactive dyes and salt‐free dyeing properties on cotton fabrics

AbstractIn this article, telechelic polymers containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties as space groups were combined with chromophores to synthesize cationic reactive dyes (BCD‐R, BCD‐Y, and BCD‐B). The salt‐free dyeing performance of these telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes on cotton fabrics was evaluated. The exhaustion and fixation of the dyes in salt‐free dyeing was above 89.33 and 77.22%, respectively. The color fastness of dry rubbing for the three dyes reached grade 4–5, and their color fastness to light reached grade 5–6. Their washing fastness also reached grade 4–5, except for that of BCD‐Y (grade 3–4). The results showed that the dyes possessed good leveling and build‐up properties and substantivity to cellulose fiber. The zeta potential (ξ‐potential) of dyed fabric was estimated, and it was found that the ξ‐potential of the fabrics increased after dying with telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes, and the more dye that was used, the greater ξ‐potential increase. The exhaustion curves of dyes were also determined, and they were much different from those of anionic reactive dyes. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BCD‐R were investigated. It was found that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model gave the best fit of the experimental data at all three tested dyeing temperatures (25, 45, and 65°C) with R2 values over 0.998. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models could be used to describe the adsorption of BCD‐R onto cellulose fibers and the Langmuir model fit the experimental data better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, ΔH, and activation energy) of the dye adsorption process were researched further. The results indicated that the adsorption of BCD‐R onto cotton fibers was spontaneous and exothermic and that after adsorption onto the cotton fibers, the degree of freedom of the dye decreased.

Investigation on rejection efficiency, flux and morphology of PES-surfactant membranes using RSM-CCD methodology and SEM assessment

A well-functioning membrane such as high rejection efficiency and high flux rate is indeed the main goal in a study. In fact, so many studies on the factors that affect the membrane are carried out, such as pressure rate, polymer type, additive type, temperature effect during fabrication and so on. Therefore, the development of analytical modeling is vital to predict the optimal performance in good membrane production. Therefore, in this study, the main objective is to develop analytical modeling using Response Surface (RS) methodology for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) surfactant membrane, and also to determine the factors used such as polymer concentration and dye concentration in the experiment is statistically significant. The performance selected in this study were the rejection efficiency and the flux rate. Through the choice of Central Composite Design (CCD) that have been selected from the RS methodology, analytical modeling has been made through the development of an experimental framework that will be used to collect input. Modeling from the RS methodology will provide insights to predict the relationship between response parameters as well as statistically significant factors between input and output. Through the experimental data collected, the data were processed through ANOVA to determine the statistical validation of the adopted RS methodology. From the results of the experiments, the highest rejection efficiency and flux rate were 99.3% and 43.962 (L.m2 / h), respectively. 3D graphs, 2d contours, and equations for rejection efficiency and flux rate were developed as a result of analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Membrane surface morphology was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in determining membrane structures such as macrovoids, finger-like and spongy.

Graphene oxide modified waterborne polyurethane‐based dye with high color‐fastness performance

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) was incorporated into waterborne polyurethane‐based polymeric dyes to prepare GO modified polymeric dyes for further improving the performances of waterborne polyurethane‐based dyes. Structure properties of the prepared polymeric dyes were analyzed using FTIR and UV–Vis spectrophotometers. The fastnesses to dry‐wet rubbing, thermal migration, light, and the mechanical properties of the GO modified polymeric dye films were further investigated. The introduction of GO might lower the tensile strength and the elongation at break of polymeric dye films. Meanwhile, the color of modified polymeric dye films turned to be darker as the GO dosage increased. Moreover, most of the above‐mentioned properties could be enhanced considerably. In particular, the dry‐wet rubbing and thermal migration fastness of modified polymeric dye films could be enhanced up to grade 5. This suggests that the GO modified waterborne polyurethane‐based dye has the potential to be used in leather finishing coloring with high performance.

A novel class of polymeric fluorescent dyes assembled using a DNA synthesizer.

In the pursuit of a novel class of fluorescent dyes we have developed a programmable polymer system that enables the rational design and control of macromolecular constructs through simple control of polymer primary sequence. These polymers are assembled using standard phosphoramidite chemistry on a DNA synthesizer which allows for extremely rapid prototyping and enables many permutations due to the large selection of phosphoramidite monomers presently available on the market. This programmability to some extent allows us to control the interactions/spacing of payload molecules distributed along the designed polymeric backbone. Control of molecular architecture using this technology has allowed us to address the long-standing technical issue of contact quenching between fluorescent dyes offering new possibilities in the life sciences arena. Much like peptidic sequences coding for enzymes, cofactors, and receptors (all needing control of tertiary structure for proper function via primary sequence) our programmable system approaches a similar endpoint using a phosphate based polymeric backbone assembled in a completely automated fashion. Using this novel technology, we have efficiently synthesized several types of fluorescent dyes and demonstrated the programmability in molecule design, including the increases in brightness of the fluorescence emission.

Improved inkjet printability of dye-based inks through enhancing the interaction of dye molecules and polymer nanospheres

Inkjet printability of dye-based inks including stability, jetting morphology, and color performance is difficult to maintain due to the strong dye molecular interaction. Herein, carboxyl-rich polymer nanospheres were introduced to the dye-based inks, forming a novel kind of multilayer dye/polymer nanospheres to enhance the inkjet printability. Disperse dyes were firstly loaded into poly (styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylate) nanospheres at 95 °C, and then encapsulated by poly (styrene-methacrylate) polymer layer through seed polymerization to form multilayer structure. The results showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between disperse dyes and nanospheres, and the interaction was enhanced when more carboxyl groups were polymerized on nanosphere surface. Moreover, due to the high surface carboxyl group content, the stability was significantly improved in comparison with disperse dye suspension. After inkjet printing, the dye/nanosphere dispersion showed more stable droplet formation and higher color depth. Besides, because of the self-curing ability of polymer nanospheres, satisfactory fastness was obtained for practical application. The results from this study can promote the optimization of dye-based ink formulations, and show great potential in obtaining high quality inkjet printing products.

Synthesis of polymeric dyes based on self‐colored network of castor oil‐based waterborne polyurethane

AbstractThe development of vegetable oil‐based polymers was particularly suitable for the era of increasingly scarce petroleum. Self‐colored castor oil‐based waterborne polyurethanes (PUs) were successfully synthesized based on castor oil and 1‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐(6‐hydroxyhexyl) anthraquinone (DR) as polyols. The UV–Vis spectrum showed that the addition of carboxylic acid groups make the spectrum of the PU produce the hyperchromic effect under alkaline conditions. Castor oil‐based waterborne colored PUs possessed excellent stability under weak alkaline conditions. The connection of castor oil caused the PU to constitute soft polymer networks. PU coatings on cotton fabrics possessed excellent color properties. The urethane groups in the PUs formed hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the cotton fibers and the polymer network structure formed by the PU coating itself made the color fastness of the cotton coatings reached grade 5. With the increase of castor oil content, the degradation rate of castor oil‐based waterborne colored PU increased from 3.45% to 3.65%. This work provides a way to impart excellent color properties and fastness to PU coatings by inserting dye molecules and vegetable oils into the PU macromolecular chain.

Synthesis of Methacrylamide/Chitosan Polymeric Cryogels and Swelling/Dye Sorption Properties

In this study, polymeric cryogels were synthesized to develop a new methacrylamide-based polymeric material that includes chitosan to remove dyes that may be present as contaminants in aqueous media. Methacrylamide/chitosan (MAmCS) cryogels prepared under cryogenic conditions were characterized by FTIR, SEM/EDX and swelling tests. It was determined that the Langmuir isotherm model, pseudo second order and intra-particle kinetic models were found to be the best fit models to describe adsorption between polymeric cryogels and anionic dye calconcarboxylic acid (CCA). The results showed that the cryogels obtained can be used as an alternative adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater containing pollutant species from different industries and may help other applications in the design of MAmCS polymeric materials.

Electrospinning/electrospraying coatings for metal microneedles: A design of experiments (DOE) and quality by design (QbD) approach

The research presented here shows QbD implementation for the optimisation of the key process parameters in electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA). Here, the electrosprayed nanoparticles and electrospun fibers consisting of a polymeric matrix and dye. Eight formulations were assessed consisting of 5% w/v of polycaprolactone (PCL) in dichloromethane (DCM) and 5% w/v polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol. A full factorial DOE was used to assess the various parameters (applied voltage, deposition distance, flow rate). Further particle and fiber analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), particle/fiber size distribution. In addition to this in vitro release studied were carried out using fluorescein and Rhodamine B as model dyes and in vitro permeation studies were applied. The results show a significant difference in the morphology of resultant structures as well as a more rapid release profile for the PVP particles and fibers in comparison to the sustained release profiles found with PCL. In vitro drug release studies showed 100% drug release after 7 days for PCL particles and showed 100% drug release within 120 min for PVP particles. The release kinetics and the permeation study showed that the MN successfully pierced the membrane and the electrospun MN coating released a large amount of the loaded drug within 6 h. This study has demonstrated the capability of these robust MNs to encapsulate a diverse range drugs within a polymeric matrix giving rise to the potential of developed personalised medical devices.