Political Reservations Research Articles

The Union Movement In The Public Life Of Constantinople Armenians In 1918-1923

The Armenians of Constantinople founded their first associations and societies at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century. Considering that the Armenian cultural center of Turkey was Constantinople, most of the Armenian cultural associations and societies were founded in this city. After the Armistice of Mudros, the Constantinople Armenians developed a union movement in almost all districts of the city, which inspired new strength and new faith in their efforts to revive the nation. One of the primary goals of the unions was to support displaced persons and orphans, provide them with shelter and create opportunities for them to participate in community life, remove the moral damage caused by the war. After the end of the First World War, the efforts of the unions and societies of the revival of the nation were partially successful, but they were interrupted after the entry of the Kemalists into Izmir in 1922. As a result of new political reservations, unions and associations were closed, and efforts to revive national life remained incomplete.

Political reservation for women in panchayat raj system

Political reservation for women in panchayat raj system

Women Reservation Bill in Lok Sabha: A Century Long Struggle for Gender Equality

Women in India have been granted various rights over the years to establish gender equality and to improve their number in decision making. Efforts were started when the demand for separate political reservation for women was made in 1920 during the national movement for Independence. It was the Government of India Act, 1935 by which reservation of seats for women was given. The issue was debated at length during the debates of Constituent Assembly. Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) 1971, recommended reservation for women in local bodies. National Perspective Plan for Women 1988-2000 recommended reservation for women in all elected bodies from Panchayats to Parliament that resulted in 73rd and 74th Amendment. To ensure their presence in national and state legislatures, a Bill seeking to reserve seats for women was introduced in 1996 in the Parliament. But due to narrow political interests of different political parties and lack of consensus among them, it could not succeed to get the approval of the Parliament. Finally, the passage of Women Reservation Bill in September 2023 with conditions is a golden moment in Indian Parliamentary history.

Political Reservation for Women: The (Un)making and Futures of the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023

This article attempts to contextualise the issue of political reservation for women and trace the decadal shifts in articulation of this demand over 27 years, that is, since 1996, when it was first introduced as the 81st Amendment and defeated, until its passage as the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023. The wider contexts of the struggles for women’s rights to voice, visibility, and equality; the implementation of reservation for women with internal reservation for women from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the 73rd and 74th Amendments; and the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and later the Sachar Committee guide us in historicising this moment and refusing its rhetorical appropriation by any particular political party. This context is examined through a close reading of parliamentary debates and reports of parliamentary committees in 1996–1997 and 2009–2010 and a brief glimpse at the other backward classes and Muslim feminist engagements within larger movements for equal citizenship.

THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT FOR EQUITABLE DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IN INDIA

India is the largest democratic country with 143 crores of population and the 95 crores of voters participating the biggest elections in the world. Women population in India are the half of the total population, but in all walks of life women don’t have the equal opportunities and justice though they are enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Indian women had the wider experience of conducting movement in the freedom movement. After Constitution came into force women had to start their movement to secure their rights. If women could have achieved their movement then they will get equal opportunities and justice in the society, that will be an equitable democratic society. It is observed that to achieve that that aim of the movement women should have followed the democratic way of fighting in which----- respecting the views of others, acting cooperatively, arriving the decisions through discussions, respecting equality, respecting the rights of others, and tolerating the views of others. This should be the attitude and perspective of the entire women movement. Recently the Indian Parliament passed the 33% of Political Reservation bill , women movement should utilize this constitutional amendment for their better life, then only they will able to enjoy their constitutional guarantees of liberty, equality, justice, fraternity and political empowerment. Women movement will have to get the aimed equitable democratic society through Constitutional methods. We followed the Historical and analytical research methods while pursuing this paper, we invited the further research in pursuing area.

Political reservation and its impact on women’s political participation in India: A review

After centuries of struggle, India achieved independence in 1947. The concept of India was founded on equality, democracy, and harmony. In the hope of making this country a model for unity in diversity, the founding fathers of the Constitution emphasized the secular, socialist, democratic, and republican system, as well as justice, freedom, and equality for all regardless of caste, sex, religion, or place of birth. As the largest democratic nation in the world, India strives to promote and include all of its residents in the country's social, economic, and political activities. For the inclusion of women in the political affairs of the country and to make them visible in the decision-making process, the government came up with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. The present paper is an attempt to make a review of the existing literature about the problems and prospects of the reservation system for women. It is argued that though the reservation system has brought changes in the politics of India, but women's representation is still limited, and their decision-making power is also restricted. The study provides some suggestions and recommendations to the government and other stakeholders that will help in the removal of obstacles and barriers to women's political participation.

In ongoing efforts to vaccinate communities against COVID-19, pharmacists must address fear and misinformation

In ongoing efforts to vaccinate communities against COVID-19, pharmacists must address fear and misinformation

The Myth of the Ten-Year Limit on Reservations and Dr Ambedkar’s Stance

It is a common perception that the reservation framework for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India was supposed to last only for a period of 10 years, and that B. R. Ambedkar himself was a proponent of this view. This article analyses the historical material to argue that the supposed time limit on reservations is a falsehood. The initial time limit was imposed only on political reservations (subject to few conditions) and not on reservations in services and education. It would be demonstrated that Ambedkar was not in favour of any time limit even on political reservations, and that the temporary 10-year limit imposed on political reservation was a decision adopted by other members, who formed the majority in the Constituent Assembly. It would be further demonstrated that Ambedkar had suggested the method of constitutional amendments to keep increasing the initial time limit on political reservations.

‘TAT UND ARBEIT, STATT PUBLICITY UND TRÄUMEREI’: ERNST TOLLER AND THE AMERICAN GUILD FOR GERMAN CULTURAL FREEDOM

ABSTRACTThis article deals with Ernst Toller's involvement in the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom, an organisation founded in 1935 to help artists and intellectuals who had fled the Nazi regime to the US. It thus highlights the last months of Toller's life. As a member of the board of directors of the Guild, he was involved in important initiatives such as the allocation of grants to writers in exile. The article examines individual cases, e.g. the awarding of a scholarship to Hermann Borchardt, with whom Toller was involved in a plagiarism dispute, and the debate over awarding a scholarship to Bodo Uhse, in which he opposed the Guild chairman and attempted to dispel political reservations about Uhse. These cases illustrate how solidarity‐based action was organised in exile and was both supported and undermined by aesthetic, political, economic, and personal interests. Taking Toller and other members of the Guild as examples, the paper shows how power structures inevitably formed and had an effect within the group, which aimed to organise and support the entire German‐speaking emigration; and how, therefore, the practice of solidarity between emigrants led to a ‘hopeless secondary competition amongst themselves, in the midst of the more general one’ (Adorno, Minima Moralia, 1951).

Upstream effects of female political reservations

As a result of a constitutional amendment enacted in 1993, all levels of local government in India were required to reserve at least 33% of seats for women, without any corresponding reservations for women at the state or national level. We examine the upstream effects of this downstream quota on female political participation at the state and national level. Our results show that the introduction of the quota had significant positive impacts on the political participation of women both at the national and the state level, though the patterns of effects are quite different. Our results indicate that different mechanisms are driving more women running for office at the national and state levels.

Political Reservation and Allocation of Household Public Goods for Backward Communities

Does political reservation for the backward communities at the rural local governments (Gram Panchayats in India) help favourable allocation of household public goods (houses, toilets, jobs) to the households belonging to those communities? While the conventional literature answers this question in affirmative, the present paper argues that the re-election motive of the political parties may prevent the elected representative belonging to the disadvantaged community to divert the allocation in favour of her own community, especially when it is in minority in the Panchayat. Thus, the purpose of political reservation may fail. Analysing data from villages in West Bengal, India, for Scheduled Caste (SC) reservation at the Gram Panchayats, we find that the impact of political reservation varies across household public goods. The political compulsion shows up the most in provision of jobs, the benefit of which is recurrent in nature.

Identities and public policies: Unexpected effects of political reservations for women in India

• A person’s identity is associated with various social categories, such as gender and ethnicity. • The paper demonstrates the importance of the multiplicity of identity dimensions for the design of public policies. • We exploit the randomized nature of political reservations for women in India. • We show that a policy designed along the gender dimension alters the distribution of the benefits of this policy along the caste dimension. • We propose differential gender norms across caste groups as the mechanism behind these findings. Identity is an important determinant of economic behavior. While the existing literature focuses on one identity dimension at a time, we show that the multiplicity of identity dimensions matters for economic behavior and that neglecting it may lead policymakers to overlook important, unexpected effects of economic policies. We exploit the randomized nature of political reservations for women in India to show that a policy designed along one identity dimension (gender) alters the distribution of the benefits of this policy along another one (caste). We propose differences in gender norms across caste groups as a mechanism.

Impacts of reservation

Reservation policy in India's local governments, known as Gram Panchayats, is one of three major affirmative action strategies for ensuring that lower caste groups are equitably represented in political institutions.Local political reserves for SC and ST populations have been linked to more SC and ST-friendly policies, more welfare spending and infrastructure investment, and reduced household poverty levels, according to researchers.This research looks at one possible indirect advantage of reservations: higher educational attainment. The theory of role model effects is applied to the context of political reservations - more SC and ST Presidents in Gram Panchayats could operate as a positive role model of stereotype-defying success for SC and ST youngsters, motivating increased investment in educational attainment. Using a sample of 13,408 SC children and 6,066 ST children aged 5 to 18 in Karnataka, the research uses a dose-response regression model to examine the link between reservation rates and average completed years of schooling at the sub-district level. More SC and ST Presidents in Gram Panchayats are linked to higher educational achievement among SC and ST children, according to the findings of the study. To strengthen these findings and increase the literature on indirect advantages of reserves, more study is needed.

None of the Above, except the privileged: Impact of political reservations and competition on NOTA Vote Share - Evidence from Telangana Sarpanch Elections

None of the Above, except the privileged: Impact of political reservations and competition on NOTA Vote Share - Evidence from Telangana Sarpanch Elections

Allocation of village public goods at community level: does political reservation help?

It has been empirically observed that reserving seats for leaders belonging to disadvantaged social groups at the local level improves targeting of household public goods to households belonging to these groups. However, it is not clear whether a similar result holds for the allocation of village public goods that have limited spillover effects across households in a village, such as repair and maintenance of access roads to households, streetlights, sewer lines, etc. The present paper uses locational data collected from a sample of Indian villages and applies spatial econometrics to test whether political reservations for elected representatives increase allocations to households belonging to the reserved community, especially when they are in the minority. The results show that for certain types of village public goods, political reservations produce favourable allocations for the reserved community when locational clustering of the communities is present.

Markets and Spillover Effects of Political Institutions in Promoting Women’s Empowerment: Evidence From India

This study presents fresh evidence that market interventions aimed at empowering women are more effective in the presence of formal political institutions, using the case of political reservations for women in Indian local governments. It uses data from 2,423 households in 100 Indian villages and accounts for endogeneity through the instrumental variable method to investigate women engaged in the Indian dairy sector following the implementation of India’s National Dairy Plan, which seeks to connect women with formal retail markets. Results suggest that while markets provide “passive” forms of agency to women, political representation can transition this to “active” forms of agency, allowing women to exhibit purposeful behavior. However, spillover effects of reservations (quotas) do not contribute significantly to women’s intrahousehold agency since they continue to depend on male counterparts for routine and intermittent decisions. Additionally, in community matters, the cumulative effect of reservations is more pronounced than standalone market impacts. HIGHLIGHTS Development interventions aimed at connecting women with labor markets have limited, short-term impacts on women’s agency because the ability of women to influence household decisions often depends on their social backgrounds. While the link between economic empowerment and development is weak, changes in social structures can promote women’s greater participation in decision making. Provisions in India’s 73rd Constitutional Amendment that propose political quotas for women in Indian local governments have helped loosen patriarchal social structures. Funding agencies and development organizations can generate larger and long-term empowerment outcomes for women by mounting market interventions in combination with more gender-inclusive formal political institutions.

Literature and its Impact on Women Empowerment: An Assessment

Empowerment is a process by which a specific destitute and discriminated class is being socially, economically, and politically uplifted. It is a multi-dimensional social procedure that assists individuals with overseeing their own lives. The empowerment of women is profoundly a colossal issue that needs to be redressed to length and breadth. The intellectuals and statesmen who have battled for the empowerment of women in India have worked a ‘day in and day out’ to present the reformation in this regard and the efforts are still being going on. The empowerment of women is a multi-dimensional viewpoint that requests for dynamic participation of different partners in a developing nation like India. In present scenario, women studies have become a significant part of the scholastic standard in India. The innovative approaches are adopted to ensure uniformity of opportunity and to empower women in all aspects. Sexual-orientation equity is considered an indispensable need in India. The physical empowerment of women incorporates nourishment, sustenance, wellbeing, sanitation, future, and development. The social empowerment includes freedom for marriage, right to property, social opportunity, family welfare, etc. The political strengthening incorporates political reservation, political influence development of women, and their active participation. Arrangement of scholarly, inquire about and formative activities are additionally created to engage women in all regards.

Women's political leadership and economic empowerment: Evidence from public works in India

Despite recent advances, women trail men in political participation, especially in developing countries where the long-term economic benefits from empowering women politically have not been well-researched. We use data from 163 villages of 12 main Indian states to explore whether requiring that village leadership positions be held by women (political reservation) affected uptake of economic opportunities via the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Reservation triggered increases in women's demand for work, program participation, and access to financial services that were sustained beyond the period of female political leadership. Enhanced female participation in program oversight, civic engagement, and electoral participation are plausible channels for such effects and political and economic empowerment seem to be complementary.

Ambedkar’s Proposal to Safeguards Minorities Against Communal Majority in Democracy

As early as in 1909, the British had accepted the principle of political representation in the central and provincial legislatures for religious minorities in British India. In 1909, the Muslims were given representation in the central and provincial legislatures through nominations. Other small minorities were also accorded political representation through separate electorate and/or through nomination. Later, in the 1935 Act, political representation through separate electorates was retained for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. The 1935 Act also accorded separate electorate to the Scheduled Castes (SCs). However, in case of the SCs, the separate electorate was replaced by a ‘joint’ electorate method under pressure from Gandhiji’s fast unto death. In the new Constitution of India in 1950, the political reservation was withdrawn for most of the minorities except the SC and Scheduled Tribes (STs). SCs and STs were awarded political reservation through the ‘joint electorate’ method. However, Ambedkar had proposed a comprehensive scheme for the political representation for social and religious minorities based on the principal of balanced representation, rule of unanimity and principal of faith and confidence.

Between political reserve and scientific change: French geographers and decolonisation in tropical Africa, 1945–1967

Between the end of World War II and the granting of independence to former French colonies in tropical Africa in 1960, a network of scientific research centres supported an emerging community of geographers. These scholars distinguished themselves by a strong commitment to fieldwork and empirical enquiry, rather than to theorization. Their investigations represented a break with the amateurism and relative lack of disciplinary rigour that characterized colonial geography, as practised by French administrators and military surveyors in inter-war Africa and Asia. Becoming connected to a broader scientific community in France and across the globe, many geographers at work during the post-war period of decolonization applied new scientific ideas to their research in tropical Africa. Through a detailed examination of institutions, researchers and publications, this paper shows how the activities of French geographers eschewed the exoticization of Africa and escaped the scholarly marginality of earlier research on tropical regions. However, although their investigations had started to be ‘decolonized’ in the 1950s, few French geographers were militant advocates of independence.