Polyester Binder Research Articles

Mechanical expectations of a high performance concrete based on a polymer binder and reinforced with non-metallic rebars

A high performance concrete, known as polymer concrete, made up of natural aggregates and an orthophthalic polyester binder, reinforced with non-metallic bars (glass reinforced polymer) has been studied. The material is described at micro and macro level, presenting the key physical and mechanical properties using different experimental techniques. Furthermore, a full description of non-metallic bars is presented to evaluate its structural expectancies, embedded in the polymer concrete matrix. Given the closed porosity obtained in polymer concrete, its microstructure continuity and organic nature of the binder, this material is highly protected against atmospheric conditions, corrosion and chemical attacks. The present research work concludes how the structural compatibility, between polymer concrete and non-metallic bars, is obtained in the monotonic bonding tests by providing higher adherence values than traditional reinforced concrete.

Polyester-Based Chemically Prepared Toner for High-Speed Digital Production Printing

Recently, chemically prepared toners (CPTs) have been finding their way into an increasing number of electrophotographic printers. Although all these printers claim to utilize CPT as marking particles, the toner composition and manufacturing method used can be very different from each other. The production of conventional melt pulverized toners (MPTs) essentially consists of melt compounding and a pulverization operation of toner ingredients using standard equipment and processes that are similar for most suppliers. Different CPT manufacturers, on the other hand, produce the chemically prepared toners via entirely different approaches. The chemical methods of manufacturing include: suspension polymerization, emulsion aggregation, solvent dispersion, and the like. Each method used in the production of chemically prepared toner has its associated limitations and advantages.Use of polyester as the toner polymer is often desired because of the inherent advantages offered by these resins over styreneacrylate copolymers. Polyester binders provide a unique melt flow and mechanical toughness that is highly desirable in high-speed digital printing applications. These resins are also more suited for digital printing because of their charging behavior.The CPT process developed at Eastman Kodak Company offers the flexibility of using any soluble polymer as a toner resin or the use of monomers that are suitable for additional polymerization for making linear or crosslinked toners. With this solvent-based process, it is possible to prepare chemical toners that are based on polyester binders, which are uniquely desired in production printing. This manufacturing process is suitable for making chemically prepared toners that have the narrowest particle size distribution in the industry. Shape control is very extensive using this approach, and particle shapes ranging from completely spherical to raisin-like can be prepared easily. The degree of irregularity can be controlled to produce particles that provide optimum performance in the machine. There is a considerable amount of flexibility offered by this solvent-based process. Toner ingredients that are affected or changed by elevated temperatures can be easily incorporated into toners because this toner manufacturing process does not require any heating. This process can be used to tailor-make toners that simplify the equipment design and electrophotographic process to provide a consistent performance in producing high image quality and lower costs for printing.

The Effects of a Thermoplastic Polyester Preform Binder on Vinyl Ester Resin

This study characterizes and evaluates the effects of a thermoplastic polyester preform binder on a thermosetting vinyl ester resin. It was observed that the binder material is soluble in the resin and that the dissolution of the binder drastically affects the viscosity of the resin. It was determined that the binder can significantly delay the gel time, and influence the reaction kinetics of the resin. Additionally, results show that the binder concentration and extent of dissolution affect the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the resin. Higher binder concentrations and larger dissolution times resulted in increased tensile strengths, elongations, and glass transition temperatures of the matrix resin. In order to characterize binder dissolution times, an experimental technique was introduced in which the binder dissolution is correlated to increases in the resin viscosity. The results from this study quantify the affects of thermoplastic polyester binders on vinyl ester resin and provide the basis for refining the processing window of composite laminates using preform binders.

Preparation of Pigment-Containing Polyester Toner by Chemical Milling

We previously reported a novel method of chemically-preparing polyester color toner (CM toner®). The proprietary design of the first generation CM toner® was based on a functional polyester resin, a charge control agent, a wax, and dyestuff.Here we report an extension of the CM toner® technology to produce a pigment-based polyester color toner® Two innovations were incorporated in the technology. First, to disperse pigment particles finely in the toner particles and also to prevent exudation of pigment during chemical milling, we used a pigment master batch utilizing a polyester binder resin that is chemically similar to the toner resin. Secondly, we also developed a functional polyester resin containing an appropriate amount of a selected ionic functional group in the chain so that increased surface chemical potential of polymer droplets would overcome increased viscoelasticity of droplets containing pigment particles.Pigment CM toner® particles (pigment content as high as 10 wt. %) with the volumetric mean diameter in the range of 5-10 microns and the 80% span as low as 0.55 were produced. A four-color toner set was developed and it showed excellent imaging quality as well as a good printing page yield in a commercial color laser printer.

Development of New Polymerization Full-Color Toner

The new oil-less full color toner was developed by ester elongation polymerization method.The new polymerization toner consists of toner ingredients such as polyester resin, wax, and pigment realized low temperature and oil-less fixing. In addition, low temperature fixing and heatresistance, moderate gloss by controlling molecular weight distribution of polyester binder were attained by using ester elongation polymerization method. Furthermore, it achieved high image quality that the fine toners with small and narrow particle size distribution. In addition, it is possible to use blade-cleaning system by toner shape control technology.

Polyester binders for wood containing benzotriazole and HALS light stabilizers

AbstractThree new polyester binders containing either benzotriazole‐type or hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS)‐type light stabilizers were synthesized. The binders were characterized by 13C and 1H NMR, FTIR, UV‐VIS spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. It was found that it was possible to bind a benzotriazole‐type light stabilizer to the polymer backbone of the binder if a suitable group was present in the stabilizer. However, there was no proof that the HALS‐type stabilizer was bound to the binder. The average penetration depth of the binders into the radial surface of pine wood was mainly below 480 μm into earlywood and below 2500 μm into latewood. The average penetration depth into the tangential surface was around 1000 μm in the earlywood and around 2500 μm in the latewood. Artificial weathering causes a binder‐treated wood surface to darken independently of the binder used. The yellowness of the irradiated pine samples increased at the beginning of the exposure but decreased during longer exposure times. The benzotriazole stabilizer, Tinuvin 213, protected the surface of wood quite well; the other stabilizers were poor. The wood surface became rougher in appearance, cracks along the microfibril orientation became pronounced, and the bordered pits were degraded in the weathered samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1413–1421, 2004

Biobased resin as a toughening agent for biocomposites

Biocomposites can be designed and engineered from plant bio-fibres and a blend of unsaturated polyester resin and derivatized vegetable oil to replace existing glass fibre-polyester composites for use in housing applications. Natural fibre composites (biocomposites) would provide environmental gains, reduced energy consumption, lighter weight, insulation and sound absorption properties, thus providing many beneficial additions to the American Advanced Housing program. Biocomposites were made using a non-woven fibre mat (90% Hemp fibre with 10% thermoplastic polyester binder) as reinforcement, and unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin as well as blends of UPE and functionalized vegetable oils as the polymer matrix. All composites were made with 30% volume fraction of fibre, which was optimized earlier. The structure–property relationships of this system as well as the thermo-mechanical properties of these composites were measured. The notched Izod impact strength of biocomposites from biobased resin blends of UPE and functionalized vegetable oil and industrial hemp fibre mat are enhanced by 90% as compared to that of the pure UPE-industrial hemp fibre mat composites. The initial tests also show an improvement in the tensile properties of the composite as a result of the incorporation of the derivatized vegetable oil. The morphological changes of the matrix and composites have been analyzed using electron microscopy.

Development of heat-resistant polyester binder fiber "CASVEN"

Development of heat-resistant polyester binder fiber "CASVEN"

Compressive mechanical behaviour of E-glass/polyester composite laminates tailored with a thermoplastic preforming binder

Compressive mechanical behaviour and failure modes of E (electrical)-glass/polyester composite laminates tailored with a thermoplastic preforming polyester binder were investigated under ply-lay up and in-plane loading directions. Fiber preforms with various amount of the binder were consolidated under heat and pressure. The preform compaction experiments were performed by applying compressive pressure to the preforms, and the average thickness as a function of pressure was measured. It was found that the highest compaction of the preforms and therefore the highest fiber volume fraction can be obtained with 3wt.% of the binder. Further increase of the amount of binder decreases the degree of compaction. Composite panels were fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding using fabric preforms with various binder concentrations. The present investigation reveals that there are considerable effects of the binder on the compressive mechanical behaviour of the composites. Compression testing of the composites showed that the average strength values are in the range of 400–600 and 150–300MPa for ply-lay up and in-plane directions, respectively. Also, both the strength and modulus values increase up to 3wt.% of the binder, and these values decrease with further addition of the binder. Scanning electron microscopy showed that failure modes of the composites are altered significantly by the presence of the binder. Furthermore, the interaction between the binder and the reacting resin was followed to determine the extent of the binder dissolution and its effects on the viscosity of the resin and the mechanical behaviour of the matrix polymer. The results indicate that there is a partial dissolution of the binder within the matrix resin.

STUDY ON LUMINOUS PROPERTIES AND FORMULATIONS OF SOME ILLUMINATING COMPOSITIONS BASED ON UPE AS POLYMERIC BINDERS

Illuminating compositions based on unsaturated polyester binders have been prepared. This work was directed towards the application of unsaturated polyesters as an oxygen containing binder for an illuminant composition. In this work, the effect of variation of the different formulating parameters on the processing and luminous characteristics of the illuminant composition has been investigated. Those parameters include; changing type and content of metallic fuel such as magnesium and aluminum, inorganic oxidizer such as sodium,barium and strontium nitrate as well as the polymeric binder. The binder used was rigid and flexible unsaturated polyester. The effect of addition of sodium fluoride, poly vinyl chloride, and graphite to the illuminant composition has been also studied. This work shows that unsaturated polyester can be fairly used as a typical polymeric binder for preparing an illuminant composition of high luminous and mechanical characteristics .

Investigating the effects of a polyester preforming binder on the mechanical and ballistic performance of E-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites

An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effects of a preforming binder on the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of E-glass-fiber/polyester composite systems. The glass preforms were consolidated by application of heat and pressure over plies of the glass fabrics coated with various concentrations of a thermoplastic polyester binder. The peel strength of the preforms with various binder content was measured and the highest peel strength was obtained from preforms prepared with about 9 wt% of the binder. Composite laminates with and without binder were fabricated using VARTM technique and the effects of the binder on the composite mechanical properties were evaluated. It was found that the flexural strength and mode I interlaminar fracture toughness decreases by 15% and 40%, respectively, due to the presence of 3 wt% of the binder. Ballistic test was performed on E-glass/polyester composite panels using 1.1-g fragment-simulating projectiles and it was found that the binder amount has some considerable effect on the damage extension of the impacted composites. The results showed that the preforming binder has significant potential to tailor composite properties.

Conductive polymer composite PET film with excellent antistatic properties

There have been few applications of conductive polymers as antistatic agents for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films for packaging, since they lack formability and transparency. A new antistatic film has been developed by coating PET with an alcohol-water solution containing a water soluble conductive polymer, sulphonated polyaniline (SPAn), and a water soluble or water dispersible polymer, which acts as a binder. It was found that this combination gave excellent antistatic properties. The SPAn antistatic polymer (ASP) composite PET films have special characteristics, such as good transparency, excellent antistatic properties (surface resistivity Rs=106-1010 Omega) at low humidity (15%RH), and good resistance to heat, water, and ammonia. In addition, ASP-PET films have a high capacity to retain their Rs values after drawing to a draw ratio of 3. Such characteristics of ASP-PET are ascribed not only to the fundamental properties of SPAn and the polyester binder, but also the affinity of the two polymers, which appears to result in the effective formation of a conductive network of SPAn within the polyester binder.

Effects of thermoplastic preforming binder on the properties of S2-glass fabric reinforced epoxy composites

The effect of a thermoplastic polyester binder on the thermophysical and mechanical properties of an S2-glass/epoxy–amine system was investigated. The purpose of the polymeric binder is to bond the individual fabric layers together during preforming prior to composite fabrication. This paper will address the significance of the binder chemistry, i.e., the compatibility of the binder with the matrix polymer, on the composite properties. The peel strength of preforms consolidated with various concentrations of binder was evaluated using the T-peel test. The highest peel resistance was obtained from preforms that have full coverage of the binder on the glass fabric. Further increase of the concentration of the binder does not change the peel strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on peel test fracture surfaces revealed mostly adhesive-type failure between binder and fiber. Double cantilever beam (DCB) and short beam shear (SBS) test results of the composite showed that the presence of about 2.6 wt% of the polyester binder reduces the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness and apparent interlaminar shear strength of the S2-glass/SC-15 epoxy-amine system by about 60% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, the T g of the matrix polymer within the interlaminar region decreases about 6°C due to the presence of the binder. The dissolution of the polyester binder within the reacting matrix resin is limited for the standard cure cycle.

Inhibition of cut edge corrosion of coil-coated architectural cladding

This study has investigated the solubility of inhibiting pigments and also the leaching behaviour of corrosion inhibitors from a polyester binder in an acid rain solution. This study has relevance to the control of cut-edge corrosion by inhibitor pigments, which are incorporated into the primer coatings of coil-coated architectural cladding. The concentrations of leachate solutions in tubes glued to the top surface of primer-coated galvanised steel specimens were measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) for a range of commercial inhibitors. In addition, the saturated solubility was measured using ICPES. It was found that the leaching rate, rather than the saturated solubility, controls the amount of inhibitor which is available for corrosion control at cut edges and in a coating defect area. These results are compared to impedance testing of polyester-coated galvanised steel specimens coated with the same primers.

Weather stabilization and pigmentation of UV-curable powder coatings

A UV-curable powder coating based on an unsaturated polyester binder and a vinyl ether crosslinker has been tested for weathering resistance. Accelerated and outdoor weathering demonstrate the combined protective action of a UV absorber and a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). Successful coatings cure of various colors and shades from organic and inorganic pigments is also reported in this study. Curing performance mainly depends on pigment absorption and particle size. A combination of a bis-acylphosphineoxide and an α-hydroxy-acetophenone photoinitiator overcomes limitations imposed by filtering of UV radiation by the pigments and provides balanced cure.

Consolidation and relaxation behavior of continuous strand random glass mats with thermoplastic binders

AbstractThe consolidation and relaxation characteristics of glass mat reinforcements with a thermoplastic polyester binder have been studied. Attention has been given to the effect of preforming conditions on binder flow around the fibers, and on the rearrangement of fiber tows making up the preform. An instrumented hydraulic press was used to compress stacks of glass mat over a wide range of temperatures (51.7 to 176.7°C) and a range of platen closing speeds (0.02 to 2.00 mm/s). Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the fiber tows after deformation. Individual fiber tows were observed to flatten during compression, more so at higher temperatures and slower closing speeds. The scanning electron micrographs also reveal changes in binder distribution around the fiber tows that are closely related to the degree of flattening of the fiber tows. This is because small gaps are opened up within the tow as it is flattened. Flow of binder along such gaps is predominantly due to the squeezing force, with only a minor contribution from capillary forces. The redistribution of binder then facilitates further compaction. The extent of binder redistribution is also governed by the binder viscosity, which was found to be a strong function of strain rate and temperature. The shear thinning viscosity of the binder leads to greater compressibility at the highest closing speed of 2 mm/s, although the compressibility of the mats was lower at moderately higher closing speeds. The compressibility was also higher at higher temperatures as expected. The loft was greater for stacks pressed at higher temperatures; this is a consequence of the lower binder viscosity at higher temperatures allowing more rearrangement of the tows. There was no loss of binder from the stacks in these runs.

Prediction of creep of polymer concrete

We studied the applicability of the phenomenological approach to the prediction of long-time creep of polymer concrete consisting of polyester binder with diabase filler and diabase aggregate. We discovered that the principles of temperature-time analogy, of moisture-time analogy, and of temperature-moisture-time analogy are applicable to the description of the diagrams of short-time creep and to the prediction of long-time creep of polymer concrete at different temperatures and constant moisture content of the material.

Inter-layer mixing effect on the transport properties of a dual-layer organic photoreceptor interface

Dual-layer organic photoreceptors, with applications in electrophotography, are widely fabricated using solvent-casting techniques. The presence of solvent when overcoating the charge generation layer with the charge transport layer suggests that the interface between the two layers will not be sharp and may consist of a mixed layer containing both charge transport and charge generation materials. In this work we have used transient photoconductivity techniques to examine the effects on hole transport of adding small amounts (up to a few percent by weight) of charge generation material (x-form metal-free phthalocyanine) to a standard charge transport layer ( p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-1,1′-diphenylhydrazone in a polyester binder). The addition of x-form metal-free phthalocyanine is found to have no effect on the hole mobility of the transport layers but greatly affects the observed time-of-flight pulse shapes. It is proposed that the addition of the x-form metal-free phthalocyanine creates deep trapping states and this is supported by simple computer simulations.

Thermal analysis of silver coatings used for tantalum capacitors

AbstractSilver‐filled polymer coatings are used to ensure the cathodic junction of tantalum capacitors. To polimerize new materials able to resist to the RTSH industrial test, we studied first the physical chemistry of the main commercial coatings used at the present time. Four commercial silver coatings (epoxy, polyester, polyimid, and polyacrylate binders) and one conductive epoxy adhesive were tested. We separated the silver flakes from the polymer binder by centrifugation and filtration. We analyzed the thermal degradation and stability of the two kinds of sample (with the without silver flakes) using DSC and TGA. The influence of fillers mixing is discussed. This article reports, also, the main chemical structures of the binder components, determined using 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR and elemental analysis, after HPLC or GPC fractionation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Rewet of Thermally Bonded Polyester Nonwovens

The effects of web characteristics and test methods on the rewet or backflow of liquids after penetration through the web to an absorptive backing were determined for thermally point bonded webs derived from low melting Dacron® polyester binder fibers. Rewet is influenced by the bulk, wettability, and uniformity of the bonded web. An equation derived for rewet from simple capillary concepts includes the bulk and wettability factors. Rewet is also affected by the amount of liquid that passes through the webs (liquid loading) and by the surface tension of the liquid. These effects of web and test method are explained.