Fracture incidence in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A retrospective cohort analysis.

The association between age at menarche and polycystic ovary syndrome among reproductive-aged women in the US.

Failure of podocalyxin suppression and HOXA10/HOXA11 activation characterizes endometrial dysfunction in hyperandrogenic PCOS.

Visceral adiposity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome - A cross-sectional, observational study.

Maternal choline and prebiotic supplementation ameliorate PCOS traits and reduce intergenerational transmission in rats.

Rationally design and create an activatable probe to monitor peroxynitrite in the mice model of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions targeting psychological health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome:a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists is increasing among reproductive-aged women for obesity, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and cardiometabolic disease. However, the safety of these agents in pregnancy and lactation remains sparse, while inadvertent first-trimester exposure is becoming more common. The aim of this review is to systematically evaluate maternal, fetal, neonatal, and lactation outcomes following preconception, in-pregnancy, or postpartum exposure to GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception to 23 September 2025. Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using validated tools. Given clinical heterogeneity, findings were synthesised narratively in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Across large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality compared with insulin-treated or disease-matched controls. Maternal outcomes, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, and gestational weight gain, were heterogeneous without a reproducible safety signal. Indeed, in women with PCOS, GLP-1RAs seem promising in various aspects. Lactation data were sparse; one pharmacokinetic study reported no detectable semaglutide transfer into human milk. Current evidence suggests that preconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies is not consistently associated with increased maternal, fetal, or neonatal risk, although data on continued use throughout gestation remain limited.

Lead exposure acts as a risk factor of PCOS development via SOD2-mediated mtDNA leakage.

The effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on the hormonal profile, hirsutism, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and hair loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Association between different VNTR variants of the Interleukin-4 (IL4 VNTR) gene and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in an Iranian population

RAB5A regulates cell proliferation and lipid metabolism by modulating mitochondrial ROS via AMPK signaling pathway in ovarian granulosa cells.

Evaluation of a fluorescent-based point-of-care AMH assay: A bicentric assessment of analytical performance, method agreement, and usability.

CSF3R signalling beyond granulopoiesis: new paradigms in female reproductive biology.

Diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of miRNA-93 and miRNA-223 in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for serum 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol 17-glucuronide with enhanced interference resolution.

Women with obesity or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) often require repeated ovulation induction (OI) due to ovulatory dysfunction and infertility. However, the cumulative effects of repeated stimulation on ovarian function and embryo development remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to understand the consequences of repeated OI and/or repeated superovulation (SO) on preimplantation embryonic development in obese (high-fat diet-induced) and PCOS (high-fat diet and dehydroepiandrosterone-induced) mouse models. Control (without any metabolic disorder), obese, and PCOS mice were divided into three experimental groups. The mice in one round of superovulation (SO1) were injected with 5 IU intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, followed by 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin 48h later. In the repeated superovulation (SO3) group, mice were subjected to three rounds of superovulation with a gap of 9days between each superovulation. Mice in the OI3+SO3 group were administered with three doses of CC (50mg/kg body weight, i.p., gap of 9days between each CC injection), followed by three rounds of superovulation. Both single and three rounds of superovulation resulted in decrease in primordial follicles and a moderate increase in atretic follicles in obese and PCOS mice. Reduction in the number of ovulated oocytes, increased rate of abnormal fertilization, decrease in blastocyst rate and elevated DNA damage in blastocysts were observed in in vitro fertilization-derived embryos. These findings demonstrate compromised embryonic development following repeated ovarian stimulation. The study highlights need for mild ovarian stimulation strategies in metabolically compromised patients undergoing infertility treatments.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia are central features contributing to long-term cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence suggests that probiotics may modulate the gut-metabolic axis and improve metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. To evaluate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation on obesity parameters, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. This prospective interventional study (n = 90) was conducted at a tertiary care center from June 2024 to December 2025. Women aged 18-40 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam 2003 criteria were included. Participants received a daily multistrain probiotic capsule for 12 weeks. Anthropometric parameters (weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumference) and biochemical indices (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid profile) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Ninety women completed the study. Statistically significant reductions (P < 0.001) were observed in weight (-2.75 kg), BMI (-1.16 kg/m2), waist circumference (-2.10 cm), and hip circumference (-2.27 cm) (P < 0.001 for all). Total cholesterol (-12.13 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (-3.80 mg/dL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (-2.27 mg/dL) decreased significantly, while high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides showed no significant change. Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance showed statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001). Probiotic supplementation was associated with statistically significant reductions (P < 0.001) in obesity indices, atherogenic lipid fractions, and insulin resistance markers in women with PCOS, suggesting a potential adjunctive role in metabolic management.

This review evaluates whether pregestational prediabetes identifies women at risk of subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and examines its association with maternal and offspring outcomes. Prediabetes is common in women of reproductive age and often precedes GDM. The risk factors for prediabetes and GDM are similar, such as higher BMI, polycystic ovary syndrome, advancing age, and genetic susceptibility. Both conditions denote underlying insulin resistance with limited beta-cell reserve. Preliminary evidence indicates that women with pregestational prediabetes have a higher likelihood of developing GDM. Risk rises progressively with increasing glycemia. Prediabetes is also associated with modestly increased risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth, though associations with cesarean delivery, macrosomia, and neonatal outcomes are inconsistent. Glycated hemoglobin in the prediabetes range early in pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of progression to type 2 diabetes than GDM diagnosed at 24-28 weeks. These observations support the view that pregestational prediabetes may emerge as an early marker of metabolic risk with implications extending beyond pregnancy. Prediabetes represents a state of increased metabolic risk in women planning pregnancy. It lies along a dysglycemic continuum linking preconception glycemic status to GDM and future diabetes. Incorporating glycemic assessment into preconception care may aid GDM risk stratification. However, the evidence is still evolving, and prospective studies are needed to define the role of pregestational prediabetes in predicting maternal, fetal, and long-term outcomes.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit a substantially increased risk of miscarriage, yet the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to investigate whether specific gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolic disturbance are associated with and may potentially contribute to endometrial dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with PCOS. Prospective cohort study integrated with mechanistic experiments. Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (2022-2024). A total of 110 women with PCOS and 110 age- and body mass index-matched controls were enrolled. We performed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing of gut microbiota, with untargeted and targeted serum metabolomics. Functional validation was conducted using primary human endometrial stromal cells and a PCOS rat model intervened with Parabacteroides merdae (P. merdae) supplementation or faecal microbiota transplantation. Gut microbiota composition, serum metabolites, endometrial senescence markers, and pregnancy outcomes. Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher miscarriage rates than controls, accompanied by a marked depletion of P. merdae abundance and elevated serum levels of branched-chain amino acids, particularly isoleucine. Exogenous isoleucine induced cellular senescence in human endometrial stromal cells in a dose-dependent manner. Restoration of P. merdae levels in the PCOS rat model resulted in decreased serum isoleucine levels, amelioration of the senescent endometrial phenotype, and reduction in the fetal resorption rate. These findings suggest that P. merdae depletion and the concurrent accumulation of isoleucine may be associated with endometrial senescence and elevated risk of miscarriage, suggesting the possible involvement of a gut microbiota-metabolite pathway in PCOS-related reproductive dysfunction. These results also provide a mechanistic basis for future translational investigations.