Polyethylene Composites Research Articles

Application of aluminum diethyl hypophosphite, iron-based metal organic framework-NH2-MIL-53(Fe), and expandable graphite complexes as flame retardants for high-density polyethylene

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites are made by melt blending HDPE with MIL-53(Fe), amino-functionalized NH2-MIL-53(Fe), aluminum diethyl hypophosphite (ADP), and expandable graphite (EG). The experimental disclosed showed that the aminated NH2-MIL-53(Fe) could improve residual carbon quality and exert a better flame retardant effect than MIL-53(Fe). When 25 wt% of EG/ADP/NH2-MIL-53(Fe) was added and the ratio of EG to ADP/ NH2-MIL-53(Fe) was 1:1, HDPE/EG/ADP/NH2-MIL-53(Fe) composites could achieve a limiting oxygen index of 31.1 %, which passed UL-94 testing and was rated V-0. This results in a considerable improvement in flame retardant efficiency as the peak heat release rate was lowered by 83.4 % and the total heat release was reduced by 35.8 % when compared to the pure HDPE material. Therefore, NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/ADP/EG synergistic flame retardancy can lead to high flame retardancy efficiency in HDPE. This provided a new potential direction for the preparation of highly efficient flame retardants.

Effect of Fiber Loading on Green Composites of Recycled HDPE Reinforced with Banana Short Fiber: Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties

Currently, research on composite materials derived from natural fibers and agro-industrial waste has generated industrial proposals for producing useful materials with sufficient mechanical strength for applications involving the reuse of waste for secondary purposes. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of fiber content on the final tensile strength of the composite material, serving as a reference for the manufacture of plates. To achieve this, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with short banana fibers were prepared using a blade mill and hot compression molding techniques. Two levels of short banana fiber content—10% and 20% by weight—were used, along with two types of HDPE: virgin and recycled. We evaluated the effect of adding short banana fibers on the mechanical properties of the composite, specifically tensile strength, according to the ASTM D638 standard for polymeric materials. These results were correlated with the structural properties obtained through morphological, chemical, and thermal characterization of the developed materials. The mechanical evaluation results showed that the tensile strength and elastic modulus depend on the short banana fiber content and the type of high-density polyethylene. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the composites decompose faster than the pure polymers (virgin and recycled HDPE). Based on these findings, the composite material prepared under optimal conditions is recommended for use in walls or construction boards where high tensile strength is not critical, due to the decreased mechanical properties resulting from the incorporation of agro-industrial waste.

The Influence of Process Parameters on Tensile Features of Vetiver Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

Due to their outstanding specific strength and modulus, fiber-reinforced polymer composites have long been influential in a range of applications. Composites made of thermoplastic and vetiver fiber (VF) offer an alternative to synthetic polymers that cause environmental contamination. The advantages of natural fibers (like banana, sisal, coir, jute, vetiver, flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.) over conventional reinforcing fibers (glass and carbon fiber) are their ease of procurement, renewability, non-corrosive nature, light density, biodegradability, high specific energy (strength of density ratio), and low cost. In place of costly chemical treatment of VF in polymer composites, VF length management has been offered as a low-cost and ecologically friendly alternative. In the current study, VF-reinforced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites were altered using the film process stacking method with the hot press compression molding technique using a variety of process parameters, including VF condition (untreated and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment), VF sizes (short VF < 3 cm and long VF > 3 cm), and VF percent (5, 10, and 15 wt%). The tensile modulus and modulus efficiency factor of the LDPE composite were studied in relation to the impacts of VF size, VF content, and SDS treatment. The results showed that a specific amount of tensile modulus and modulus efficiency factor was boosted by VF content up to 10 wt%, processing temperature up to 160oC, and SDS treatment during processing up to 5 hours due to an increase in load bearing and interfacial adhesion. The improvement in tensile modulus and its efficiency factor because of efficient load transfer is evidently attributable to long VF load transfers, which have had a favourable impact. The brittle nature of the fibers caused a loss in ductility.

Mechanical and thermal properties of microfibril /HDPE composite enhanced by nano-calcium carbonate

Natural fiber-reinforced plastic composites are powerful substitutes for traditional petroleum-based plastics. In order to promote the use of new composite, it is necessary to simplify the process, reduce the cost and meet the performance requirements. Herein, a nano-calcium carbonate (Nano-CaCO3)/ microfilament cellulose (MFC)/ high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite was fabricated using a straightforward method, and the mechanical and thermal properties of the composite were tested by the relevant characterization. The test results show that a small amount of calcium carbonate can effectively co-strengthen with the main filler microfibril, and only 5 % of nano-calcium carbonate can increase the performance of the composite by 29 %, while its thermal stability and thermal decomposition performance were improved. The composites with superior properties would have potential applications in the field of structural and building, packaging and furniture.

Influence of halloysite nanotubes on processing, structural and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/high-density polyethylene composites with wood flour

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) on the processing, structural and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and PVC–HDPE composites with various proportions of both polymer components containing 30 wt% wood flour (WF) and 5 wt% halloysite processed in the Brabender measuring mixer. The HNT content in the composites leads to a slight increase in the maximum torque and a reduction in the gelation time for PVC and PVC–HDPE matrix composites with the 90:10 component ratio. In addition, microscopic images of these materials showed a homogeneous distribution of HNT in the polymer matrix. The addition of mineral filler to the matrix, regardless of the polymer type, resulted in a slight increase in the torque values at the kneading endpoint. The PVC–HDPE–wood flour composites are characterized by higher thermal stability at processing temperature when HNT is loaded. The introduction of 5 wt% HNT into the PVC–HDPE 90:10 30 wt% WF blend resulted in an increase of the 2% weight loss temperature by 16°C. The simultaneous use of wood flour and halloysite as fillers for PVC–HDPE blends could be an eco-efficient solution for the new composite material sector.

Fabrication and Radiation Shielding Properties of (HDPE/Colemanite)‐(HDPE/Bi2O3) Multi‐Layer Composites

ABSTRACTIn this study, 5, 10, and 15 wt% colemanite (Ca2B6O11‐5H2O) and 15 wt% Bi2O3 filled high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were fabricated by conventional melt extrusion processing techniques in the form of a layered structure to absorb both neutron radiation and secondary radiation resulting from neutron‐induced reactions. In the layered structure, HDPE was used to slow down neutrons, while colemanite and Bi2O3 were used to trap thermal neutrons and secondary gamma radiation respectively. The properties of the colemanite/HDPE and Bi2O3/HDPE composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties (tensile and hardness) of the composites were also investigated. The results showed that the addition of colemanite and Bi2O3 particles did not significantly alter the thermal and mechanical properties of the HDPE composites. The total macroscopic cross‐section of the composites was determined using a 239Pu‐Be (α,n) neutron source, while their linear and mass attenuation coefficients were determined using a 137Cs gamma‐ray source. The material with the best neutron absorption rate is 15 wt% colemanite‐filled HDPE (2.31 ± 003 cm−1), while the best gamma‐absorbing material is 15 wt% Bi2O3 filled HDPE (0.114 cm−1). The 15 wt% colemanite, 15 wt% Bi2O3 doped HDPE layered structure has 1.72 ± 0.05 cm−1 macroscopic cross‐sections and 0.098 linear attenuation coefficient. The results show that filled colemanite HDPE composites improve neutron shielding properties and Bi2O3 filled HDPE composites provide good shielding performance for gamma rays.

Impact of Surface Modification of Hemp Fibers Using a Coupling Agent in Solvent on the Properties of Polyethylene Composites

This study investigates the grafting of a coupling agent, maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAPE), onto hemp fibers in a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) solution, followed by an evaluation of the morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of the resulting polyethylene composites containing 30% hemp. The SEM analysis revealed that a thin layer of MAPE formed on the surface of the modified fibers. This was further confirmed by the appearance of a MAPE degradation peak at 448°C, observed in the modified fibers but absent in the unmodified counterparts. Composites made with unmodified hemp fibers (UT30) showed a significant increase in modulus but not in tensile strength. In contrast, the modification of hemp in solution significantly enhanced the tensile strength of the composites (UTE3S) without significantly affecting the modulus. Increasing the amount of coupling agent (in UTE6S and UTE9S) reinforced this trend, indicating that the thin polymer layer on the surface of the modified hemp fibers notably improved interfacial bonding, with minimal impact on the tensile modulus of the composites.

Comparative Analysis of Flexural Properties of Bamboo-Glass Hybrid FRP Composites: Influence of Water Absorption

Hybrid fibers are crucial in the self-propelled vehicle industry, with bamboo-glass fiber composites playing a significant role. Bamboo fibers, in particular, feature numerous tiny gaps that enhance their properties and performance. Hence there is a possibility for the absorption of moisture content from the atmosphere when compared to the relevant fibers. These setbacks can be rectified in various ways. Apart from that these fibers are very friendly to echo systems, can degrade quickly, and are flexible in their property. The major drawbacks of most of the fibers are, that they get easily affected by bacteria and fungus when they get soaked and wetted. But as far as the bamboo fibers are concerned they have a high resistance to these attacks. Therefore these materials can be preferred for external use such as engine guards of vehicles. The bamboo fiber in the glass hybridized polyethylene composite is alkali-treated to enhance the adherence of these materials. The high interpenetration of the resin into the fiber surface reduces the contact of this fiber especially the bamboo’s direct reach to the atmosphere. In this work, this hybrid material is preferred for doing a two-wheeler engine safety guard or a protective cover to protect the engine from the external natural compressive or the tensional forces acting on the engine when moves forward along with the vehicle. So, there is a necessity for measuring the flexural strength of the material, whether it will be suitable for this assigned work and also the stiffness of the material is obtained through the flexural modulus curve. Apart from this though these materials are placed in the outdoor sector, these materials can get in contact with external climatic conditions such as rain, dust, and moisture due to cold climatic conditions. This leads to the need for conducting the water absorption test. The test was conducted separately to obtain the water absorption coefficient as well as flexural test before and after water absorption to obtain any deviation if any after water absorption. The test was conducted in the open atmosphere at room temperature for both water absorption and flexural test. The results were tabulated and compared. The comparative study shows that only negligible deviation in property due to water absorption of the hybrid composite is observed.

Thermistors Based on Polyethylene Composites with γ‐Fe2O3/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Fillers for Protection of Electronic Circuits

The objective of this research is to develop and characterize polyethylene composites with randomly and partially oriented hybrid filler (HF) based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gamma iron (III) oxide (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles (Fe2O3/MWCNTs). The structure of Fe2O3/MWCNTs hybrid is determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and microscopy techniques (scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy). A low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix is filled with 5 and 10 vol% HF. The effect of external magnetic field on the distribution of Fe2O3/MWCNTs in LDPE composites comparing to filler distribution without magnetic field is studied. The XRD and differential scanning calorimetry results confirm an increasing trend in the degree of crystallinity of LDPE matrix with increasing HF content and as an additional result of magnetic field application. The presence of more ordered Fe2O3/MWCNT particles in the matrix has enhanced the nucleation effect for LDPE crystallization process in composites under magnetic field. The effect of magnetic treatment on thermal, electrical, and thermoresistive properties of HF‐LDPE composites is studied. The highest thermoresistive response (723%) and fastest recovery are detected for the HF‐LDPE composite with 10 vol% magnetically oriented filler with the perspective to be applied as a critical temperature resistor.

Mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of HDPE/barley straw composites incorporating waste rubber

This study investigates the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites filled with barley straw and varying amounts of waste rubber. The research aims to develop sustainable materials that repurpose agricultural and industrial waste while addressing resource scarcity and waste management challenges. Composites were prepared using a twin-rotor mixer and hydraulic press, with waste rubber content varying from 0 to 20 wt%. Mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile testing, thermal behavior was analyzed using TGA, DTG, and DSC, and long-term water absorption was measured. Results show that increasing waste rubber content from 0 to 20% led to a decrease in tensile strength (11.3 to 8.9 MPa) and tensile modulus (1760 to 790 MPa), while relative extension increased (2.4–5.9%). Thermal analysis revealed a slight reduction in onset degradation temperature (270 °C to 240 °C) and increased char residue (8–18%) with higher rubber content. Water absorption decreased significantly, from 12 to 13% to 6–7% after 600 h of immersion, as waste rubber content increased. These findings demonstrate that incorporating waste rubber into HDPE/barley straw composites results in materials with enhanced flexibility and water resistance at the cost of some strength and stiffness. In conclusion, the results of this study offer a clear pathway for the development of sustainable polymer composites that have broad potential applications across industries like construction, marine infrastructure, automotive, and packaging. By replacing traditional, resource-intensive materials with eco-friendly alternatives, these composites not only provide functional benefits but also support global efforts toward sustainable development and environmental conservation.

Highly Filled Waste Polyester Fiber/Low-Density Polyethylene Composites with a Better Fiber Length Retention Fabricated by a Two-Rotor Continuous Mixer

A key challenge in the utilization of waste polyester fibers (PET fibers) is the development of fiber-reinforced composites with high filler content and the improvement of fiber length retention. Herein, the effects of a two-rotor continuous mixer and a twin-screw extruder on the structure and properties of waste polyester fiber composites were evaluated. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the composites were improved significantly with increasing fiber content, especially when processed using the twin-rotor continuous mixer. This mixer facilitated the formation of a robust fiber network structure, leading to substantial enhancements in tensile strength, flexural strength, and heat resistance. Specifically, compared to those processed by the twin-screw extruder, with 60 wt% fibers content, the tensile and flexural strengths of specimens processed by the twin-rotor continuous mixer increase by 21% and 13%, respectively. The average fiber length in specimens processed by the twin-rotor continuous mixer was 32% longer than that in specimens processed by the twin-screw extruder, attributable to the lower shear frequency and the higher tensile ratio of the former. This blending technique emerges as an effective strategy, contributing significantly to promoting the development and practical application of waste textile fiber-reinforced polymer composites.

Optimization through combined compromise solution and weight determination through SHANNON-ENTROPY for multi criteria decision making in tribological testing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nano-composite in SBF environment and compression testing with it’s invitro analysis

Aluminium oxide and graphene reinforced with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites offer significant potential for prosthetic and implant applications due to their unique combination of properties. In this article, a series of aluminium oxide and graphene reinforced with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites were successfully fabricated through compression moulding. The average hardness of all the composites was observed to be higher than the UHMWPE (6.1 Hv). Composite U-15A-5 G was found to be the hardest with hardness of 10.5 Hv owing to strong bond between Al2O3 and UHMWPE. The compression strength of the U-15A-5 G material was about 81.936 MPa, which is 40.9% better than the pure UHMWPE. The compression modulus was about 330 MPa which is 22.2% higher than neat UHMWPE. Composite samples were tribo tested under simulated body fluid (SBF) lubricating environment. Using combined entropy-COCOSO method it was found that 50 mm/s speed, 200N load and 5% graphene are the optimum tribological parameters. with Cof of 0.04 and wear rate of 4.8745*10−4 mm3/Nm. Microstructure analysis indicated that long-range structured lamellar structures and microfibers were created between the crystals with the assistance of graphene layers. Apatite layer was also found on the sample. The apatite layer included phosphate and carbonate ions, which is good for in vitro bioactivity on polymeric films. This composite is a good candidate for prosthetics and implant components.

Enhanced properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with Bridelia ferruginea fibers: effect of low temperature fiber acetylation

In this study, lignocellulosic fibres were extracted from Bridelia ferruginea (BF), a shrub which can be found in sub-Saharan Africa with a view to probing the potential application of the fibres. The chemical properties of the BF were chemically modified by acetylation to evaluate the potential applications of the fibre reinforced polymer composites. The unacetylated and acetylated fibres were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to compare thermal and crystallographic properties after acetylation over different lengths of time. The acetylated fibres with the most promising properties were used for the fabrication of a polymeric composite. The mechanical properties of the fibre-reinforced polymer composites were studied by hardness and dynamic mechanical measurements. Four types of polymeric samples were prepared for the mechanical measurements: unreinforced polymer (Control) polyester, ATBF/LDPE, ACEBF3/LDPE, ACEBF/LDPE. The SEM micrographs revealed that acetylation led to defibrillation. FTIR peaks at 1250 cm−1 and 1371 cm−1 confirmed that acetylation had occurred. The fibres possessed high crystallinity index of 75% which reduced as time of acetylation increased. Acetylation at mild conditions of 70 °C for 3 h did not result in significant damage to the fibres. For the hardness measurements, the values of the micro-hardness of the composite samples increased from 0.20 GPa to 0.29 GPa. The acetylated fibres tend to further resist deformation due to its dispersion in the polymer matrix providing a stronger cross-linking effect. The properties unearthed show that BF appears to be a promising raw material for the production of polymer composites.

Investigating the influence of periwinkle shell powder on the thermal and mechanical performance of high-density polyethylene composites

Abstract In this study, the shell powder of Littorina littorea commonly called periwinkle was used as an eco-friendly filler in High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) to form periwinkle/HDPE composites (PHPC). Understanding the effect of different particle sizes of periwinkle shell powder (PSP) and optimizing their influence on PHPC is the main scope of this work. Periwinkle shell (PS) particles with sizes ranging from <53 μm to 150 μm were chosen as reinforcements. The PSP sizes chosen in this study, <53 μm, 53 μm, 75 μm, 90 μm, 105 μm and 150 μm were named PHPCL53, PHPC53, PHPC75, PHPC90, PHPC105, and PHPC150, respectively. The composites were fabricated by incorporating 1 wt% PSP into the HDPE matrix using the compression molding technique and then subjected to morphological, thermal, and mechanical characterizations. Morphology studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms 150 μm PSP had the best dispersion whereas 75 μm PSP resulted in agglomeration. PSP had little influence on the thermal stability of HDPE except for PHPC150 which showed an increase in the degradation temperature when compared to the virgin sample. Mechanical properties such as hardness, Young’s modulus, impact strength, and flexural modulus were enhanced by the addition of PSP. However, a decrease was noted in the elongation at break (%) and flexural strength of PHPC indicating the stiffening effect of the filler on the HDPE. In order to understand the particle size influence better, the extension evaluation method (EEM) was used for all samples and PHPC150 was found to be the best performing among all particle sizes.

Mechanical behaviors and flammability of perlite filled recycled high-density polyethylene composites

Mechanical behaviors and flammability of perlite filled recycled high-density polyethylene composites

Enhancing Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Rice Husk-Reinforced Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Composites through Chemical Treatment

Enhancing Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Rice Husk-Reinforced Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Composites through Chemical Treatment

Relationship between surfactant content and the properties of microfibrillated cellulose/high density polyethylene composites

AbstractMicrofibrillated cellulose (MFC) was uniformly dispersed in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) using a large amount of surfactant, and composites were prepared after removing the surfactant at different contents. The structural, morphological, thermal, and tensile properties of these composites were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated an asymptotic relationship between the amount of surfactant removed and the number of removal cycles. A negative linear correlation was observed between the surfactant content and the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and storage modulus at −20 °C of the composites, while a positive linear correlation was found with the loss modulus at −20 °C. Excessive surfactant adversely affected the dispersion of MFC, as well as the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites. However, when the surfactant content was below 2.8%, its impact on the composite properties was minimal, and the tensile strength, modulus, and thermal stability of the composites were significantly improved compared to neat HDPE. These findings indicate that surfactant pretreatment is an effective strategy for dispersing MFC in non‐polar polymers, and controlling the surfactant content in the final product can effectively tailor the properties of the resulting composites.Highlights Confirms the relationship between surfactant content and MFC/HDPE composite properties. Surfactant content showed an asymptotic relationship with removal cycles. Surfactant content and mechanical properties exhibited a negative linear correlation. Surfactant content and thermal stability exhibited a negative relationship. Surfactant content had minor impact when below 2.8%.

Evaluating the effects of pineapple fiber, potato waste filler, surface treatment, and fiber length on the mechanical properties of polyethylene composites for biomedical applications

This study investigates the development of a biocompatible polyethylene composite incorporating natural fiber (pineapple fiber) and potato waste filler for potential use in biomedical applications. The composite was fabricated using compression molding and optimized through Taguchi-based grey relational analysis (GRA), TOPSIS, and artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models. The hybrid combination of these materials has been minimally explored in the biomedical field. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of the potato filler revealed a peak at 1336 cm⁻1, indicating asymmetric deformation of C-H and C-O functional groups, contributing to enhanced compatibility with the polyethylene matrix. The natural fiber showed uniform distribution, improving stress transfer and flexural properties. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy, with an r-value of 0.9972. Multi-response optimization identified the best configuration as 3 % NaOH treatment, 3 wt% potato filler, 30 wt% natural fiber, and a fiber length of 1.5 cm, yielding a tensile strength of 22.3 MPa, flexural strength of 23.8 MPa, and impact strength of 18.3 kJ/m2. This fabricated composites were lightweight and biocompatible materials, suitable for biomedical applications.

Enhanced mechanical, thermal, water and UV aging resistance properties of bamboo fiber/HDPE composites through silane coupling agent modified nano-SiO2-TiO2

Nano-TiO2 is widely employed to enhance the properties of plant fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites due to its chemical inertness, anti-aging, and anti-bacterial properties. However, the enhancement of bamboo fiber/high-density polyethylene (BF/HDPE) composites is limited by the high photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO2 and its poor compatibility with the BF/HDPE matrix. This study employs an organic-inorganic co-modification to prepare BF/HDPE composites reinforced with silane coupling agent KH550 modified nano-SiO2 coated nano-TiO2 (KH550/SiO2-TiO2) by spray coating and melt mixing methods, and the properties of the composites were tested and characterized. The effects of KH550 and KH550/SiO2-TiO2 content on the properties of modified BF/HDPE composites, including mechanical properties, water absorption, thickness swelling rate, water contact angle, thermal stability, and UV aging resistance，which were characterized using methods of mechanical tests, FTIR, UV-Vis, XPS and SEM, both before and after modification. The results indicate that KH550 effectively improves the agglomeration phenomenon and enhances the dispersibility of nano-SiO2-TiO2 in the BF/HDPE composites. The optimal thermal stability is achieved when the BF/HDPE composites modified with a 5 wt% KH550/SiO2-TiO2, while BF/HDPE composites modified with a 3 wt% KH550/SiO2-TiO2 exhibit the better mechanical properties, water resistance, and UV aging resistance compared to other contents. Flexural strength and modulus of KH550/SiO2-TiO2 modified BF/HDPE composites increased by 18.71 % and 17.92 %, tensile strength and modulus increased by 7.74 % and 21.92 %, respectively. The 480-hour water absorption and thickness swelling rate decreased by 18.68 % and 20.73 %, respectively, and the contact angle increased by 19.17°; better thermal stability and color stability was observed. The spray coating method was more effective in improving the properties of the modified BF/HDPE composites than the melt mixing method. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal stability, and UV aging resistance of the BF/HDPE composites reinforced with 3 wt% KH550/SiO2-TiO2 prepared by the spray coating method are significantly enhanced.

Correction to: Photoluminescence of Low-Density Polyethylene Composites with the CaGa2S4:Eu2+ Phosphor

Correction to: Photoluminescence of Low-Density Polyethylene Composites with the CaGa2S4:Eu2+ Phosphor