Poly Aspartic Acid Research Articles

Polyaspartic acid enhances the Cd phytoextraction efficiency of Bidens pilosa by remolding the rhizospheric environment and reprogramming plant metabolism

The green soil chelator polyaspartic acid (PASP) can enhance heavy metal phytoextraction efficiency, but the potential mechanisms are not clearly understood from the whole soil–plant system. In this study, we explored the effects and potential mechanisms of PASP addition in soils on plant growth and cadmium (Cd) uptake in the Cd hyperaccumulator Bidens pilosa by analysing variations in chemical elements, rhizospheric microbial community, and plant metabolomics. The results showed that PASP significantly promoted the biomass yield and Cd concentration in B. pilosa, leading to an increase in the total accumulated Cd by 46.4% and 76.4% in shoots and 124.7% and 197.3% in roots under 3 and 6 mg kg−1 PASP addition, respectively. The improved soil-available nutrients and enriched plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (e.g., Sphingopyxis, Sphingomonas, Cupriavidus, Achromobacter, Nocardioides, and Rhizobium) were probably responsible for the enhanced plant growth after PASP addition. The increase in Cd uptake by plants could be due to the improved rhizosphere-available Cd, which was directly activated by PASP and affected by the induced rhizobacteria involved in immobilizing/mobilizing Cd (e.g., Sphingomonas, Cupriavidus, Achromobacter, and Rhizobium). Notably, PASP and/or these potassium (K)-solubilizing rhizobacteria (i.e., Sphingomonas, Cupriavidus, and Rhizobium) highly activated rhizosphere-available K to enhance plant growth and Cd uptake in B. pilosa. Plant physiological and metabolomic results indicated that multiple processes involving antioxidant enzymes, amino acids, organic acids, and lipids contributed to Cd detoxification in B. pilosa. This study provides novel insights into understanding how soil chelators drive heavy metal transfer in soil–plant systems.

Switchable nanoparticles complexing cisplatin for circumventing glutathione depletion in breast cancer chemotherapy

Cisplatin is broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic agent that has been widely used for the treatment of a variety of malignant tumors including breast cancer. However, the cisplatin chemoresistance, which derives from the inactivation by glutathione (GSH) depletion, remains a scientific issue to solve. Here, we report a novel type of smart disulfide switchable nanoparticles complexing cisplatin (switch NPs-cisplatin) that is rationally designed, and engineered by synthesizing a hyaluronic acid disulfide bonded polyaspartic acid (HA-ss-Pasp) and complexing cisplatin. The results showed that the switch NPs-cisplatin had a nanoscale of particle size (150 nm), higher drug encapsulation efficiency (>90%), and suitable drug release profile. They demonstrated evident pH responsiveness and GSH responsiveness, and targeting effect in the resistant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, they were able to block the cisplatin depletion by GSH in the resistant cancer cells, thereby circumventing the chemoresistance. Consequently, switch NPs-cisplatin displayed a remarkable killing effect in the resistant breast cancer cells in vitro, and in the resistant breast cancer-bearing mice. In conclusion, switch NPs-cisplatin could be used as a smart formulation of cisplatin for overcoming the chemoresistance of breast cancer. The present study also offers a universal drug delivery carrier platform for highly efficient but low systemic toxic chemotherapy.

Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Copper-Contaminated Soil by Combining Steel Slag and a Permeable Reactive Barrier

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation methods can remove heavy metals from the soil, but the removal efficiency is generally low. In this paper, indoor remediation experiments of simulated copper-contaminated clay under four different types of electrolyte conditions (KCl, HAc, AC, and PASP (polyaspartic acid)) are carried out to validate the theory of an electrodynamically coupled steel slag permeability reactive wall (PRB). By comparison with EK remediation, it has been shown that the EK-PRB coupled remediation method can promote the removal of heavy metal copper in the soil, especially in the removal of reducible copper and exchangeable copper. The method can effectively avoid the increase in soil pH value and reduce the accumulation range of heavy metals while reducing the accumulation amount of heavy metals. This method has better energy utilization efficiency, and the unit energy consumption is smaller than the single electric remediation test.

Preparation and properties of multifunctional polyaspartic acid/waste paper fiber-based superabsorbent composites

Superabsorbent composites (SACs) are widely used for agricultural applications acts as a “miniature soil moisture reservoir” for plants. While these substrates have excellent water retention properties, they often suffer from production costs and a variety of environmental challenges. Herein, polyaspartic acid (PASP), waste paper fibers (WPF) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) graft copolymerize acrylic acid (AA) to prepare a novel multifunctional PASP-g-P(AA-co-AMPS)/WPF SACs. The synthesis conditions use to prepare the PASP-g-P(AA-co-AMPS)/WPF SACs are optimized, including PASP content, mass ratio of AMPS and AA, initiator content and cross-linker content. In addition, the water retention, salt and acid resistance, reversible swelling and temperature sensitivity of SACs are also investigated and analyzed in detail. Due to the uniform distribution and the rich pore structure, it has a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of optimal SACs in distilled water, tap water and NaCl solution (0.9 wt%) are determined to be 731.0 g g−1, 189.2 g g−1 and 81.4 g g−1, respectively. Thus, PASP-g-P(AA-co-AMPS)/WPF SACs exhibit excellent environmental tolerance and provide a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture and desertification control.

Hyaluronic acid-guided assembly of ceria nanozymes as plaque-targeting ROS scavengers for anti-atherosclerotic therapy

Oxidative stress is a distinguishing feature in atherosclerosis disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can increase the oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and oxidative damage to macrophages in the plaque. Although antioxidant agents such as N-acetylcysteine are used to treat atherosclerosis, but provide a poor clinical benefit to the majority of patients with atherosclerosis. Here we have designed hyaluronic acid-guided assemblies of ceria nanozymes (HA-CeO2 NPs) as novel plaque-targeting ROS scavengers. The introduction of hyaluronic acid not only provide the stability and biocompatibility, but also surprisingly enhance SOD-mimic activities of ceria nanozymes compared to bare CeO2 precipitates, dextran or poly-aspartic acid coated ceria nanozymes. Interestingly, we find HA-CeO2 NPs not only actively target plaque-associated macrophages in atherosclerosis to remove superfluous ROS and protect macrophages from ROS-caused damages, but also effectively inhibit endocytosis of ox-LDL by activated macrophages. We believe HA-CeO2 nanozymes can serve as a simple and promising platform for anti-atherosclerotic therapy.

Anwendung von Grünen Inhibitoren zur Härtestabilisierung in Tunneldrainagen

AbstractThe drainage system is a core element of tunnel construction and operation. Frequently, natural as well as technical boundary conditions lead to the deposition of scales (especially calcium carbonates) in the drainage system. As a preventive measure – in contrast to post‐depositional cleaning procedures – the use of scale inhibitors to treat the drainage water (hardness stabilisation) is an option. ‘Green inhibitors’ are tailored green organic substances that delay or prevent scale formation when added in small concentrations. Moreover, green inhibitors can change the material consistency of scale deposits (soft sinter). An additional advantage of their use is the good environmental compatibility compared to conventional inhibitors. Suitable test procedures can be used to select a substance or product and evaluate or optimise its dosage. The application of polyaspartic acid or polysuccinimide products as ecologically harmless and readily biodegradable agents has proven advantageous in tunnel structures. The choice of liquid or depot stone conditioning essentially depends on the scaling mechanism, in addition to the technical considerations, flow rates and water chemistry. Regarding discharge to existing receiving water bodies, the inhibitor concentration in the water can be measured and controlled by DOC analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. This article presents contemporary and tunnel‐specific case studies.

Amorphous Precursor-Mediated Calcium Phosphate Coatings with Tunable Microstructures for Customized Bone Implants.

Calcium phosphate (CaP) is frequently used as coating for bone implants to promote osseointegration. However, commercial CaP coatings via plasma spraying display similar microstructures, and thus fail to provide specific implants according to different surgical conditions or skeletal bone sites. Herein, inspired by the formation of natural biominerals with various morphologies mediated by amorphous precursors, CaP coatings with tunable microstructures mediated by an amorphous metastable phase are fabricated. The microstructures of the coatings are precisely controlled by both polyaspartic acid and Mg2+ . The cell biological behaviors, including alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and osteogenesis-related genes expression, on the CaP coatings with different microstructures, exhibit significant differences. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrate the osseointegration in different types of rats and bones indeed favors different CaP coatings. This biomimetic strategy can be used to fabricate customized bone implants that can meet the specific requirements of various surgery conditions.

Bone-targeting PLGA derived lipid drug delivery system ameliorates bone loss in osteoporotic ovariectomized rats

The lack of safety, efficacy, and specificity has made the delivery of anti-osteoporotic drugs at a proper dose a challenge. In our study, cathepsin K inhibitor loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) derived lipid hybrid nanoparticles (DNPs) were modified with bone-specific polyaspartic acid [(Asp)8-DNPs] to treat osteoporosis. (Asp)8-DNPs showed its hydroxyapatite binding affinity and achieved a sustained release of cathepsin K inhibitor for up to 5 days. Cathepsin K inhibitor loaded (Asp)8-DNPs significantly decreased the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and resorption-related genes in osteoclasts. Animal studies also exhibited high accumulation of (Asp)8-DNPs in the tibia and femur and a greater bone mass in trabecular bone and better organized three-dimensional architecture in osteoporotic rat models. Herein, the bone targeting drug delivery system show its potential in treatment of osteoporosis.

Improving the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode with novel water-soluble binders

To maintain the integrity of electrodes via conductive binders plays a critical role for Li-ion batteries. In this letter, polyaspartic acid (PASP) was synthesized and used as a novel water-soluble binder for an LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode. At a 1 C current density, this LiFePO4 cathode had a discharge specific capacity of 152 mAh g−1 and retained close to 100% of the initial specific capacity after 40 cycles. Furthermore, this LiFePO4 cathode also maintained a high specific capacity of 122 mAh g−1 at 5C rate. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the layer of PASP that was coated on the LFP electrode, which maintained the integrity of the conductive network and reduced the Li + diffusion path length of the LFP electrode. Based on these properties, PASP could be a prospective binder for LFP cathodes.

Effects of molecular weight of polyaspartic acid on nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield.

In the past decades, ever-increasing fertilizer use has led to a continuous increase in agricultural output. However, serious waste of resources occurs because of the low utilization of fertilizers. Polyaspartic acid (PASP) is a biodegradable polymer that can be used as a fertilizer synergist in agricultural production to improve the nutrient utilization capacity of plants. For polymers, the molecular weight (MW) often affects their effectiveness. However, little information is available on the effects of PASP MW in agriculture, especially on nitrogen leaching and plant element uptake. This work was conducted to identify the effect of PASPs with three different MWs - PASP-1 (MW: 5517), PASP-2 (MW: 6934), and PASP-3 (MW: 7568) - on nitrogen leaching, lettuce growth, and wheat cultivation. The results revealed that PASP favored plant growth and nitrogen accumulation in the soil, independent of crop species. PASP with a higher MW improved yields and the agronomic characteristics of lettuce and wheat. Furthermore, apparent amelioration of nitrogen use efficiency for lettuce (7.6%, 12.8%, and 15.0%) and wheat (4.6%, 8.1%, and 9.2%) was observed in the treatments with PASP addition. The effects and merits of PASPs on preventing ammonium nitrogen leaching and improving lettuce and wheat productivity were as follows: PASP-3 > PASP-2 > PASP-1. The MW of PASP is an essential factor affecting inorganic nitrogen leaching and crop productivity, and PASP with a higher MW (7568) is recommended for application in agriculture. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The PH Domain and C-Terminal polyD Motif of Phafin2 Exhibit a Unique Concurrence in Animals.

Phafin2, a member of the Phafin family of proteins, contributes to a plethora of cellular activities including autophagy, endosomal cargo transportation, and macropinocytosis. The PH and FYVE domains of Phafin2 play key roles in membrane binding, whereas the C-terminal poly aspartic acid (polyD) motif specifically autoinhibits the PH domain binding to the membrane phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Since the Phafin2 FYVE domain also binds PtdIns3P, the role of the polyD motif remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics tools and resources were employed to determine the concurrence of the PH-FYVE module with the polyD motif among Phafin2 and PH-, FYVE-, or polyD-containing proteins from bacteria to humans. FYVE was found to be an ancient domain of Phafin2 and is related to proteins that are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Interestingly, the polyD motif only evolved in Phafin2 and PH- or both PH-FYVE-containing proteins in animals. PolyD motifs are absent in PH domain-free FYVE-containing proteins, which usually display cellular trafficking or autophagic functions. Moreover, the prediction of the Phafin2-interacting network indicates that Phafin2 primarily cross-talks with proteins involved in autophagy, protein trafficking, and neuronal function. Taken together, the concurrence of the polyD motif with the PH domain may be associated with complex cellular functions that evolved specifically in animals.

Effect of Urea Coated with Polyaspartic Acid on the Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench.).

Innovative approaches to enhance N fertilization to improve season-long N availability are essential to optimal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench.) productivity and N use efficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the 2020 and 2021 summer seasons on the North China Plain to determine the effects of a novel urea coated with polyaspartic acid (PAA) (PN) and a control treatment (CN) on grain sorghum yield and N utilization characteristics at four N application rates (0, 60, 120, and 240 kg ha−1). The results showed that sorghum yield, agronomic traits (including leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), and dry matter accumulation (DMA)), the accumulation of nitrate N and ammonium N in the 0–60 cm soil layer, stover and grain N content, and total N uptake (NUT) in 2020 and 2021 significantly increased as N application rates increased from 0 to 240 kg ha−1, whereas nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), N uptake efficiency (NUpE), and N utilization efficiency (NUtE) varied inversely with increasing N application rates. Compared to CN, PN demonstrated a significant enhancement in grain sorghum yield, LAD, and CGR, from 3.3% to 7.1%, from 4.8% to 6.1%, and from 5.8% to 6.8%, respectively, at 60 and 120 kg N ha−1. PN improved the N availability (mainly nitrate-N) in the sorghum soft dough and the stover and grain N content at harvest and NUT, NUpE, and NAE accordingly compared with CN at the 60 and 120 kg ha−1 N application rates. In short, our two-year field trials demonstrated that PN with 120 kg N ha−1 is recommended in grain sorghum to optimize sorghum productivity and nitrogen use efficiency at the current yield level in the North China Plain.

Alkaline responsive self-healing nanocontainer composite reverse osmosis membrane by layer self-assembly: Enhanced permeable and chlorine resistance properties

Low water flux and poor chlorine resistance have become barriers to the applications of polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Here, we design and develop a novel RO membrane with high permeability and self-healing chlorine resistance capability by doping alkaline-responsive polymer nanocontainers into the polyamide layer. The nanocontainer is prepared through chemical adsorption and electrostatic self-assembly with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the core, calcium alginate (CA) and chitosan (CS) as the repair materials, and polyaspartic acid (PASP) as the responsive shell. In addition to increasing water transport through the channels, the PASP shell of the nanocontainer reacts with alkali during conventional alkaline cleaning and thereby the CA and CS are released to precisely repair the chlorinated polyamide and restore the NaCl rejection of the RO membrane. Upon release of the nanocontainer, TiO2 is also exposed to make the membrane antibacterial. The nanocontainer doping significantly enhances surface roughness of the RO membrane, and the water permeability of the thin-film nanocomposite membrane doped with 0.005 wt% nanocontainers is increased by 43.71% to 5.03 L/m2 h bar compared with the blank membrane, while performing an excellent NaCl rejection of 98.02% and maintaining 95.95% after 8000 ppm h active chlorine treatment and alkaline cleaning process.

The evaluation of Bacillus-secreted polyglutamic acid as anti-scaling treatment for circulating cooling water.

Polyaspartic acid is considered a green agent for the treatment of circulating cooling water. However, its chemosynthetic process is not green, as it requires significant amounts of energy and causes water pollution. In this work, we identified an analog of polyaspartic acid, namely polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), which could be directly produced by Bacillus spp., and we explored its performance and scale inhibition mechanism as a scale inhibitor. We found that γ-PGA secreted by B. megaterium with a molecular weight of ~ 70kDa showed poor scale inhibition, while the γ-PGA secreted by B. licheniformis with a molecular weight of ~ 15kDa had a 26.87% higher efficiency compared to commercially available polyaspartic acid. The scale inhibition mechanism was explored using the γ-PGA material secreted by B. licheniformis. Fourier transform spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the scale inhibition performance of γ-PGA was due to the combination of its functional groups and Ca2+, which affected the growth process of CaCO3 and inhibited the formation of CaCO3. This study provided deeper insight into scale inhibition performance related to the scale inhibition mechanism.

Assembled hybrid films based on sepiolite, phytic acid, polyaspartic acid and Fe3+ for flame-retardant cotton fabric

Abstract To impart durable flame retardant property to cotton fabric, a kind of multilayered hybrid film based on environmentally friendly phytic acid, sepiolite, polyaspartic acid, and Fe3+ were deposited on the surface of cotton fabric by layer-by-layer and spraying method to form a dense protective layer. Compared with cotton fabric, hybrid film coated cotton showed excellent flame retardant property and low fire hazard, which can be demonstrated by vertical flame test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test. After-flame time and after-glow time of hybrid film coated cotton is 1 s and 1 s, respectively. LOI value of hybrid film coated cotton increased by 44.4% compared with control sample. Cone calorimeter test revealed a total heat release rate reduction of 52.6% and peak heat release rate reduction of 73.6% for hybrid film coated cotton fabric. This work demonstrates that the hybrid film composed of phytic acid, sepiolite, polyaspartic acid, and Fe3+ could improve the durable flame retardant property of cotton fabric.

Modified-polyaspartic acid derivatives as effective corrosion inhibitor for C1018 steel in 3.5% NaCl saturated CO2 brine solution

BackgroundCorrosion challenges in the oil transportation pipelines operations worldwide is a serious problem and can lead to accelerated corrosion rates, loss of mechanical integrity and catastrophic failure. The survey of the literature reveals that few polymers haven been investigated as sweet corrosion inhibitors when compared to other small nitrogen containing heterocyclic organic molecules. Previous studies indicate that polyaspartic acid has been used as corrosion inhibitor but are required in high concentrations to be effective. To improve the performance of polyaspartic acid and to enable it usage at low concentrations, two modified-polyaspartic acid derivatives poly(cysteaminoaspartamide (7) and poly(methionenoaspartamide (8) were successfully synthesized, characterized, and demonstrated as effective corrosion inhibitor for C1018 steel in 3.5% NaCl saturated CO2 brine solution. MethodsElectrochemical techniques such as open circuit potentials (OCP), linear polarization measurements (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) were used to obtained kinetics and mechanistic data of the corrosion inhibition process in 3.5% NaCl saturated CO2 brine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images confirmed the adsorption of the molecules on the steel surface. Significant findingsResults obtained indicate that the two synthesized polymers are effective CO2 corrosion inhibitors. The inhibition performance of 7 (92.7%) was more pronounced at low concentrations (25 ppm) than 8 (53.6%) as obtained from EIS results. The effect of longer immersion time (24 h) strengthens further the performance of both corrosion inhibitors to 99. 25% for 7 and 96.84% for 8, respectively. Surface characterization using SEM and AFM provided more evidence for the steel surface protection with the two polymers. Molecular modeling using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations (MC) supported the experimental results. The implication of this study is the possibility of replacing conventional toxic small nitrogen containing heterocyclic organic molecules with non-toxic and cost-effective polymeric counterparts based on modified- polyaspartic acid as corrosion inhibitors for use in oil and gas industry.

Effect of Cross-Linker Length on the Absorption Characteristics of the Sodium Salt of Cross-Linked Polyaspartic Acid.

For the development of biodegradable superabsorbent polymers, the effect of the cross-linking length on the absorption characteristics of the Na salt of polyaspartic acid (PAspNa) was demonstrated using different concentrations of diamine cross-linking agents bearing carbon chains of different lengths, viz., ethylenediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,10-diaminodecane, and 1,12-diaminododecane were used as cross-linking agents. The absorption of PAspNa was measured in deionised water and in a 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution. Under the conditions tested, when the alkyl chain of PAspNa was too short or too long, the absorbency was low and the cross-linking length was optimum. The success of the cross-linking reaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The degree of cross-linking was estimated and the ideal concentration for maximum water absorption was determined by elemental analysis. The sample obtained by cross-linking 1,8-diaminooctane at a concentration of 0.11 g/g polysuccinimide (PSI) showed the highest absorption. The thermal properties of each material were determined by dynamic scanning calorimetry. Therefore, the length of the cross-linking agent was found to strongly influence water absorption.

Efficient removal of Pb(II) and Hg(II) with eco-friendly polyaspartic acid/ layered double hydroxide by host-guest interaction

The eco-friendly polyaspartic acid/layered double hydroxide (PASP/LDH) intercalation compound was synthesized and applied for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacities were 229.2 mg/g and 208.6 mg/g for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions, respectively. Further, the PASP/LDH displayed high adsorption selectivity (Pb2+ > Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+). The effects of contact time, ions concentrations, pH and coexisting ions on the removal of metal ions were investigated. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicated that the adsorption processes were chemisorption. The adsorption isotherms were agreed with Langmuir model. The excellent adsorption properties mainly originated from inner-sphere complexation between -COO− groups on the surface of LDH and heavy metal ions. DFT calculations and the experimental results revealed that the host-guest interaction would enhance adsorption capacity of PASP/LDH though the change of surface charge and wettability of LDH laminate.

Design and construct alkali-responsive nanocontainers for self-healing thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes

Poor chlorine resistance is a major factor affecting service life of aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. Herein, alkali-responsive polymer nanocontainers are designed and constructed via emulsified cross-linking and electrostatic self-assembly of sodium alginate, chitosan, and polyaspartic acid around chitosan nanoparticles, and the nanocontainer is integrated into polyamide layer of thin film composite membranes. The nanocontainer does not only provide more channels for water molecules to improve membrane permeability, but also during routine alkaline washing process, polyaspartic acid at the outer layer reacts with alkaline agent to release healing agents: sodium alginate and chitosan to heal damaged sites to restore membrane performances. For example, with the addition of 0.005 wt% nanocontainers, water flux was increased by 32.8% compared to pristine membranes without sacrificing NaCl rejection. After soaking in alkaline cleaning solution, NaCl rejection of the membrane degraded by 2000 ppm active chlorine can be recovered by 97.3%. Therefore, self-healing nanocontainers can greatly improve chlorine resistance, water flux, and stability of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes.

Heterojunction engineered bioactive chlorella for cascade promoted cancer therapy

The hypoxic tumor microenvironment is one of most major hurdles restraining the anti-tumor efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, active photosynthetic Chlorophyceae (Chlorella, Chl) functionalized with black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) through polyaspartic acid (PASP) and Fe3+ mediating "Lego building method" are utilized for photocatalyzed oxygen-evolving to realize photosynthesis enhanced synergistic photodynamic/chemodynamic/immune therapy. The Chl cells with inherent photosynthesis and distinct metabolites are able to ameliorate tumor hypoxia, enhance immune cells infiltration, and stimulate the proliferation and maturation of immune cells. BPNSs loaded on the surface of Chl cells construct a type-II heterojunction with the chlorophyll in Chl cells, which improves the conversion efficiency of light through thoroughly separating photo-excited electrons and holes for 1O2 generation and O2 evolution, respectively. Additionally, the lock between "Lego bricks", Fe3+, can both consume glutathione (GSH) and catalyze Fenton reaction with H2O2 to generate ·OH, mediating chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Moreover, Chl@BP-Fe also exhibited high biocompatibility and potential biodegradability, guaranteeing high potential for clinic applications of this synergistic photodynamic/chemodynamic/immune therapy.