Abstract Balancing pest control and pollination is a dual challenge for pollinator-dependent crops and the producers that grow them. For organic cucurbit production, organic compliant insecticides underperform at suppressing pests and can have nontarget impacts on pollinators. One promising alternative is pest-protective row covers, which successfully exclude insect pests from damaging cucurbit crops. However, they also exclude pollinators. In this study across two years, four row cover pollination management strategies were compared for their efficacy for acorn squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.). Row covers were installed at crop transplant and four treatments were initiated: on–off (row cover removed at flowering), on–off–on (row cover removed at flowering and reinstalled post-flowering), open ends (row cover tunnel ends opened at flowering and reclosed post-flowering), and full season (row cover installed through whole season, commercial bumble bee colonies installed at flowering). During the pre-flowering net stage (when row covers were installed), all treatments had low pest abundance and were not statistically different. In the post-flowering net stage, the full season and open ends treatments had statistically lower cucumber beetle pest abundance relative to the on–off–on treatment. The number of seeds per squash fruit weight, an indicator of pollination success, was statistically lower in the full season treatment relative to the on–off–on treatment in 2021, which may be explained by the statistically lower bee activity in the full season treatment relative to the on–off and on–off–on treatments. Squash seeds were not counted in 2020. The open ends treatment had statistically higher marketable yield than the full season and on–off–on treatments in 2020; in 2021, there was no difference in marketable yield across treatments. For the open ends treatment, increased distance from the opened tunnel ends significantly decreased the pest abundance, while it significantly increased marketable yield. However, there was no relationship between pollinator activity and distance to the tunnel opening. This two-year study suggests the open ends strategy had the most consistently high yields, while it reduced pollination management effort and eliminated the costs of commercial bee colonies compared to other treatments. Only minor pressure from insect-vectored diseases was observed during the study, thus, the advantages of each pollination strategy should be considered in relation to varying pest, pollinator, and disease conditions.

Dioecy–separate male and female individuals–occurs in less than 10% of angiosperms. Studying dioecy and plant sex chromosomes is key to understanding sex determination, genetic diversity, and ecological interactions, with implications for crop breeding, conservation, and pollination management. Many dioecious plant species deviate from the 1:1 sex ratio expected under Fisher’s principle, displaying male- or female-biased populations. The genus Rumex (Polygonaceae) is a valuable model for investigating sex-ratio variation and sex chromosome evolution. The dioecious species Rumex acetosa and R. thyrsiflorus possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes and typically exhibit female-biased sex ratios in natural populations. However, the environmental and developmental drivers of these biases remain largely unresolved. Previous studies on Rumex have often relied on single or infrequent population surveys, potentially overlooking the seasonal dynamics of sex ratios, especially given phenological differences between sexes. Female plants remain morphologically recognizable for longer periods due to seed set, which can bias sex-ratio estimates when sampling is limited to specific reproductive stages or time points. To address these limitations, we systematically investigated the temporal dynamics of observable sex ratios in R. acetosa and R. thyrsiflorus throughout an entire growing season using regular monitoring. Our results demonstrate that observable sex ratios in these populations are dynamic, with significant seasonal fluctuations driven by differences in developmental timing and the duration of morphological recognizability between sexes. As a result, the period during which field-observed sex ratios accurately reflect the true population structure is both limited and highly dependent on the timing of observations. Notably, the earlier flowering of male plants in R. acetosa can lead to male-biased sex ratios in early-season surveys, while the prolonged recognizability of fruiting females may bias estimates toward females later in the season.

ABSTRACT Honeybee colonies provide critical pollination services but continue to experience high losses due to multiple stressors. This study developed a simulation framework integrating agricultural resources, urban habitat loss, pesticide stress, and parasite dynamics to examine colony survival under 20,000 parameter scenarios. The mean final survival fraction was 0.77, but the 5th percentile was reduced to 0.48 and reached a minimum of 0.28, indicating that stability at the average conceals severe risks in the distributional extremes. Survival declined abruptly when pesticide lethality exceeded 0.4 and the urban index surpassed 0.7, reflecting nonlinear responses and thresholds that cannot be detected in single‐factor analyses. Random Forest and regression models confirmed that pesticide toxicity and habitat degradation were the primary determinants of survival, while pathogen‐related variables such as Varroa reproduction contributed minimally. These results indicate that colony persistence is shaped less by gradual declines than by sharp contractions under interacting pressures, and that management strategies focusing mainly on pathogen control may underestimate the destabilizing role of chemical and habitat stressors. Although the model does not capture heterogeneity in pesticide residues, landscape‐level foraging variation, or long‐term climatic influences, it provides a framework for resilience‐oriented risk assessment that emphasizes distributional extremes and nonlinear stressor interactions with direct implications for pollinator management and agroecosystem stability.

Pear trees, though self-pollinating, are self-incompatible and depend on insect pollination—primarily by honey bees. The optimal density of honey bee colonies per unit area in pear orchards remains uncertain, hindering scientific pollination management. This study in Zhao County, Hebei, compared honey bee (Apis mellifea ligustica), artificial, and natural pollination effects on pear yield and fruit size. Honey bee pollination achieved a higher, more stable fruit set (inflorescence fruit set rate was 71.52%), increased yield, and significantly improved fruit size—in transverse diameter (90.96 mm), longitudinal diameter (92.48 mm), and single-fruit weight (407.39 g)—compared with natural pollination. Although the fruit set rates and fruit quality of bee-pollinated pears were not significantly higher than those of artificially pollinated pears, the data still demonstrated the advantages of honey bee pollination. One bee colony (containing ~20,000 honey bees) was found to pollinate approximately 3846.5 m2 of a pear orchard. This provides data-supported guidance for the scientific allocation of pollinating honey bee colonies in future pear orchard pollination practices.

The use of “mesotunnels” (mesh netting pest-exclusion structures) as a sustainable pest management strategy is increasing among organic vegetable growers. However, pollination management presents a challenge in this system, and little is known about how mesotunnels impact pollinator health. This study examines bee colony health in mesotunnels, using commercial Bombus impatiens colonies in cucurbit crop mesotunnels as a relevant model system in a two-year experiment. To assess colony-level health, we combined several variables into “colony health indices” that produce summary values of the somatic (related to pollination service delivery, including number of workers, worker and nest mass, and stored pollen and nectar), reproductive (related to sexual reproduction, including number of immatures, drones, and queen size), and overall colony health (including all variables in somatic and reproductive indices). We found that in 2023 B. impatiens colonies in a cucurbit mesotunnel foraging environment had worse reproductive health and overall health than free-foraging colonies, but performed similarly in their somatic health. In several measurements, colonies from mesotunnels performed similarly to colonies with no foraging access. Our results suggest that commercial colonies in mesotunnel environments are not compromised in their potential to provide crop pollination services, but are compromised in their ability to reproduce and persist year-over-year. Our colony health indices could be adapted to assess the status of reproduction and ecosystem service delivery for social bees.

Dragon fruit (Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt) is emerging as a high-value crop globally. However, its reproductive biology remains poorly characterized, with conflicting reports ranging from strict self-incompatibility (allogamy) to self-compatible and autogamy. This study presents a comprehensive two-year assessment (2023 and 2024) of reproductive phenology, pollination modes, and floral biology of commercially grown white-fleshed variety (NDFW-1) that belongs to S. undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt, under subtropical Indian conditions. Flowering exhibited inter-annual variation linked to early summer rains, which acted as floral inducers—highlighting the potential of microclimate manipulation (fogging, sprinklers, rain guns) to extend the reproductive window. Although the white fleshed variety (NDFW-1) was self-compatible, manual cross-pollination significantly enhanced fruit weight, indicating limitations in natural pollination. In contrast, the red fleshed variety (NDFR-1) clone exhibited strict self-incompatibility, necessitating cross-pollination for fruit set. Anthesis dynamics and post-anthesis floral bending suggest mechanisms of delayed autogamy but are insufficient for achieving commercial-grade fruit. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity data identified a well-synchronized broader pollination window from 4 h before to 12 h after anthesis. These findings advocate precise, time-targeted pollination preferably early evening or morning hours to improve fruit set and size, particularly under rain-induced pollination deficit, and offer a validated framework for optimizing dragon fruit production in emerging regions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-21168-2.

Abstract Insect pollinators are declining globally, partly due to agricultural intensification, which threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. To help decision‐makers make informed choices, a variety of tools such as softwares, websites and frameworks have been developed to guide pollinator‐friendly management and conservation. However, the lack of a comprehensive overview of these tools limits stakeholders' ability to select and use them. We conducted a systematic mapping of bibliographic databases, grey literature and websites to create the first extensive database of tools explicitly or implicitly designed to inform pollinator and pollination management in agricultural landscapes. We assessed which pollinator groups and pollination services were addressed, the delivery methods used, their general focus, the geographical or ecological contexts in which they can be applied, and the extent to which they are designed for specific user groups. Our analysis revealed key gaps and patterns: Fewer tools focused on wild pollinators (including non‐bee pollinators), fewer tools addressed the underlying drivers of pollinator decline and many tools targeted unspecified stakeholders or pollinators. There was a geographical bias in tool availability, which mirrored data bias in pollinator decline research, with a focus on regulating pollination services. Many tools required advanced and technical skills, limiting accessibility for practitioners. Practical implications. Our database offers a practical resource for practitioners, land managers, researchers and policymakers, facilitating the identification of tools that are suited to their specific management context, as well as their skills and expertise. Our study also highlights priorities for future tool development that could increase the effectiveness and impact of pollinator conservation and management efforts in agricultural landscapes.

Over the past few decades, the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) has been widely introduced throughout China. Introduced honeybees have often been observed to pose a significant threat to native bee species diversity through competition for floral resources. However, the specific impact on native pollinator communities is not well understood, especially in alpine meadows, where bee diversity is particularly high. In this study, we determined the difference in species abundance and diversity of native bees between nearby and distant plots relative to apiaries in alpine meadows on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We constructed a plant-bee network and calculated perceived apparent competition (i.e., the feeding niche overlap) between the introduced honeybees and each of the native bee species. Furthermore, we determined the relationship between the relative change in species abundance and the perceived apparent competition and species abundance across bee species. Among the 15 native bee species, 9 bee species were significantly lower in abundance in the nearby plots compared to the distant plots, and, in particular,, 5 rare species were not found in the nearby plots. For the other six species, the abundance difference was statistically non-significant. Data analysis reveals that the species abundance of native bees in distant plots, along with the feeding niche overlap between introduced bees and native bees in distant plots, explains the variation in the relative change in species abundance across bee species. However, the feeding niche overlap between introduced bees and native bees in nearby plots does not account for this variation. Our findings demonstrate that rare native bee species with greater feeding niche overlap have been significantly impacted by the introduced western honeybees. These results highlight important implications for pollinator management in natural ecosystems and the conservation of wild bees.

Abstract Apple is one of the most important pollinator‐dependent fruit crops worldwide. To secure high‐quality yields, it is crucial to know which, and to what extent, pollinating insects contribute to its pollination success as measured by fruit set, fruit weight and seed set. We perform a meta‐analysis of field studies conducted across multiple orchards on insect‐mediated pollination in apple cultivation, using raw data from 29 studies, totalling 532 orchard replicates. We assessed the extent of pollen limitation on different pollination outcomes and assessed the contribution of honeybees, wild bees and bee species richness to apple pollination. Across all studies, we detected strong evidence of pollen limitation for fruit set and seed set, but not for fruit weight. Honeybees were the most abundant flower visitors (average relative visitation of 71.9%) compared to wild bees; but when correcting for their pollination efficiency, the relative pollination contribution of honeybees was lower compared to their relative visitation (vice versa for solitary bees). We conclude that honeybee visitation rate did not influence fruit or seed set; yet increasing honeybee visitation had a small, negative effect on fruit weight. Fruit set was not influenced by wild bee visitation rate, whereas wild bee visitation had a small, but clear positive effect on fruit weight and seed set. Bee species richness had a small, positive effect on seed set; whereas it did not affect fruit set and fruit weight. Syntheses and applications. Our study highlights that pollen limitation is common in this global crop. While managed honeybees are dominant pollinators, a diverse community of wild bees contributes significantly to apple pollination and high‐quality yield. The positive effect of wild bees and species richness on fruit weight and seed set demonstrates that wild bee pollination results in better‐quality fruit production (increased weight & seed set). Therefore, our synthesis highlights the importance of conserving pollinator diversity to maintain pollination services. The absence of a clear effect of honeybee visitation rate on fruit and seed set, coupled with its negative impact on fruit weight, suggests a need for further optimisation of honeybee management to improve the cost‐efficiency of pollination management.

Northward expansion of economically essential plants is a vital strategy for enhancing agricultural productivity; however, it often results in reduced yields. This study systematically assessed the impact of translocating the high-value oilseed species Camellia hainanica from its native tropical habitat Sanya to the temperate cultivation area of Changsha, focusing on its reproductive processes, including flowering, pollination, and fruit development. Our findings revealed a 45-day delay in anthesis at the transplanted location, which was associated with notably lower average daily temperatures (7.89 °C in Changsha compared to 24.63 °C in Sanya) during the anthesis period. While floral longevity, stigma receptivity, and pollen viability remained comparable between sites, anther dehiscence was markedly delayed by three days after transplanting. Crucially, pollinator visitation during peak flowering plummeted by 92% compared to the levels in Sanya, and a 57% reduction in pollen deposition on stigmas occurred. Consequently, natural fruit sets in Changsha collapsed to 0%, significantly lower than those in Sanya, despite artificial cross-pollination achieving an 11% fruit set rate. These results and the pollination deficit coefficient (D = 1.00) all demonstrate that severe pollination deficits are the key limitation causing reproductive failure in northward-expanded C. hainanica orchards. Addressing these yield constraints necessitates targeted breeding for earlier flowering genotypes and implementing pollination management strategies.

Abstract Effective pollination management is essential for optimised yields in animal‐pollinated crops. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a crop with 82% of its production associated with animal pollination. Therefore, factors impacting pollination play a key role in sweet cherry production. These factors are often accounted for in pollinator management and orchard design; however, flower phenology, cultivar compatibility, and their impacts on yield are poorly understood and often not considered. We investigated how flowering overlap among cultivars and cultivar inter‐ and self‐compatibility impact sweet cherry cultivars' suitability as pollen donors and recipients in Beira Interior, a key production region in Portugal. For this, we performed floral biology experiments in the field and under controlled greenhouse conditions. We compared the pollination success of compatible cultivars sharing one S‐allele or none. We also assessed pollinator dependence and pollen limitation levels of the studied cultivars, as well as natural pollen deposition and fruit set levels. We observed that, although often overlooked, flower phenology is very important for determining suitable cultivar pairings, and flowering overlaps differ greatly from the existing literature, likely reflecting regional responses. Controlled hand pollination experiments revealed that pollen tube growth, a more straightforward and feasible pollination metric than fruit set in a mass‐flowering crop with naturally low fruit set, can be effectively used to assess compatibility levels. Crossings between cultivars without common S‐alleles and between cultivars sharing one S‐allele resulted in similar pollen tube numbers and fruit set levels, indicating that both pairing types are suitable. Additionally, we detected pollination deficits in the studied cultivars, likely resulting from inadequate pollination services or poor pollen donor availability in the orchard. Altogether, we estimated the cultivar suitability of 81 different pairs of sweet cherry for the Beira Interior region. Our study highlights the importance of considering plant‐related factors, namely flower phenology and cultivar compatibility, to develop targeted and effective management guidelines for sweet cherry producers, emphasising the significant impact these factors can have on production and the necessity of including them in orchard management and design.

Abstract This study explores the influence of pollinator diversity, behavior, and species interactions on seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. [Umbelliferae Apiaceae]) over three consecutive years (2022–2024) at the Experimental Farm, ICAR‐VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. A total of 46 insect pollinators from five orders were documented, with hymenopterans and dipterans emerging as the most diverse and dominant groups. Diversity and dominance indices, such as the Shannon and Simpson indices, were calculated to quantify the biodiversity, revealing a moderately diverse pollinator community with low species dominance. The open control treatments, where pollinators had unrestricted access to the flowers, recorded the highest seed yield, showing a 163% increase over closed controls, highlighting the critical role of insect pollinators in enhancing crop productivity. The synergistic interaction between Andrena spp. and Apis cerana indica Fabricius 1798 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) resulted in a significant yield enhancement of 117.1%, demonstrating the potential benefits of targeted pollinator management. Additionally, polyhouse studies utilizing A. c. indica showed that controlled pollination could achieve comparable yield improvements to field conditions, proving the feasibility of such approaches. Finally, the study highlights the importance of maintaining diverse pollinator communities and strategically leveraging species interactions to maximize coriander yield, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices.

Crop fidelity is a desirable trait for managed pollinators and is influenced by factors like competing forage sources and colony knowledge of the surrounding environment. In European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), colonies deployed when the crop is flowering display the highest fidelity. We tested for a similar outcome using a stingless bee species that is being increasingly used as a managed pollinator in Australian macadamia orchards. We observed Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith) colonies deployed in macadamia orchards at three time points: (1) before crop flowering (“permanent”), (2) early flowering (“early”), and (3) later in the flowering period (“later”). We captured returning pollen foragers weekly and estimated crop fidelity from the proportion of macadamia pollen they collected, using light microscopy. Pollen foraging activity was also assessed via weekly hive entrance filming. The early and later introduced colonies initially exhibited high fidelity, collecting more macadamia pollen than the permanent colonies. In most cases, the permanent colonies were already collecting diverse pollen species from the local environment and took longer to shift over to macadamia. Pollen diversity increased over time in all colonies, which was associated with an increase in the proportion of pollen foragers. Our results indicate that stingless bees can initially prioritize a mass-flowering crop, even when flowering levels are low, but that they subsequently reduce fidelity over time. Our findings will inform pollinator management strategies to help growers maximize returns from pollinator-dependent crops like macadamia.

The impact of different pollination modes on fruit yield and quality of wild and cultivated types of jamun (Syzygium cumini) showed that wild type of jamun had higher fertilization rates and better fruit retention under hand pollination, whereas open pollination showed improved fruit weight and quality parameters like total soluble sugars and phenol content. In contrast, cultivated types (GKVK-1 and GKVK-2) exhibited superior fruit set and pulp content under open pollination. Bagging consistently resulted in lowest fruit retention and quality among wild and cultivated types. Fruit biochemical parameters such as sugars and phenolics were generally highest in open-pollinated fruits in cultivated types, while wild types had slightly better performance under hand pollination. The findings underscore the importance of pollinator activity and suggested different pollination management for wild and cultivated types to optimize fruit yield and quality.

As the crisis of crop-pollination service increasingly gains global attention, improving crop-pollination service management (CPSM) has become a key challenge to achieve sustainable agriculture and safeguard food supply. Given that farmers are directly responsible for making decisions and managing agriculture, strategies for promoting CPSM should consider their perceptions, knowledge and role in enhancing pollination. A survey of 267 randomly selected smallholder farmers in Dengkou County was conducted to create and evaluate an integrated index for assessing on-farm pollination management among farmers, and to explore how key factors, grounded in the extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB), can influence their CPSM behaviors. The data is analyzed by using regression analysis, necessary condition analysis, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (NCA-fsQCA), and independent sample T test, and the findings reveal that education level and agricultural acreage are positively correlated with CPSM; there are three causal configurations to enhance CPSM: AT & PBC path, AT & Economic Incentive path, and PBC & Economic Incentive path; the contrasting effects of antecedent variables on different groups of principles of CPSM; the optimal state of CPSM requires at least Economic Incentive $1900.27. The findings provide practical implications for enhancing CPSM among different farmers through multi-pathways. This study can help to formulate CPSM strategies and increase farmers' participation in pollinator-supporting behaviors in actual agricultural cultivation.

ABSTRACTBackgroundAnimal‐mediated pollination plays a crucial role in the reproductive success of flowering plants, and insect pollination in particular for crops. Pollination biology suggests that the effect of pollen deposition from animal visitation on pollination success is asymptotic. Initially, increased insect visitation increases pollination success in decreasing increments, eventually reaching a saturation threshold where additional visits do not further increase pollination success. However, most crop pollination research considers linear relations between insect visitation and pollination success, which overlooks the fact that pollination success is necessarily limited by an asymptotic relation.Asymptotic Models Improve Predictions for Global DataUtilising the CropPol database, we tested whether non‐linear models (asymptotic and hump‐shaped) improve the fit of the relation between honeybee and wild insect visitation and crop pollination success compared to linear models. Our results indicate that the relation is best described by asymptotic models.Synthesis and Management ImplicationsWe argue that incorporating asymptotic models to crop pollination research can advance our understanding of the pollination contributions of honeybees and wild insects and inform pollinator management to maximise food production. From a management viewpoint, asymptotic models imply that insect visitation can be optimised to maximise crop pollination and yield. Moreover, declines in pollinator populations and their effects on crop pollination may go unnoticed until pollinator visitation falls below the saturation threshold. In sum, these findings can guide development of evidence‐based and cost‐effective pollination management strategies.

Most flowering plant species rely on animal pollinators to reproduce, but insufficient pollen receipt, or pollen limitation, commonly occurs and is mediated by plant traits. Pollen limitation could either exacerbate extinction threat or arise as a consequence of population and range declines in threatened plants, leading to the expectation that pollen limitation should be higher in threatened compared to non-threatened plants. To test this, we perform a meta-analysis on a global dataset of pollen limitation from 2633 pollen supplementation experiments, integrating plant threat status and thirteen reproduction and life history traits. Threatened plant species have 26% higher levels of pollen limitation than non-threatened species. This pattern is moderated by plant traits and geographic location: we find higher levels of pollen limitation for threatened compared to non-threatened species for pollinator-dependent plants and for plants found in Asia and temperate zones. Using path analysis, we find that plant traits, study region, and threat status are causally linked to pollen limitation. We suggest that plant traits such as autofertility, which strongly predict pollen limitation, should be considered in global databases on plant threat. Further, preventing pollen limitation through habitat and pollinator management is a promising path to preventing plant extinction.

The disposable soma theory posits that organisms allocate limited resources between reproduction, maintenance, and growth, resulting in trade-offs, particularly as they age. In this study, we examined age-related reproductive senescence in Megachile rotundata, a solitary bee and important agricultural pollinator. We hypothesized that, similarly to social bees, aging females would show declines in foraging behavior and reproductive fitness. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found no evidence of reproductive senescence in M. rotundata within the timeframe observed. Instead, older females increased their foraging rate, leading to larger provisions and offspring. We also observed that older bees exhibited improved foraging efficiency, likely due to learning and muscle physiology changes. Furthermore, ovarian development showed no decline with age, indicating that reproductive capacity remains stable throughout the observed timeframe. Our results challenge conventional assumptions about reproductive senescence in solitary bees and suggest that older M. rotundata may contribute to more efficient pollination, with implications for pollinator management. This study provides new insights into the aging process in solitary bees, emphasizing the need for further research into the mechanisms behind age-related behavioral and reproductive changes.

Hymenopteran pollinators—principally bees (Apidae) but also including wasps (Vespidae) and certain ants (Formicidae)—serve as keystone contributors to both ecosystem integrity and global agricultural productivity. Their effectiveness stems from traits such as pollen-carrying structures (scopa, corbiculae), floral fidelity, and social behaviors that enhance pollen transfer efficiency. Economically, insect pollination supports global food systems with an estimated annual value ranging from USD $235 to $577 billion, with wild and managed bees making the largest contribution. Pollinator-dependent crops—spanning fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and oilseeds—show not only increased yield and seed set but also enhanced quality attributes such as size, flavour, and shelf stability. Importantly, wild pollinators, such as solitary bees and bumblebees, often outperform managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) for specific crops due to better adaptation to local conditions and consistent floral visitation. Beyond their agricultural role, hymenopteran pollinators contribute to ecosystem resilience and genetic diversity in plant communities. Despite their critical value, global pollinator populations are in decline due to threats such as habitat fragmentation, pesticide exposure, climate variability, agricultural intensification, and the spread of invasive species and pathogens. This decline is particularly alarming in ecologically sensitive regions like the Hindu Kush Himalayas, where local food production relies heavily on wild pollinators. To mitigate these impacts, there is a growing push to incorporate pollinator conservation into mainstream farming practices. Approaches like agroecology, organic agriculture, floral diversification, and Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM) are gaining traction. Additionally, targeted research on pollinator diversity, especially in understudied tropical and subtropical areas, combined with community participation and policy support, is essential for sustaining both agricultural and ecological systems.

Sex-Dependent Pollen Characteristics in Kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa): Morphological and Viability Insights for Enhanced Pollination Management