Polygraph Research Articles

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Partial Laryngectomy for Laryngeal Cancer.

Objectives: To evaluate the possible risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with partial laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional method was used to carry out this study. Patients who underwent partial laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer completed overnight polygraphy (PG) home sleep tests and quality of life questionnaires. The Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire was used to investigate the factors influencing HRQoL. Results: A total of 59 patients completed the PG tests and quality of life questionnaires, with 74.6% demonstrating evidence of OSA. There were significant differences in tumor area and neck dissection between OSA group and non-OSA groups. Based on sleep-related parameters, patients were divided into cluster 1 (n = 14) and cluster 2 (n = 45) using principal component analysis combined with K-means clustering. Two clusters had significantly different scores of body pain, general health, and health transition in SF-36 domains. Independent factors associated with general health were identified as tobacco use (OR = 4.716), alcohol use (OR = 3.193), and OSA-related condition (OR = 11.336). Conclusions: Larger tumor area and neck dissection might be associated with an increased risk for developing OSA in patients with partial laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. OSA partially mediated the effect on physical health, including body pain, general health, and health transition. It is important to be aware of the potential impact of OSA on diminished HRQoL of these patients.

Outlier Detection with Reinforcement Learning for Costly to Verify Data.

Outliers are often present in data and many algorithms exist to find these outliers. Often we can verify these outliers to determine whether they are data errors or not. Unfortunately, checking such points is time-consuming and the underlying issues leading to the data error can change over time. An outlier detection approach should therefore be able to optimally use the knowledge gained from the verification of the ground truth and adjust accordingly. With advances in machine learning, this can be achieved by applying reinforcement learning on a statistical outlier detection approach. The approach uses an ensemble of proven outlier detection methods in combination with a reinforcement learning approach to tune the coefficients of the ensemble with every additional bit of data. The performance and the applicability of the reinforcement learning outlier detection approach are illustrated using granular data reported by Dutch insurers and pension funds under the Solvency II and FTK frameworks. The application shows that outliers can be identified by the ensemble learner. Moreover, applying the reinforcement learner on top of the ensemble model can further improve the results by optimising the coefficients of the ensemble learner.

Notes on the margins of the Ukrainian methodological notebook on polygraph research conducted to identify Russian saboteurs and agents

This review article is devoted to a methodological notebook published by Ukrainian polygraphers. They presented ready-to-use solutions that can be applied when investigating sabotage and espionage suspects. Among other things, the reviewed publication discusses techniques for conducting polygraph examinations and provides examples of question sets used during testing.

The issue of multiple testing in polygraph screening – implications for internal security

Screening polygraph tests are most often conducted before a candidate is hired. Bayesian statistics help to better understand the real meaning of the test results obtained. Retesting also happens - usually when a candidate fails on the first attempt. In the article, the author considers various scenarios related to retesting and their consequences, including for the internal security of individual institutions and countries. He seeks optimal solutions so that testing procedures promote tightness in systems while remaining efficient and useful.

Noncontact Lie Detection System Involving Photoplethysmography and Heart Rate Variability

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to determine whether patients have latent illnesses and as an assessment indicator of the autonomic nervous system. Studies have also employed HRV for lie detection, which is commonly performed in the law system. However, several studies have concluded that due to environmental and procedure-related problems, lie detectors may yield inconsistent results. This study used smart recognition technology and proposed a systemized method of lie detection. To verify the reliability of the noncontact lie detection approach, empirical lie detection studies were conducted and the relevant literature was searched for item selection techniques. This study employed a noncontact HRV lie detection system. By experimenting on 15 participants split into four groups, this study verified the reliability of using the physiological characteristic of HRV for lie detection.

Lie Detection: What Works?

A reliable lie-detection method would be extremely useful in many situations but especially in forensic contexts. This review describes and evaluates the range of methods that have been studied. Humans are barely able to pick up lies on the basis of nonverbal cues; they do so more successfully with systematic methodologies that analyze verbal cues and with physiological and neuroscientific methods. However, the rates at which people are able to detect lies are still well below the legal standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” This means that the utmost caution must be exercised when such methods are employed. In investigations where independent evidence exists, there is emerging evidence that interviews based on a free account followed by the gradual introduction of the evidence by investigators can reveal inconsistencies in a guilty interviewee’s account. Automated machine-learning methods also hold some promise.

Possible Sources of the Difference in the Severity of the Prior Information Effect on Polygraph Scoring Found in Three Published Studies

The present article compares three CQT polygraph studies (Elaad et al., 1994; Ginton, 2019; Krapohl & Dutton, 2018), each indicating a different degree of the prior information effect in triggering confirmation bias while scoring polygraph examinations. The comparison led to the conclusion that the sample of the examiners who did the scoring in Krapohl and Dutton's study (2018) was a better representative of the examiners' population; however, the robust effect found in it is somewhat questionable since an unspecified part of it could be attributed to uncontrolled contamination of a conformity factor. So, we are left with the findings of the other two studies, which indicate a smaller effect. The comparison between the studies also raised the option that using the conservative inconclusive zone of +/-5 in the numerical scoring might mitigate the prior information impact by reducing the possibility that it may change results from Deception Indicated (DI) to No Deception Indicated (NDI) and vice versa. With such cut scores, at most, the effect would be shown in entering or leaving the Inconclusive zone, which is less problematic in increasing the number of potential errors. The danger of being affected by prior information is still there and should be paid attention to; however, as for now, research evidence indicates that it affects only a small percentage of the total volume of field CQT tests. That is compatible with Ginton's (2019) findings that the adverse effect in practice may concern less than 5% of the specific event-related CQT examinations.

Individual training trajectory of future polygraph examiners as an effective pedagogical tool for the formation of professional competencies

The author in the presented work discusses the topical issues of using the individual trajectory for the students' learning in the educational process of the departmental education system, undergoing professional retraining according to the programs of additional professional education, as an effective pedagogical tool for the formation of the necessary professional competencies. A variable methodology for the formation of individual educational trajectories is proposed, based on the analysis of the needs and capabilities of each student according to vocational training programs in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. In the course of applying the possibilities of an individual learning trajectory, it is assumed that this will contribute to a more effective formation of the necessary knowledge. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the individual learning trajectory, in turn, allows students in a creative format to choose topics that are important in their opinion and scientific and practical directions that most accurately correspond to their needs and interests, and at the same time, in cooperation with teachers, acquire serious practical experience in this field. The pedagogical idea, from the point of view of organizational aspects, is that each educational organization should have a regulatory, legal and pedagogical opportunity to implement individual learning trajectories of students as an effective way to improve the learning process, focused on obtaining fundamental knowledge by students in all areas of science and practice

“Invectivity” and Theology: Martin Luther’s Ad librum Ambrosii Catharini (1521) in Context

Abstract Luther’s treatise is presented as an answer to attacks from the Italian Dominican Ambrosius Catharinus. The language is highly invective, and Luther’s argument culminates in a comprehensive biblical verification of a terrifying truth: that the pope is the Antichrist foreseen in several biblical texts. The papal Curia is part of the Antichrist’s realm. Relating to Heiko Oberman’s thoughts on the theological roots of Luther’s “invectivity,” the article offers a closer look into Luther’s radically offensive language in his early years, arguing that it was closely linked to his central theological convictions at least since 1520/21.

Валидность методики выявления скрываемой информации, основанной на регистрации сердечного ритма при тестировании на полиграфе

<p>The construction of the integral model of polygraph testing implies the disclosure of a method that will be valid on the task of identifying the fact of information concealment. The aim of this study was to verify the criterion validity of polygraph testing method based on the registration of a person's heart rate with the use of a block test. The experiment was carried out in two series, where the examinees concealed autobiographical information, chosen according to the instruction (lie according to the instruction, 1st series), or at their own request (lie for the purpose of deception, 2nd series). The participants in the experiment (40 people in each part) were people undergoing the real polygraph testing, which increased the environmental validity of the experiment. We used indicators that reflect different systems of heart rate regulation and are observed for different types of mathematical calculation, which made it possible to take into account their interindividual variability. Based on the results of the study, the model based on the interpretation of heart rate indicators in the framework of the system-evolutionary approach was developed with a lie detection efficiency of 74.5%.</p>

Building a second-opinion tool for classical polygraph

Classical polygraph screenings are routinely used by critical businesses such as banking, law enforcement agencies, and federal governments. A major concern of scientific communities is that screenings are prone to errors. However, screening errors are not only due to the method, but also due to human (polygraph examiner) error. Here we show application of machine learning (ML) to detect examiner errors. From an ML perspective, we trained an error detection model in the absence of labeled errors. From a practical perspective, we devised and tested successfully a second-opinion tool to find human errors in examiners’ conclusions, thus reducing subjectivity of polygraph screenings. We report novel features that uplift the model’s accuracy, and experimental results on whether people lie differently on different topics. We anticipate our results to be a step towards rethinking classical polygraph practices.

Night-to-night variability of polygraphy in children with sleep disordered breathing symptoms.

Polygraphy (PG) can be used as an alternative test for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. Night-to-night variability of PG in children is not known. Our aim was to determine whether a single night PG was reliable for OSAS diagnosis in children with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Otherwise healthy children who had been evaluated for symptoms of SDB were included. Two nocturnal PGs were performed 2-7 days apart. Demographic and clinical characteristics, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, and modified Epworth Sleepiness Scalewere recorded. OSAS was diagnosed if obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was (oAHI) ⩾ 1/h and classified as mild (oAHI: 1-4.9/h), moderate (oAHI: 5-9.9/h), and severe (oAHI ⩾ 10/h). Forty-eightpatients were included (37.5% female, age 10.8 ± 3.9 years) to the study. There were no significant differences in oAHI values and other respiratory parameters between the two PGs (p > 0.05). Thirty-nine children were diagnosed with OSAS if the highest oAHI over any single night was used for diagnosis. Thirty-threeof the 39 children (84.6%) were diagnosed with OSAS with the first PG while 35 of 39 (89.7%) children were diagnosed with OSAS with the second PG. There was an agreement for identifying OSAS and its severity between the two PGs in our study even though there were few individual intra-subject differences in oAHI. There was no significant first-night effect for PG in this study which suggests that a single night PG is adequate for diagnosis of OSAS in children with SDB- relatedsymptoms.

Polygraph Examination – A Different View and New Perspectives

U radu se preispituju neka do sada neupitna stajališta vezana uz primjenu poligrafa za potrebe kaznenog postupka u Republici Hrvatskoj. To se čini kroz kratki povijesni pregled nastanka do danas važećih teorijskih stavova po pitanju upotrebljivosti rezultata poligrafskog ispitivanja te kroz njihovu usporedbu s razvojem u poredbenom pravu i hrvatskoj sudskoj praksi. Nakon toga se kroz analizu normativnog okvira detektira siva zona primjene koja je prisutna u fazi policijskog postupanja prema osumnjičeniku, kao i drugi problemi prouzročeni uglavnom neusklađenošću glavnih pravnih izvora o kojima ovisi upotreba poligrafa. Na temelju provedene analize, u radu se predlaže novi pristup načinu reguliranja primjene poligrafa za potrebe kaznenog postupka. Nudi se koncept sukladan temeljnim načelima hrvatskog kaznenog procesnog prava, koji bi zadovoljio trenutne potrebe u smislu zaštite prava okrivljenika i efikasnosti postupanja, a istodobno bi bio spreman za izazove koji uslijed razvoja novih tehnologija, poglavito umjetne inteligencije, predstoje načelu slobodne ocjene dokaza u bliskoj budućnosti.

Is obstructive sleep apnea a circadian rhythm disorder?

Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder worldwide and remains underdiagnosed. Its multiple associated comorbidities contribute to a decreased quality of life and work performance as well as an increased risk of death. Standard treatment seems to have limited effects on cardiovascular and metabolic aspects of the disease, emphasising the need for early diagnosis and additional therapeutic approaches. Recent evidence suggests that the dysregulation of circadian rhythms, processes with endogenous rhythmicity that are adjusted to the environment through various cues, is involved in the pathogenesis of comorbidities. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, altered circadian gene expression patterns have been demonstrated. Obstructive respiratory events may promote circadian dysregulation through the effects of sleep disturbance and intermittent hypoxia, with subsequent inflammation and disruption of neural and hormonal homeostasis. In this review, current knowledge on obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm regulation, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders is summarised. Studies that connect obstructive sleep apnea to circadian rhythm abnormalities are critically evaluated. Furthermore, pathogenetic mechanisms that may underlie this association, most notably hypoxia signalling, are presented. A bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and circadian rhythm dysregulation is proposed. Approaching obstructive sleep apnea as a circadian rhythm disorder may prove beneficial for the development of new, personalised diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic tools. However, further studies are needed before the clinical approach to obstructive sleep apnea includes targeting the circadian system.

Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability

The present study examined the effects of mood on physiological responses in the Concealed Information polygraph Test and the relation to self-assessed lying ability. One hundred and eight undergraduate students self-assessed their lie-telling ability, committed a mock theft, and were asked to conceal information related to the crime. Participants were then divided into three equal groups: two groups were asked to provide a detailed written account of either a happy or sad event in order to induce a happy or sad mood, while the third group served as a neutral group. Participants then underwent a polygraph test and were asked to try to avoid detection. An induced happy or sad mood tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical (crime related) items and enhance relative cardiovascular responses. Relative respiration responses to critical items obtained for the sad mood condition were more robust than the ones obtained for the happy mood condition. Under induced sad and happy moods, those who self-rated their lie-telling ability as high showed enhanced cardiovascular responsivity to critical items. These results were limited to the initial phase of the test. We discussed possible motivational explanations and implications for the Concealed Information polygraph test.

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders in Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: a cross-sectional controlled study.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep and it has been associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) on the basis of several pathophysiological hypotheses. to assess the prevalence of TMDs in a population of patients affected by OSA compared to a control group of subjects not affected by OSA. a cross-sectional controlled study was conducted on a group subjects studied by polygraphy (PG) at the snoring section of the ENT department, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital - University of Bologna. Patients who received a diagnosis of OSA were included in the study group and subjects with a negative PG diagnosis for Sleep Disordered Breathing and PG respiratory pattern that did not suggest the occurrence of sleep disorders were enrolled in the control group. Both the subjects included in the study group and the control group underwent an examination following the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I and II. 43 OSA patients (29M, 16F, mean age 52.26±11.40) and 43 healthy controls (25M, 18F, mean age 49.95±7.59) were included in the study. No significant differences were found between groups in demographic data. TMD prevalence and Axis II results did not differ between groups. this paper does not highlight a higher prevalence of TMDs in adults with OSA compared to healthy controls. Further high quality studies are needed to confirm the results and to give possible pathophysiological explanations, providing reliable evidence.

A model of training future polygraph examiners taking into account modern conditions of society development

The author in the presented article discusses topical issues related to a number of organizational and pedagogical features of the training of polygraph examiners in modern conditions. The study draws attention to current problems and important aspects of the professional training of specialists in this field, provides opinions of practitioners and research scientists on this issue. The work of specialists in this profile is quite complex, requiring in-depth knowledge in the field of jurisprudence, psychology, physiology, pedagogy and medicine, and therefore one of the key issues requiring analysis remains the search and application of effective pedagogical technologies that allow in a short time to form a set of knowledge and skills from a trained specialist that will allow him later, when performing official duties, clearly and competently solve the strategic tasks assigned to him. The author's contribution to the study of the topic lies in the fact that in the course of the work, the conclusion was formulated that the model of training professional polygraph examiners in modern conditions should include in-depth knowledge about the technical and tactical aspects of research, psychophysiological characteristics of a person, as well as take into account a wide range of tasks and their specifics, for the resolution of which studies are conducted using polygraph devices.The object of consideration in the article is conducting research using polygraph devices, and the subject of consideration is taking into account the challenges of modern society when compiling and designing a model for training polygraph specialists.

Formation of the Legal Culture of a Polygraph Examiner in the Process of Professional Training

The author in the article examines in detail such aspects as the current state of actual pedagogical issues of acquisition by polygraph specialists in the process of professional training of comprehensive knowledge that allows them to understand the nuances of conducting special psychophysiological studies using polygraph devices. The importance of high-quality training of this category of specialists is considered, due to the fact that the nature of the tasks they solve is specific and is associated with ensuring the security of state structures, decision-making within the framework of screening studies and criminal proceedings. The pedagogical aspects of obtaining high-quality education by polygraph examiners, the formation of important professional competencies, legal culture, and the ability to make decisions within the framework of their official activities in departmental educational organizations of the law enforcement unit are of the utmost importance. The main contribution of the author to the study of the topic is that the purpose of the study was formulated, which was to study the peculiarities of the formation of the legal culture of polygraph examiners in the learning process. The object of the study was the readiness of polygraph examiners to perform their official duties in accordance with the established procedure. In the course of the study, the possibility of performing official duties by this category of specialists in professional activities within the framework of regulatory legal support, in compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area was analyzed, which in turn is also a purposeful pedagogical interaction, which certainly ensures the comprehensive development of polygraph specialists.

PERANCANGAN LIE DETECTOR MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO

In this paper, the author will discuss various method approaches that have been developed to detect lies, including the detection of lies based on skin conductivity, handwriting form, written content, voice analysis, thermography, and gestures. Lie Detector is very helpful in the process of revealing a crime case with the method of investigating the perpetrator of a crime. Disclosing a statement or confession from a criminal with a Lie Detector seeing and analyzing the polygraph
 on the Lie Detector. However, Li's design of This e Detector with Arduino is not encouraging with unintended results. The author has tried to imp

An Overview of Advancements in Lie Detection Technology in Speech

Lie detection technology in speech is a process of lying psychological state recognition according speech signal analysis. Normally, the emotion of tension if felt when people lie. As a result, this tension leads to some subtle changes of the sound channel structure; for example, the semantic characteristics, prosodic characteristics, resonance peak, and the psychoacoustics parameters all can be different from before. In this paper, the development situation of current lie detection technology is presented. Several public speech databases for lie detection are also introduced. Then, the research situation of feature expression, selection, and extraction for lie detection is described. In addition, the research progress of lie detection algorithm is highlighted. Finally, the future direction and the existing problems of lie detection technology in speech are summarized.