Transformation Of Political System Research Articles

The idea of ‘United Turkestan’ in the Turkic speaking states media: influence on the Western media

ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, amid the transformation of political systems, the idea of independence and autonomy of Turkic-speaking states gained new impetus due to the active work of Kazakh intelligentsia; in the twentieth century, a similar situation emerged – with new challenges and threats. The study aims to analyse the specifics of the formation and development of the idea of ‘united Turkestan’ in the media of Turkic-speaking countries and several European states through the consideration of the problem of protecting the interests of national minorities during the Soviet rule in the Central Asian region. The main methods were the historical method, which was used to examine the peculiarities of the activity of national liberation movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century, and the method of system analysis, which was used to study the factors influencing the creation of the information image of ‘united Turkestan’ in the press. It was found that the role and influence of mass media, mainly printed publications published in some European countries and talking about the real situation in Turkestan, were decisive for the subsequent development of the concept of the community of Turkic-speaking peoples.

СМЕНА ПАРАДИГМЫ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-КОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В БЕЛАРУСИ В ХХ В.

The article presents an analysis in the transformation of models for state-confessional relations in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (early 20th century – 1917), in the BSSR (1919–1991), in the Republic of Belarus (1991–2002). The author noted that during the twentieth century there was a transition from the model of the religious state of the period of the Russian Empire to the model of the secular state in the form of hostile separation in the BSSR and the cooperative model in the Republic of Belarus. The process of forming state-confessional relations and their transformation was highly dependent on the socio-political and state situation of the Belarusian lands. That conditioned the determining importance of external factors (political crisis, revolutions of 1905 and 1917, transformation of political systems of the Russian Empire and the USSR) for the paradigm shift of state-confessional relations in Belarus at the beginning of the twentieth century – 1991. At the same time, the formation of a model of state-confessional relations in the Republic of Belarus was predominantly influenced by internal factors – the dominance of traditional religious actors, a high degree of religiosity of the population and the intensification of religious activities, what contributed to the consolidation of the cooperative model, the most valid for the politicalconfessional sphere of Belarusian society.

Historical foundations of the formation and development of judicial people’s power in the world

It is established that the development of judicial democracy worldwide is an exceptionally intriguing and relevant topic, as it signifies the gradual transformation of political systems towards increased citizen participation and influence in governance processes. From modern democratic societies to historical events of the past, the development of judicial democracy unveils numerous compelling aspects related to human rights, the principles of the rule of law, and the dynamics of power relations.
 The analysis of the development of judicial democracy worldwide becomes a genuinely relevant and important task for understanding contemporary social and political dynamics, as well as for devising effective strategies to ensure justice and protect human rights.
 The aim of the work is is to analyze the historical foundations of the formation and development of judicial people’s power in the world.
 The methodological basis of the study is an empirical method, methods of diachronic and synchronous analysis in a historical context.
 Results. The development of judicial democracy in the world can be periodized as follows: ancient times and ancient civilizations, the Middle Ages and the modern era, the revolutionary period, the 19th to the early 20th century, and the present day. As of today, jury courts operate in many countries worldwide. They handle a variety of cases, including criminal, civil, and administrative ones. In many European countries, jury courts are used to adjudicate serious criminal cases, where the verdict can be quite severe.
 Conclusions. The jury system continues to evolve and adapt to contemporary challenges. In many countries, the emphasis is placed on ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all citizens participating in legal proceedings. Technological innovations also enable a more accessible and efficient process for case adjudication.
 The jury trial is an integral part of the judicial systems in many countries worldwide. It has evolved over centuries, remaining a crucial mechanism for ensuring justice. The modern jury system reflects democratic values and guarantees citizen participation in legal processes, contributing to the preservation of justice and equality under the law.

Transformation of Political Systems and Social Deviations in their Duration: Case Study SRM/RM/RN Macedonia (Contribution to Further Research)

Through the presentation of a part of the deviations of the social life, which appeared in Yugoslavian socialism, we are actually returning to the deep roots of the disorientation and resignation of the common people towards the contemporary Macedonian social trends and towards the contemporary Macedonian political elite. All of these deviations in the social sphere appeared everywhere across the SFRY, but got a stronger hold over the consciousness of the common people in some republics more than in others. In the Socialist Republic of Macedonia/Republic of Macedonia/ Republic of North Macedonia, another important factor added up to the economic underdevelopment: the previous historical inexperience in coping with its own national

Greenery and water structure before and after political system transformation. A Poznań city case study

The greenery and water structure, in the form of wedges cutting into the city, is a characteristic and unique element of Poznań’s urban model. Already before the Second World War, it became the matrix setting the framework for spatial and natural connections within and around the city. These areas were originally clearly demarcated and formed an organic network that permeated the built-up areas. It was this local network of linkages that was to have the greatest impact on the quality of urban living, climate improvement, biodiversity and the functional and spatial structure of the city.
 In the idea of the socialist city, ensuring access to green spaces for the masses, was one of the essential policy elements of the time. However, over time, in the various models of the city proposed by successive planners, these interconnections began to disappear and the individual bands were narrowed and sometimes discontinued altogether.
 This study aims to verify the urban planning models of the city of Poznań against the original idea of a wedge-ring system of greenery and water areas, before and after the political transformation in 1989.
 How does this original structure function today and how have the socio-economic changes that followed the fall of communism affect the greenery and water solutions proposed in the new city model?
 A comparative analysis of changes in green and water structure in the different spatial models of the city of Poznań, before and after the political transformation, makes it possible to observe the pace and directions of these changes. The analysis was based on the findings of the then-current master plans and on the studies of spatial development conditions and directions, which are an expression of the city’s spatial policy. It can be used to verify the assumptions made or even to change the current model of the city.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR THE EQUITABLE PROVISION OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE

In a situation of transition from conflict or authoritarian rule, which has led to gross human rights violations or serious violations of international humanitarian law, the United Nations pays special attention to the measures taken by the relevant authorities to ensure truth, justice and reparation. International instruments define transitional justice as follows: «a set of processes and mechanisms related to society’s attempts to overcome the grave consequences of large-scale violations of the law in the past in order to ensure accountability, justice and reconciliation». The international community has a duty to take immediate steps to protect human rights and security in a situation where the internal system of law enforcement is destroyed or ceases to function as a result of the conflict. In the long run, no special, temporary or external measures can replace justice. Therefore, for decades, a number of United Nations agencies have been helping countries strengthen their national justice systems in line with international standards. Transitional justice is a set of measures related to systematic or mass human rights violations that compensates victims of violations, as well as enabling or facilitating the transformation of political systems, conflicts and other conditions that may be at the root of abuse. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is increasingly recognizing the need to intensify its support for the United Nations system’s efforts to take swift and effective action in post-conflict settlement missions to restore the rule of law and restore justice. Countries emerging from conflicts and crises are often characterized by insufficient or no rule of law, inadequate capacity to administer and administer justice, and an increase in human rights violations. This situation is often exacerbated by a lack of public confidence in public authorities and a lack of resources. Key words: human rights, rule of law, transitional justice, international standards, conflict and post-conflict periods.

The concept of transitional justice: genesis and features

Transitional justice is a set of measures related to systemic or large-scale human rights violations designed to compensate victims of violations and to facilitate or facilitate the transformation of political systems, conflicts and other conditions that may be the cause of violations. Different methods and components of transitional justice usually combine restorative justice measures (truth and reconciliation commissions) and a parallel system of punitive justice (mainly for those most responsible for the most serious crimes and their direct perpetrators). In addition, transitional justice measures are aimed at reforming society’s institutions by restoring the rule of law and ensuring the functioning of the judiciary in the long run. At the same time, their goal is to ensure that crimes committed during the previous period do not go unpunished. Transitional justice is based on the responsibility and compensation of victims. It recognizes their dignity as citizens and as human beings. Ignoring mass abuses is a simple way out, but it destroys the values on which any decent society can be built. Transitional justice raises the most difficult questions of law and policy imaginable. Putting victims and their dignity first signals the path to new commitments to ensure the safety of ordinary citizens in their own countries - from abuse of power and effectively protected from harm by others. The historical development of transitional justice is nonlinear, and its conceptual definitions are descriptive and inexhaustible. In this context, countries in conflict or already in conflict have the opportunity to choose the most appropriate measures and mechanisms to achieve the ultimate goal of transitional justice in that country - justice for victims of conflict and the restoration of peaceful life. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that transitional justice cannot be the embodiment of the justice of the victors, so the parties to the conflict must participate in the national dialogue, and the winners and losers must be held accountable. First of all, it should be noted that transitional justice is only one of the approaches that can be used to build peace, along with the deployment of peacekeeping peacekeeping forces and other measures. It is the combination of these measures that will guarantee the long-term restoration of peace and non-return to the conflict. In addition, such measures may take place with the involvement of various actors, such as: the actual state in which the conflict took place (or is taking place); the international community or both. Key words: human rights and freedoms, transitional justice, armed conflict, post-conflict period.

Women’s Everyday Lives in War and Peace in the South Caucasus, edited by Ulrike Ziemer. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. X, 281 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25517-6_8

This edited volume provides a comparative analysis of the everyday problems of women in the South Caucasus. The authors of this collection pay special attention to the geopolitical analysis in the region in the context of social changes and civilizational challenges of women. The authors discuss the everyday problems of women during periods of transformation of political systems, regimes and conflicts, thereby explaining the various dimensions of these transits of power and institutions of public authority.
 The role of women in the South Caucasus is steadily growing even in conditions of instability, neither war nor peace. Women are actively employed in almost all spheres of life: in the economy, politics, culture, public life. However, in the South Caucasus, although the idea of protecting women's rights and gender equality has been enshrined at the constitutional level, the problem of how the actual status of women in society complies with constitutional provisions still persists.
 The democratization of the life of the South Caucasian society, the expansion of the information space and the variety of types of communications led to the involvement of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in global processes, in particular, in the implementation of the modernist project to protect the rights and freedoms of women.

МЕГАТРЕНДИ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

This study identifies and analyses megatrends of global development and how conceptual and applied aspects of this megatrends are treated in the expert-academic community by outlining the specifics of megatrends of global development in the international political sphere. Megatrends of global development such as the cyber revolution, the transition to information society based on the production and consumption of information, the growing role of network structures, on world politics, increasing consumption, hyper-consumption as a complex systemic phenomenon have a significant impact on world politics. The paper summarises the megatrends of global development that will shape the world in future. The "compression" of historical and political time as a megatrend of global development is reflected in the increase of the intensity of historical events and the decrease in the duration of historical and political cycles. There is a threefold transformation of the modern political organisation of the world: the transformation of the Westphalian world political model, which is determined by globalisation as a megatrend of global development, the transformation of the modern international system, largely due to integration as a megatrend, and the transformation of political systems. A change in the hierarchy of leading international actors, a crisis in the institution of global leadership, a rethinking of the power of leading global actors, and the emergence of new potential political and economic global leaders are projected.

Megatrends of the world politics

In the study, we identify and analyse how conceptual and applied aspects of megatrends of world politics are treated in the expert-academic community by outlining the specifics of megatrends of global development in the international political sphere. The paper summarises the megatrends of world politics that will shape the world by 2030. There is a threefold transformation of the modern political organisation of the world: the transformation of the Westphalian world political model, which is determined by globalisation, the transformation of the modern international system, largely due to integration as a megatrend, and the transformation of political systems. Global governance will be carried out in new formats, which will be reflected in the intensification of the institutions of collective world leadership. A change in the hierarchy of leading international actors, a rethinking of the power of leading global actors (US and EU), and the emergence of new potential political and economic global leaders are projected. The centre of world development is moving, the economic centre is shifting to the east and south. One of the central megatrends of world politics is the decline in human security, which became even clearer during the SARS pandemic, COVID-19, which will lead to the transformation of the modern international order. To these megatrends of world politics, we also adjoin the virtualisation of socio-political relations, a new model of change of political power and governance in individual countries, reideologization of world politics, inversion of fundamental values, universalization of migration flows.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION: A POLITICAL ANALYSIS

Political participation as an institution of the political system of modern society correlates with the concept of the democratization factor of state life. The architecture of political participation - the activity of people, their political actions aimed at exercising control over power or exerting pressure on power, is the main criterion for evaluating the political process. The purpose of this article is a political science analysis of the conceptual aspects of the institution of political participation of citizens in the context of globalization. The aim predetermined the main directions and ideas of the present research: political participation as an object of political science analysis is analyzed in the paradigm of historical concepts of foreign scientists from developed democracies, taking into account their transformation in the political processes of young democracies. The global transformation of political systems has had a significant impact on the development of the institution of political participation as a factor in the democratization of society. The challenges of globalization cause the urgent need to modernize the process of transformation of the political systems of modern states. On the basis of modern scientific methods and a wide range of foreign sources and carried out an analysis of the worldwide discussion about the essence and importance of political participation for the development of democracy. Application of general scientific and special methods allowed to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the process of political participation in the context of democratization of society in different states at all stages of the evolution of the object under study. The results of the study expand the boundaries of scientific knowledge about the phenomenon of political development, value and behavioral aspects of political transformation. The materials of the study can serve as the basis both for conceptualizing the theoretical basis for specific practical political decisions, and for modeling the general scenario of development in modern states of the political process in general, and political participation in particular. Keywords: political participation, political process, transformation, political science analysis, democracy, globalization.

Transformation of the Political system and digital technologies in modern Russia

This article is devoted to the analysis of the main directions of the use of digital technologies that affect the transformation of the Russian political system. Two important aspects, such as the concept of e-government and the model of digitalization, are considered. The conclusion is made about the increasing importance of the development and use of digital technologies in the modern political process.

Wyzwania dla transformacji demokratycznej w Republice Białoruś. Wstępne wnioski z 2020 r.

The unprecedented wave of protests against A. Lukashenko in 2020 raises questions about the prospect of democratization in Belarus. The article introduces the theoretical issues related to the transformation of political systems and refers to the case of Belarus. Based on the experience of transitology and the science of transformation of political systems so far, it has been indicated that the future democratic success of Belarus is not obvious.

Kurpiowszczyzna Przekształcenia krajobrazu osadniczego do czasu przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej

The Kurpie region is among the most interesting ethnographic regions of Poland, with the center of the original, well-preserved and carefully cultivated folk culture of the Kurpie [ethnographic group of the Polish population]. The image of the Kurpie village resulted from centuries of human activity. Over the centuries, transformations of the landscape occurred. Activities that gave the area a modern appearance were based on adaptation of the natural environment for cultivation of land and gradual establishment of human settlements. The traditional folk culture developed by the Kurpie ethnographic group, as well as high value of the natural environment prompted research in the scope of transformation to open settlement landscape of the Kurpie region. The present study was aimed at investigating processes that determined the transformation to the natural and cultural landscape of the Kurpie region. The territorial scope of the present work covers the Kurpie region located between the Omulew and the Szkwa rivers. In the 15th century, the region was included in the Ostrołęka County and has remained there since then. The time scope of the study concerns the period from when first mention of the area being settled was made to the moment of Poland's accession to the European Union. The following research methods were adopted for the study: analysis of source literature and literature on the subject undertaken in the present work, historical analysis to cover the development of settlement in the studied area, comparative cartographic analysis in the field of settlement and landscape transformation, statistical analysis in the field of social and technical infrastructure. In the study, landscape and urban-rural inventory was also applied. The study structure covers issues related to formation and development of settlement in the Kurpie region: 1) the Kurpie region in scientific research, 2) the Kurpie region in folk culture, 3) the Kurpie region – an outline of settlement-agricultural functions, as well as landscape layout, 4) the Kurpie region – characteristics of the settlement landscape, 5) the Kurpie region – dominant changes to the landscape under the influence of socio-economic factors in the period of the 45 post-war years, 6) the Kurpie region – dominant modification to the landscape as influenced by socio-economic factors during the political system transformation in Poland.

Drzewa i lasy w kalendarzach przyrodniczych dla dzieci wydawanych w PRL-u

Przedmiotem rozważań jest analiza znaczeń i funkcji przypisywanych drzewom i ich skupiskom w kalendarzach przyrodniczych dla dzieci z czasów PRL-u. W książkach tych zastosowano kilka strategii wykorzystywania drzew w komunikacji z młodym czytelnikiem. W opisach wstępnych, „zagajających”, ich obraz pomaga w ukazaniu atmosfery, na przykład klimatu nowej pory roku (1), w opisach konkretnych zjawisk / elementów przyrodniczych pozwala na jego uszczegółowienie (2). Jest też elementem budzącym refleksję historyczną – o trwaniu i przemijaniu (3). Dary lasu są przedstawiane w kalendarzach przyrody jako istotny element pożywienia ludzi i zwierząt (4) oraz jako ciekawy przedmiot dziecięcej zabawy (5). Zwłaszcza w trzech pierwszych zastosowaniach autorzy opisów chętnie przedstawiali drzewa i las w formie metaforycznej. Ukazane zostały wszystkie wyżej wymienione zastosowaniadrzew i lasu w trzech publikacjach o charakterze kalendarza przyrodniczego: w Głosie przyrody Marii Kownackiej i Marii Kowalewskiej (t. 1–2, 1963), Razem ze słonkiem Marii Kownackiej (t. 1–6, 1975–1978). Zasięg chronologiczny ograniczono do lat 1945–1989, gdyż po transformacji ustrojowej na rynku wydawniczym ukazało się wiele edycji podobnych książek przyrodniczych, jednak były one wydawane na licencjach zagranicznych i miały już całkiem inny charakter.

Epidemie a reżimy

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy o relacjach zachodzących pomiędzy epidemiami a strategiami walki z nimi w różnych typach systemów politycznych i ich konsekwencjami społecznymi.
 PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem badawczym jest analiza modeli strategii walki z epidemiami w bipolarnym ujęciu systemów politycznych jako pochodnej różnych kryzysów społecznych, w tym wynikających z pandemii. Zastosowano metody badawcze właściwe dla nauk społecznych. Wykorzystano analizę krytyczną i syntezę literatury naukowej oraz badania porównawcze.
 PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej kolejności przedstawiono stan badań nad zagadnieniem epidemii i ich skutkami społeczno-politycznymi, następnie zaprezentowano modele walki z epidemiami w kontekście typów reżimów ustrojowych, a w kolejnym, na przykładzie procesów zachodzących w pierwszej połowie XX wieku, ukazano wpływ tych kryzysów na wzrost sympatii społecz­nych wobec ideologii antysystemowych.
 WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Długofalowe skutki epidemii prowa­dziły do przesileń, które w sposób istotny wpływały na losy cywilizacji. Towa­rzyszyły temu zjawiska, które w związku z załamaniem się podstaw funkcjo­nowania społeczeństw oddziaływały na światopogląd mas, przewartościowując scenę polityczną i transformując systemy państwowe.
 WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Nawet jeśli analizowano procesy społeczno-ekonomiczne pojawiające się w związku z kryzysami zdro­wotnymi, rzadko zastanawiano się nad relacją zachodzącą pomiędzy epidemia­mi a strategiami walki z nimi w określonych typach reżimów państwowych. Tym­czasem wnioski płynące z dotychczasowych rozważań wskazują na aktualność tej problematyki zarówno dla badaczy teorii polityki i państwa, jak i decydentów odpowiedzialnych za stabilność funkcjonowania systemu politycznego.

THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN “COLORFUL REVOLUTIONS

This article discusses the emergence of new challenges and threats associated with the forcible transformation of political systems as a result of the use of the technology of “color revolutions”. In the current conditions, competition for resources, territories, and global influence has sharply intensified. The beginning of the XXI century demonstrated the appearance of the phenomenon of “color revolutions” in political practice which led to a change in the political elite in a number of post-Soviet countries. Colorful revolutions were communicative in nature, many events took place in the information space, and then in reality, so the main means of counteraction were the media. Many non-governmental organizations in the former Soviet Union received informational support from their own print or electronic media, as well as from periodicals owned or controlled by some representatives of the oligarchic capital.

Status prawny zawodnika w Polsce w dobie późnego socjalizmu i w pierwszych latach po transformacji ustrojowej (lata 1984-1996)

The main objective of this article is to present an overall insight into the legal status of sportsmen in Poland, from 1984 to 1996, i.e., in the period when the sports system was thoroughly transformed. The study uses historical and formal-dogmatic methods. In addition, the author interviewed a long-time curator of Legia Warsaw Museum and a sports fan, perfectly familiarised with reality of sport in Poland at that time, which enriches theoretical and legal considerations with a practical value. The research strives to draw attention to the importance of political aspects in the sports sector within the era of late socialism and in the first years after the transformation of political system in Poland. Additionally, it also aims to discuss their ramifications for legal protection of players. The author highlights the implications of interventionist regulatory model in sport which was adopted by the authorities of People’s Republic of Poland by virtue of the Physical Culture Act of 3 June 1984. The article also presents the main tasks and importance of the state in process of creating the sports reality, in particular the position of Polish athletes. The article includes theoretical and practical issues related to amateur sport under the socialism in Poland. The research is intended to compare the regulatory framework concerning sportsmen stated in the Physical Culture Act of 3 June 1984 with the provisions of the Physical Culture Act of 18 January 1996. The author undertakes an evaluation of specific legal institutions from the point of view of the competition between Polish sport on the world stage and dynamic development of professional sport.

Migration Policy as Instrument of Ensuring National State Security

In the article, the authors analyse the relationship of political processes, migration policy and national security of the state. The methodological basis of the research is dialectical, comparative and institutional methods. The dialectical method revealed the dynamics, current regularities and contradictions in the formation of the state migration policy. The comparative method contributed to identify characteristic features of the migration policy formation of some EU countries and Russia, taking into account the transformation of political systems. The institutional method allowed exploring the interaction of public authorities with other institutions of civil society. In order to process the empirical evidence, quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The factors of the migration attractiveness of the state, the stages of the migration process and migration risks are considered. In this regard, special attention is paid to the migration crisis in modern Europe. It also analyses the growth factors of the popularity of right-populist parties and the idea of the sovereign migration policy of individual member states of the European Union. Special attention is paid to the description of the implementation plan for the “Prague Process” mechanisms on the example of the integration mechanisms of migrants to Austria and the Czech Republic, the participation of government bodies and civil society institutions in these mechanisms. Some features of the migration system of the Russian Federation are also considered in the context of ensuring national security. The research presents and analyses some statistical data on migration in Russia and global migration in the world.

Politicization of Ethnicity: The Moravian-Silesian Movement in the Czech Republic and the Silesian Movement in Poland—A Comparative Approach

AbstractEthnoregionalism in Europe is a phenomenon usually studied in the context of Western Europe. Still, in Central and Eastern Europe, there are some social and political movements that can be categorized as ethnoregionalist. The phenomenon started to play a role even before the Great War and in the interwar period, but was suppressed during the times of socialist regimes. It resurfaced immediately after 1989 during the times of transformation of political systems to fully democratic systems when problems of decentralization, authority, and division of power became openly discussed. In this article, I compare two such movements in the context of their political potential. The Moravian-Silesian movement in the Czech Republic and the Silesian movement in Poland have both similarities and differences, but the article mostly focuses on the evolution of these movements.