Retraction notice to "Antimicrobial and anti-diabetic efficiency of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extracts and major compounds characterization" [Environ. Res. 246 (2024) 118061

Spleen protective role, Antiplasmodial and Antioxidant activity of Polyalthia longifolia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei parasite

Green synthesis of eco-friendly fluorescent carbon dots from Polyalthia longifolia leaves for enhanced photoactivated antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility

Synthesis and evaluation of lactam and maleimide derivatives of 16-hydroxycleroda-3, 13 (14) Z-dien-15, 16-olide from Polyalthia longifolia as potential anticancer agents.

Lahore has been consistently ranked as the world’s most polluted city. Because of combative ideas to construct highways, underpasses and flyovers, Lahore had lost a remarkable percentage of its tree cover over the past 15 years. The present study focuses on the outcomes of rapidly increasing air pollution on roadside vegetation. In current study, species such as Alstonia scholaris L., Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus virens Aiton, Ficus benjamina L., Ficus religiosa Linn., Morus alba L., Murraya paniculata L., Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Polyalthia longifolia Sonn., Rubia tinctorum L. found on the seven busiest roads of Lahore were selected (on the basis of traffic densities) for biomonitoring. These plants were selected due to their prevalence and commonly occurrence on these selected roads. Variation on biochemical parameters like chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content & carotenoids and physiological parameters like stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were found in triplicate. By analyzing these parameters quality of air and health of plants can also be assessed. In this study the dust load was maximum on the leaves of Alstonia scholaris L. (0.02 ± 0.005), Ficus religiosa Linn. (0.02 ± 0.003), and Morus alba L. (0.02 ± 0.003) Reduction in chlorophyll was noticed in Alstonia scholaris L. (0.44 ± 0.22) and Polyalthia longiflia Sonn. (0.41 ± 0.22) while the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16), followed by Ficus benjamina L. (0.80 ± 0.25), Ficus religiosa Linn. (0.81 ± 0.30), Ficus virens Aiton. (0.64 ± 0.22), Morus alba L. (1.80 ± 0.27) and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. (2.55 ± 0.43), was higher at polluted sites. The reduction in carotenoid content was found in Murraya paniculata L. (4.12 ± 2.18) while it was highest in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (9.12 ± 0.71) Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of Alstonia scholaris L. (25.36 ± 13.10), Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (34.37 ± 19.92), Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (28.23 ± 11.25), Murraya paniculata L. (26.80 ± 7.75), Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. (42.27 ± 22.87), and Rubia tinctorum L. (30.60 ± 4.07) was observed. The current research distinctly signifies Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus benjamina L., Ficus religiosa Linn., Ficus virens Aiton., Morus alba L. and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., have capability to hold on the stress triggered by roadside pollutants. The findings are useful to urban green space landscapers in harsh climates as they choose appropriate species that can offer a variety of ecosystem services, such as resistance to air pollution and lowering of temperature without compromising plant survival.

Polyalthia longifolia, a member of the Annonaceae family, is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, including as an antidiabetic remedy, primarily in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the potential of six P. longifolia extracts in counteracting hyperglycemia and diabetes-related complications. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts from leaves and stems were evaluated for their antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, and antiradical properties using α-glucosidase, BSA, and ORAC assays, respectively. Phytochemical characterization was conducted using TPC and TFC assays, and HPLC analysis identified specific bioactive compounds, including various phenolic compounds (gallic acid, (+)-catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid) and flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol and baicalein). The MTT assay on the human cell line HT-29 assessed the activity of extracts on cell viability, showing slight cytotoxicity. Results demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity of the ethanol and methanol extracts from P. longifolia leaves. This study provides new insights into the potential use of P. longifolia in diabetes mellitus and supports the valorization of traditional medicinal plants.

Malaria continues to be a life-threatening disease worldwide, causing the deaths of over eight thousand individuals each year. A major obstacle in the fight against malaria is the emergence and spread of parasites that are resistant to existing drugs. Because of this problem, researchers are now focusing on discovering new, natural compounds that can fight malaria more effectively and safely. Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times in different communities for treating many illnesses. This study investigated the phytochemical components, antimalarial activity, and toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Polyalthia longifolia. Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, dried, powdered, and extracted with 80% methanol using the cold maceration technique. Phytochemical screening was conducted by standard procedures while in vitro antiplasmodial activity was tested against Plasmodium falciparum–infected red blood cells at different extract concentrations. Toxicity evaluation involved acute and sub-chronic studies in rats. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, and cardiac glycosides whereas anthraquinones was absent. Quantitative analysis showed saponins as the most abundant compound (120 mg/g). Antimalarial testing revealed 53.4% parasite inhibition at the highest concentration. The LD50 was estimated above 5000 mg/kg, indicating safety at high doses, although sub-chronic administration produced dose-related changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. Overall, the methanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia leaves demonstrated promising antimalarial activity, and was relatively safe, but should be administered with caution at elevated doses.

Polyalthia longifolia seeds derived carbon: As peroxymonosulfate activator for efficient degradation of Rhodamine B dye

Cardiovascular disease conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), are prominent contributors to global mortality. Isoprenaline induces acute myocardial damage and infarction. Polyalthia longifolia (PL), has been reported to possess various potential health benefits. Thus, this study evaluated the protective role of the phenol-rich fraction of PL leaf on isoprenaline (ISO)-mediated myocardial infarction in rats. Forty male Wistar rats (265±15g) were randomly and equally grouped into five (n=8). Group A (control) received I mL/kg distilled water, B: ISO at 90 mg/kg, C: vitamin C (Vit C) at 100 mg/kg and ISO, and D and E: PL at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively and ISO. Treatment was done orally and lasted for 13 consecutive days except for ISO which was given subcutaneously on the 13th day. Blood pressure was monitored following acclimatisation. The whole blood and the heart tissue were collected and analysed for antioxidants, inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and histopathology. Isoprenaline increased blood pressure parameters in group B. These parameters were reversed in Vit-C and PL-exposed groups. Isoprenaline significantly (p<0.05) induced oxidative stress and inflammation, and reduced antioxidant markers in group B. Vit C and PLameliorated the isoprenaline-induced toxicity in groups C, D, and E. ISO induced inflammatory cells, infarction, and oedema in the heart tissue in group B. These changes were mildly reversed in Vit-C and PL-treated rats. In conclusion, Polyalthia longifolia phenol-rich fraction mitigated isoprenaline-induced myocardial toxicity in rats, demonstrating effects comparable to those of Vitamin C.

The present investigation highlights the phytochemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of methanol leaf extract of Solanum americanum and Polyalthia longifolia. The fresh leaves of S. americanum and P. longifolia were air-dried, milled into powder and macerated into absolute methanol. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and in-vitro antioxidant activity which was compared with that of standard Ascorbic acid. The qualitative quantitative phytochemical screening results constitutes flavonoids (43.05 mg/g), phenols (71.93 mg/g), alkaloids (34.11 mg/g), terpenoids (18.09mg/g), saponin (5.47 mg/g) and tannins (26.17 mg/g) all of which are known for their therapeutic properties. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays, which showed significant percentage inhibition in dose dependent manner. The combined extract exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with an Ec50 value of 0.993µg/ml, highlighting their potent radical scavenging ability. Furthermore, the FRAP assay revealed a high reducing power in the highest concentration (800ug/ml) having 79.1 µMFe2+/g, suggesting effective electron donation capabilities. The total antioxidant capacity results obtained showed that the TAC for the extract was in the range of 0. 650 to 2.123 AAE (ascorbic acid equivalent) for the different concentrations used.

ABSTRACTBackground16‐hydroxycleroda‐3,13‐dien‐15,16‐olide (HCD), a compound isolated from Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula, has been identified as a PI3K inhibitor. P. longifolia var. pendula is recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, hypotensive, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. Considering the pivotal role of PI3K in the regulation of apoptosis in cancer cells, this study aims to investigate the apoptotic effects induced by HCD in head and neck cancer cell models.MethodsThe study focused on investigating the mechanism through which HCD induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using SCC25 and SCC180 cells. These cells were treated with HCD at IC20, IC50, and IC80 concentrations over periods of 24, 48, and 72 h. Assessments included cell viability, oxidative stress levels using MitoSOX and CellROX, and the analysis of gene and protein expressions related to apoptosis via immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, RT‐PCR, and western blotting.ResultsThe results demonstrated that HCD significantly increased the sub‐G1 phase cell population, suppressed clonogenic activity, and promoted mitochondrial ROS production, accompanied by a reduction in glutathione levels. HCD also activated cytochrome c (cyto. c) release and Bax expression while downregulating Bcl‐2 expression. Notably, in SCC25 cells, HCD induced apoptosis through the TNF‐α/TNF‐R and FasL/Fas death domains, leading to caspase cascade activation. Moreover, HCD showed dose‐dependent growth inhibition of SCC25 cells, both alone and combined with cisplatin, by enhancing caspase‐3 expression.ConclusionThis investigation into HCD's molecular mechanisms in OSCC cells offers insight into developing effective anticancer therapies, highlighting its role in apoptosis induction through oxidative stress, mitochondrial pathways, and death receptor signaling.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This condition can significantly impact the quality of life of sufferers, making the development of effective and safe anticonvulsant therapies a priority in pharmacological research. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various anticonvulsant drugs, including herbal candidates, in a mouse model (Mus musculus) using acute and subchronic test protocols. Seizures were induced by administering strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist that triggers excessive neuronal excitability. Parameters observed included seizure onset (the time from strychnine administration to the onset of the first seizure) and deadtime (the time of survival after a seizure). The study involved six treatment groups: a negative control (Na-CMC), four conventional drug groups (phenytoin, diazepam, pregabalin, and gabapentin), and one herbal candidate group made from Polyalthia longifolia (glodokan tiang). The results showed that most treatment groups were able to delay seizure onset and significantly prolong deadtime compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis using ANOVA yielded a p-value <0.05, indicating a significant difference between groups. The herbal candidate Polyalthia longifolia showed promising anticonvulsant potential, although it did not fully match the effectiveness of conventional drugs such as phenytoin or diazepam. The negative control (Na-CMC) showed the fastest onset and shortest survival time, reflecting the absence of a protective effect against seizures. This study emphasizes the importance of further testing using chronic protocols and evaluating additional parameters such as plasma drug concentrations and neurological side effect profiles. The obtained data are expected to form the basis for the development of anticonvulsant therapies based on a combination of modern drugs and natural ingredients, with the hope of producing safer, more effective treatment alternatives, and potentially reducing dependence on long-term synthetic drugs.

Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles from Polyalthia longifolia leaves and Evaluation of its catalytic and antibacterial Activities

The growing global concern over antimicrobial resistance has prompted intensified research into plant-derived natural products as alternative therapeutic agents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents from the methanolic stem bark extract of Polyalthia longifolia and the root extract of Annona senegalensis, two plants widely used in West African ethnomedicine. The crude extracts were subjected to fractionation using column chromatography, employing solvent systems of increasing polarity. The obtained fractions were analysed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the number of constituent compounds and their retention factor (Rf) values. Characterization of the most active fractions was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The crude extracts were successfully fractionated resulting in six fractions from each plant. Fractions F1 and F5 from P. longifolia and F3 and F4 from A. senegalensis were selected for detailed phytochemical investigation based on preliminary thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and bioactivity screening. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O), alkyl (C=H), ester (C-O), and aromatic (C=C) groups—consistent with alcohols, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, and fatty acids. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further identified a wide range of bioactive compounds. For P. longifolia, major constituents included 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, methyl palmitate, n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl stearate, and squalene—compounds reported in literature to possess significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Similarly, the GC-MS profile of A. senegalensis fractions revealed the presence of (+)-roemerine, trans-4-chlorochalcone, hexadecanoic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid, among others, which have also been associated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. The results validate the ethnomedicinal use of these plants and support their potential as sources of new antimicrobial agents. The combination of FTIR and GC-MS provided a reliable approach to profiling and identifying phytoconstituents in complex plant matrices. These findings not only expand the phytochemical knowledge of P. longifolia and A. senegalensis but also contribute to ongoing efforts in natural product-based drug discovery.

Aims: Effective seed germination is a prerequisite for successful tree planting project. Effect of varying water temperature on germination of selected tree species was examined. Study Design: 4 X 4 factorial experiments in Completely Randomized Design with 3 replicates. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Science Laboratory Technology of Delta State University, Abraka between June 12 and July 26, 2023. Methodology: Twenty-four seeds each of Terminalia mantaly (TM), Senna siamea (SS), Delonix regia (DR), Polyalthia longifolia (PL) were randomly selected and soaked at varying durations in cold-water (120C- 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 0hrs); warm-water (40oC- 5mins, 10mins, 15mins and 0mins); hot-water (100oC-30secs, 60secs, 90secs and 0secs) and control. A 4 X 4 factorial experiment in Complete Randomized design was adopted. Data on days to germination, sprouts and germination percentage were obtained and analyzed using ANOVA at α0.05. Results: Germination and soaking duration of seeds in cold-water were not significant (P>0.05). Seeds of SS and PL recorded the least and highest days to germinate (11.92±2.31 and 15.30±2.31) and sprout (14.83±2.39 and 18.10±2.39), respectively. One seed each of SS soaked for 24 and 48 hours germinated at day 4 with 66.7% germination (at week 2). Hot-water had significant effect (P<.05) on germination and sprout of seeds while soaking duration and interaction were not significant for germination. Seeds of SS and DR performed best with (6.67±1.33 and 7.58±1.33; 8.42±1.62 and 10.50±1.62) average days to germinate and sprout, respectively. Seeds of SS (60 seconds) and DR (30 seconds) germinated and sprouted within 5 and 8 days with 91.7% germination (weeks 2). Warm-water had significant (P<.05) effect on germination, sprout and soaking duration of seeds. Seeds of SS germinated and sprouted at 6.42±0.78 and 9.57±0.88 days respectively, with earliest days to germinate (5.00±2.22-10mins) and sprout (8.00±2.14- 5mins). DR soaked in warm-water for 10 mins germinated and sprouted within 4 and 8 days after planting. At week 2, seeds of SS and DR had 91.7% germination. Conclusion: Seed pretreatment contributed to the germination of species as no seed was damaged.

This research was carried out on the survey of ornamental plants in schools and churches, Ila Local Government Community Area Osun State. The prevalence and incidence of the plants, the economical and the medicinal value of the plant including the concept of the ornamental plant were as well examined. Ten churches and 17 schools in the Ila Orangun were surveyed for identification and description of numerous ornamental plants species commonly found in the schools and churches. The ornamental plants were identified, captured and snapped using camera. Overall ornamental plants encountered were one hundred and seventy-three (173); 144 (schools) while 29 ornamental plants (churches). Abundance Species: Vinca major (17) stands while Rareness: Hibiscus rosa-sinesis Family: Malvaceae had least (1) stand. Highest prevalence rate: AgaveSisalana perriae (Family Asparagaceae) while Tradescantia apathacea, Ixora caccinea and Opunti aengel mannii had least.Commonness plants in schools and churches: Duranta erecta; rareness plant: Hamelia patens. Species Composition in Schools and Churches: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis species of the Malvaceae family had (1) in Church and School. The most frequent ornamental species in the entire Schools Duranta erecta (Verbenaceae family). Species Abundance in Schools and Churches: Polyalthia longifolia (Annonaceae family) 7.64% schools and the least Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (0.69 %.) Most abundant ornamental species in Church was Agave sisalana perrine (Asparagaceae family):30.43% while Dieffenbachia seguine, Tradescantia spathacea, Ixora coccinea and Opuntia engel mannii had the least 4.35%. The study highlights the importance of ornamental plants in local landscapes and recommends their conservation.

ABSTRACT Urban air pollution remains a critical environmental issue, and afforestation offers a sustainable approach for its mitigation. The present study evaluated the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of 20 tree species from urban areas in and around Mettupalayam by analyzing key biochemical parameters including ascorbic acid (AA), total chlorophyll (TC), leaf extract pH, and relative water content (RWC). Based on APTI values, species were categorized as Sensitive (1–10), Moderately Tolerant (11–17), and Tolerant (17–29). Among the parameters, ascorbic acid showed a strong positive correlation with APTI (r = 0.923***). A multiple linear regression model (R² = 0.9728) confirmed AA as the most influential factor. Polyalthia longifolia (27.79), Peltophorum pterocarpum (25.43), and Tamarindus indicus (18.48) were identified as highly tolerant species. These findings suggest that selecting tree species with high APTI can enhance urban green cover and contribute significantly to air pollution abatement.

Tanjung Morawa adalah sebuah kecamatan yang terletak di Kabupaten Deli Serdang, yang termasuk kedalam jalan lintas dengan ramai kendaraan sehingga berpotensi udara serta lingkungan sekitarnya tercemar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah kandungan logam berat timbal (Pb) dan adakah hubungan antara kepadatan lalu lintas dengan kadar Timbal (Pb) pada daun glodokan (Polyathia longifolia Sonn.) di kawasan Tanjung Morawa. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tiga stasiun yang telah ditentukan dengan metode pengambilan purposive random sampling masing-masing dengan pengambilan sampel tiga ulangan. Daun glodokan dianalisis di laboratorium dengan menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar Timbal (Pb) yang tertinggi hingga terendah secara berurutan adalah pada lokasi I sebesar 2,56 mg/kg, pada lokasi II sebesar 2,052 mg/kg, dan pada lokasi III sebesar 1,264 mg/kg. Analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa yang paling berpengaruh atas tingginya kadar timbal adalah kendaraan dengan roda lebih dari empat.

This study addresses the ambiguous taxonomic status of Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia, a variety widely cited in scientific literature for its therapeutic studies but lacking formal taxonomic recognition. Following the reclassification of Polyalthia longifolia as Monoon longifolium, we aim to determine the systematic position of the taxon reported in literature as Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia using an integrative approach. We used morphological, micromorphological, and molecular (matK) data to determine the correct taxonomic status of this taxon and its evolutionary relationship with the other known species. Our analysis reveals that Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia is a distinct taxon belonging to the genus Monoon. Therefore, it has been described here as a new taxonomic entity, clarifying its taxonomic validity and ensuring consistency in the scientific naming of the infraspecific taxa of Monoon longifolium.

Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia thw.: a review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology applications and future prospects as a green anti-aging agent