Polyline Feature Research Articles

Geographic Information System for Mapping and Complaint of Damaged Roads

Indonesia is a massive archipelago of 1.919.400 km², containing roads that span at 542.000 km across various terrain conditions. This diverse geographic environment is a challenge to road constructions and repairs across the country, which has lead to disruption in public service and traffic accidents each year. We propose the Geographic Information System for Mapping and Complaint of Damaged Roads, a solution which can provide users a digital interface to report damaged roads to the transportation department in their area. This research uses Google Maps API to digitize and make a complaint about damaged roads. The result of this research is an android application for the users and a website application for the road managers. The android application is used by the users to make complaints of damaged roads. The web application is used by road managers to draw the road on Google Maps using polyline feature. With this our goal is to systematize the handling of damaged roads information, leading to faster service times and hopefully help reduce the level of traffic accidents in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Complaint, Damaged road, Geographic Information System, Google Maps, Road digitization.

Geospatial Analysis of Ambulance Station Coverage of the Acute Coronary Syndrome Incidents in Semey, Kazakhstan

BACKGROUND: One of the main causes of death is cardiovascular diseases. Among cardiovascular diseases ischemic heart disease is major a cause of death. Emergency medical service and ambulance play the key role in providing timely care.
 AIM: This study was carried out to investigate the coverage area of calls of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by ambulance stations in regards to the time using GIS-analyze.
 METHODS: This was descriptive study which contains secondary data from Semey ambulance service’s database about all 1704 ACS with and without elevation of ST segment emergency calls in Semey city (Kazakhstan) over the period from August 1, 2017 to May 30, 2018. Spatial Analyst and Network Analyst Extensions of ArcGIS 10.7 (ESRI, CA, USA) were used to define high ACS density areas and find 10, 15, and 20 min time response areas. Kernel density tool calculates a magnitude-per-unit area from point or polyline features using a kernel function to fit a smoothly tapered surface to each point or polyline.
 RESULTS: The distance to the patient for ambulances was from 7 to 15 km. For most calls, the response time was <10 min, which is the recommended national standard for emergency care. Density zones were divided into seven categories from white (from 0 to 3.4 cases/km2) to red (from 59.9 to 86.1 cases/km2). The largest high-density area of ACS cases was located in central part of the city on right-bank of the river. Furthermore, high density of ACS cases was identified in the areas of high rise buildings on the left bank of the river.
 CONCLUSION: GIS tools are useful tool that can be implemented in planning of emergency medical service. In our study, we determined that the service areas of ambulance stations cover the needs of patients with ACS. But nevertheless, it is necessary to plan the ambulance care to nearby regions and villages. In addition, it needs to consider the development of new areas of city and patterns of emergency calls in planning.

Primary environmental factors controlling gully distribution at the local and regional scale: An example from Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the main cause of global land degradation. The factors controlling gully erosion at watershed scale have been extensively studied, but the spatial pattern of gullies and their primary environmental factors are unclear. In order to explore the primary factors at the regional scale of over thousands of square kilometers, 34 sample areas were selected in northeastern China and 10 environmental factors were proposed. Based on gully interpretations from high-resolution Google Earth images and spatial analysis, kernel density estimation (with polyline features), and correlation analysis, the results show that the maximum kernel density (KD) of the 34 sample areas ranged from 0.11 to 87.16, and there were significant positive correlations between the average KD and the maximum value and standard deviation. At the regional scale, topography (relief amplitude, slope, surface roughness, surface incision, and elevation with correlation coefficients (ρ) of 0.60, 0.59, 0.57, 0.48, and 0.41 respectively) was the primary environmental factor, with a significant positive correlation with KD. The correlation coefficients of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (ρ = 0.32), annual precipitation (ρ = 0.19), and soil (silt, sand, and clay content with ρ of 0.139, −0.117, and 0.085, respectively) decreased successively with the KD. At sample area scale, there were six areas with weak correlations between environmental factors and KD, 20 areas with topographic factors, six areas with annual precipitation, and two areas with NDVI as the primary factor. The correlation between soil texture and KD was low. There were different positive or negative correlations between the environmental factors and KD. The spatial distribution of gullies in northeastern China is heterogeneous, and the primary environmental factors were diverse. This study will help to understand the spatial pattern and formation mechanism of gullies at large scale.

Storage Feature-Based Watermarking Algorithm with Coordinate Values Preservation for Vector Line Data

Most of current watermarking algorithms for GIS vector data embed copyright information by means of modifying the coordinate values, which will do harm to its quality and accuracy. To preserve the fidelity of vector line data and protect its copyright at the same time, a lossless watermarking algorithm is proposed based on storage feature in this paper. Firstly, the superiority of embedding watermark based on storage feature is demonstrated theoretically and technically. Then, the basic concepts and operations on storage feature have been defined including length and angle of the polyline feature. In the process of embedding watermark, the watermark information is embedded into directions of polyline feature by the quantitative mechanism, while the positions of embedding watermark are determined by the feature length. Hence, the watermark can be extracted by the same geometric features without original data or watermark. Finally, experiments have been conducted to show that coordinate values remain unchanged after embedding watermark. Moreover, experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.

Geological Analysis of Martian Rover‐Derived Digital Outcrop Models Using the 3‐D Visualization Tool, Planetary Robotics 3‐D Viewer—PRo3D

AbstractPanoramic camera systems on robots exploring the surface of Mars are used to collect images of terrain and rock outcrops which they encounter along their traverse. Image mosaics from these cameras are essential in mapping the surface geology and selecting locations for analysis by other instruments on the rover's payload. 2‐D images do not truly portray the depth of field of features within an image, nor their 3‐D geometry. This paper describes a new 3‐D visualization software tool for geological analysis of Martian rover‐derived Digital Outcrop Models created using photogrammetric processing of stereo‐images using the Planetary Robotics Vision Processing tool developed for 3‐D vision processing of ExoMars PanCam and Mars 2020 Mastcam‐Z data. Digital Outcrop Models are rendered in real time in the Planetary Robotics 3‐D Viewer PRo3D, allowing scientists to roam outcrops as in a terrestrial field campaign. Digitization of point, line, and polyline features is used for measuring the physical dimensions of geological features and communicating interpretations. Dip and strike of bedding and fractures is measured by digitizing a polyline along the contact or fracture trace, through which a best fit plane is plotted. The attitude of this plane is calculated in the software. Here we apply these tools to analysis of sedimentary rock outcrops and quantification of the geometry of fracture systems encountered by the science teams of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity. We show the benefits PRo3D allows for visualization and collection of geological interpretations and analyses from rover‐derived stereo‐images.

A Combined Method for Spatial Join Selectivity Estimation

Spatial join selectivity is one of most important and time-consuming operations in spatial databases. The method of Power Laws is one of proposed methods that can be applied to point datasets perfectly. This paper presents a method that combines the Power Laws with MP Histogram Statistic, to calculate spatial join selectivity of polyline feature data-sets, or polygon feature data-sets or more complex feature data-sets. The spatial join selectivity is calculated with the proposed method and compared with that of the MP Histogram Statistic, and the experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible.

A MapX-based Segmentation Algorithm of Region Feature by Polyline

MapX didnâ??t provide a ready function which can be easy to split region feature in the client. The objective of this study was to design a segmentation algorithm for cutting region feature with polyline. In order to convenience the description, during the segmentation, only 2 intersection points were taken into consideration. According to the order of P1(the first intersection point) and P2(the second intersection point) in the R(region feature) and L(polyline feature), 4 kinds of situations had been taken into account, those were respectively, P2 was always after P1 in the R and L, P2 was after P1 in the R but P2 was before P1 in the L, P2 was always before P1 in the R and L, and P2 was before P1 in the R but P2 was after P1 in the L. Segmentation results showed that the algorithm was stable and reliable.

Optimization of FIB methods for phase shift mask defect repair

Two new methods have been proposed to optimize the focused ion beam (FIB) technique for repair of phase shift masks (PSMs). The alternating box method is used to eliminate the post FIB repair phase trench defect and the biased method to eliminate the gallium staining effect. Both methods require only a change of sputtering or beam scanning strategy. Rim, halftone and embedded PSMs for contact hole and poly line features with programmed defects have been fabricated and repaired by the new methods. Computer simulation and experimental photolithography have confirmed that opaque defects can be repaired by the optimized FIB technique without leaving any post repair “ghost” defects.