Abstract This paper discusses the achievements, the possibilities, and the challenges of Platonic business ethics. Through a systematic scoping review of 695 articles published in 13 business and management journals, it undertakes a knowledge-stock analysis of the almost complete range of Plato’s written texts that have influenced business ethicists and identifies five prominent ways in which they have applied his work. It finds that Plato’s Republic has had the most enduring influence throughout the history of the discipline and details how Plato’s work has been applied to ethical, philosophical, political, managerial, and methodological considerations. Through a brief reading of Protagoras , we highlight the ambiguity of Plato’s dialogical approach to contemporary business ethicists. We then close with Plato’s Ion , indicating difficulties in initiating such dialogues.

This study examines two fundamental issues concerning the Attorney General’s Guideline No. 7 of 2020, which regulates the granting of permission for the summoning, examination, search, arrest, and detention of prosecutors suspected of committing criminal acts. The primary issues analyzed are: (1) the juridical and philosophical foundations underlying the issuance of the Guideline, and (2) the legal basis and substantive reasons for its subsequent revocation. This research employs a normative legal research method, using statutory, conceptual, and philosophical approaches by analyzing laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly opinions. Juridically, the issuance of the Guideline was grounded in Article 8 paragraph (5) of Law Number 11 of 2021 concerning the Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Indonesia, which requires the Attorney General’s authorization for law enforcement actions against prosecutors. This provision aims to prevent arbitrary criminalization and protect prosecutorial independence. Philosophically, the Guideline was intended to provide procedural legal protection for prosecutors in their role as dominus litis, enabling them to perform their duties independently and free from intimidation while preserving the dignity of the prosecutorial profession. However, the Guideline was revoked shortly after its enactment through the Decree of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number 163 of 2020 due to political, legal, and sociological considerations, particularly public concerns regarding equality before the law and the potential for prosecutorial impunity. This study concludes that the issuance and revocation of the Guideline reflect an inherent tension between the need for institutional protection of prosecutors and public demands for transparency, accountability, and equality before the law within Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

The educational curriculum has evolved. What was once considered a tool for planning student instruction is now seen as an arena where political, ideological, and ethical considerations converge. This article aims to analyze the transformation of the curriculum in the Latin American context, with a focus on Mexico. There, a pragmatic crisis is forcing a rethinking of the curriculum's foundations and role in traditional schools. For this reason, two Mexican curriculum models are discussed: Key Learning 2017 and the New Mexican School proposed for 2022. The curriculum is not neutral; it never has been. It is a living space where power relations, imposed knowledge, and real possibilities for transformation intersect. Thus, the curriculum is no longer viewed as a rigid set of topics but as a living, situated social practice. This approach is committed to epistemic justice and a more humane education while remaining attentive to the challenges it faces. Teachers take on an epistemic role, transforming the prescribed curriculum into one that is truly experienced and adapted to the needs of society.

This article examines the formalization of Jinayat law in Aceh within the relationship between Islamic law and the Indonesian constitution by positioning it as a product of legal-political negotiation in the post-conflict Aceh context. Using a qualitative method with a historical-normative approach, this study analyzes constitutional provisions, statutory regulations on Aceh’s special autonomy, Jinayat qanun, and relevant socio-political dynamics following the Aceh conflict. The findings demonstrate that the formalization of Jinayat law was shaped by a responsive legal-political configuration after the Reform era, functioning not merely as the execution of constitutional mandates but also as a political instrument for conflict resolution, democratization, and national integration. By mapping the interaction between central and regional political interests, religious authority, and local socio-cultural legitimacy, the study shows that Jinayat law emerged through negotiation rather than unilateral constitutional enforcement. The novelty of this research lies in its argument that the Jinayat legal regime in Aceh represents a form of responsive legal politics, where constitutional recognition of regional special status intersects with pragmatic political considerations in post-conflict governance. This study contributes to political-legal scholarship by offering a nuanced understanding of Islamic law formalization as a dynamic constitutional and political process that must remain aligned with democratic principles and constitutional values.

This paper offers a characterization of the model for reception education that was prescribed in the Danish special legislation on Ukrainian refugees (2022) and explores how the legislation and different reception models were perceived and negotiated by agents on different levels of municipal administration and school practice in two case municipalities from the spring of 2022 to the autumn of 2023. Focusing on the purposes of refugee education, the study addresses how reception education models are negotiated vertically, that is, from the state policy to the municipality and school levels, and horizontally in different temporal phases. The paper contributes to the scholarly debate on the complexity of the reception of Ukrainian refugees, which both is related to the possibilities for an updated education model for newcomers that considers multilingualism and temporariness as parameters of reception and the ongoing debate on differentiation mechanisms between refugee groups and how political discourses and considerations influence pedagogical practice regarding newly arrived children and young people. We conclude that although the special legislation signals the enabling of multilingual reception education and a more nuanced purpose of reception, our case studies indicate that the Ukrainian group has not fully benefited from the possibilities of the law.

Abstract On March 27, 2025, Israel’s legislature passed a major revision in the Basic Law: the Judiciary, which revolutionized the system for the selection of judges in Israel. This revision will come into force after the next parliamentary elections. This Article describes the legislative revision in judicial selection and argues that it is intended to increase the weight of political considerations in the selection of judges, namely to politicize the process. In other words, it will bring to the forefront political considerations in judicial selection and will diminish the weight of professional considerations, and thus may have severe consequences for the rule of law in Israel. The purpose of the legislation as described by its promoters as well as its practical implications contravene some of the principles that stand at the basis of judicial selection, particularly professionality and preservation of judicial independence. The legislation also runs counter to trends in judicial selection in other democracies. Against the backdrop of the problematic checks and balances system in Israel, as well as the current feeble protection of judicial independence and other governmental attacks against it, the legislation undermines the ability of the courts to uphold the rule of law and protect human rights.

This study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modeling in analyzing the co-integration relationship between trade protectionism policy and economic growth in Nigeria from 1988 to 2022.The study made use of annual time series data, sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical bulletin. The findings of the study revealed that GDP per capita has significant positive impacts on tariff rate in the short run, tariff rate and industry productivity were also seen to have a positive and significant relationship, Whereas the coefficient of unemployment indicated a negative but statistically insignificant relationship. However, the coefficients of its lagged values were all positive and statistically significant. This suggests that higher unemployment rates in previous periods are associated with higher tariff rates. The findings in long run on the other hand, highlighted the complex relationship between trade protectionism and economic growth in Nigeria. In that higher industry productivity was associated with higher tariff rates, lower unemployment rates were also linked to higher tariff rates. While trade net outflow was seen to be statistically insignificant. implying that changes in trade net outflow may not have a significant long-term impact on the tariff rate. Both findings therefore suggests that trade protectionism in Nigeria has not been effective as a strategy for fostering sustained economic growth. Rather than promoting long-term competitiveness and efficiency, protectionist measures appear to respond to short-term economic pressures and political considerations, particularly related to employment and industry interests. Consequently, for trade policy to contribute meaningfully to economic growth, Nigerian policymakers should adopt a more balanced approach one that minimizes excessive protection while supporting productivity-enhancing reforms, encouraging competition, and integrating the economy more effectively into global markets.

Can-AP: Informing a system level model for advanced practice implementation in radiation therapy through global experience.

This study investigates the dynamics of technology transfer in emerging economies such as India, Malaysia, and Turkey, emphasizing the pivotal role of academic institutions in fostering industry collaborations. The primary aim is to identify key factors that promote successful technology commercialization and enhance regional industrial productivity. Employing a qualitative literature review, the research synthesizes empirical data on transfer mechanisms used by universities and firms across various contexts. The findings demonstrate that strategic collaborations, particularly Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), significantly bolster technology transfer. Furthermore, the active involvement of Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) is crucial for aligning academic research with industry needs. The study also reveals that political and governance frameworks heavily influence success; firms with stronger political connections often experience better transfer outcomes. Drawing parallels with models from the USA, Japan, and Israel, the research highlights that foreign direct investment can reinforce domestic capabilities rather than merely substituting them. In conclusion, fostering a conducive environment for technology transfer requires a multifaceted strategy that integrates technical, managerial, and political considerations to bridge the gap between academia and industry.

Before making a decision on criminalizing a deed, which entails more serious negative consequences for a person than other violations, the increased harmfulness of the deed in question must be considered. However, criminal liability, due to its intractable repressive impact and cost capacity, is justifiable only if the ultima ratio principle is observed, namely, if the undesirable deed cannot be prevented by alternative means with equal efficiency. The article explains the origin, content, and significance of the ultima ratio principle in the modern criminal law system, which limits the legislator’s powers to criminalize. Although the role of the legislator’s political considerations in both determining the harmfulness of the deed and choosing measures to combat it cannot be eliminated, the ultima ratio principle as a specific criminal law related element of the principle of proportionality, universally recognized as a general principle of law, must be observed in formulating the corpus delicti in the Criminal Law, taking into account that the application of any criminal punishment is a restriction of human rights.

ABSTRACT Far-right parties in Europe adopt a spectrum of environmental and energy policy positions, influenced by economic priorities, nationalist ideologies, and strategic political considerations. However, less is known about how their supporters perceive these issues. This study employs cluster analysis to examine the environmental and energy attitudes of far-right supporters using data from the European Social Survey. The findings reveal three distinct groups: Selective Environmentalists, Cautious Moderates, and Disengaged Sceptics. Additionally, the study highlights potential biases in survey responses, particularly a tendency to select middle-options, which may obscure respondents’ true opinions. The results challenge the assumption of a uniform far-right opposition to environmental policies, emphasizing the role of national context in shaping attitudes toward climate and energy governance. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the political dynamics influencing environmental perspectives within the European far-right electorate.

Between the Mediterranean coast and European borders, clandestine supply chains orchestrate the movement of thousands of migrants using remarkably structured logistics. Lacking formal hierarchies or standardized protocols, smuggling networks rely on migration hubs and continuously adjust routes and resources to respond to unforeseen circumstances. Their modularity and rapid adaptability reflect principles comparable to modern supply chain management (SCM), particularly in planning, resilience, and flexibility. Beyond political and security considerations, examining these flows demonstrates that operational efficiency can emerge from unethical practices grounded in experience, tacit knowledge, and social networks. While the objectives of commercial supply chains and smuggling networks differ, the insights gained are applicable to managing flows, coordinating stakeholders, and handling disruptions. The article also addresses the ethical tensions inherent in irregular migration, revealing a logistical order established through human exploitation. It provides a distinctive analytical framework for exploring the modularity, resilience, and agility of logistical systems, offering a refined understanding of flow management in complex and uncertain environments. The goal is not to transpose the dark aspects of SCM to the business world but to examine its mechanisms and challenges from a societal perspective.

This study examines the effectiveness of the Indonesia–Singapore extradition framework as a transnational law enforcement mechanism in combating corruption crimes with cross-border dimensions. The research is motivated by Indonesia’s longstanding challenges in recovering fugitives and assets located in Singapore, despite the existence of bilateral agreements and mutual legal assistance arrangements. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes the extradition treaty, implementing regulations, relevant case practices, and principles of international cooperation in criminal matters. The findings reveal that while the extradition framework provides a formal legal basis for cooperation, its practical implementation remains constrained by differences in legal systems, evidentiary standards, dual criminality requirements, and political considerations that may delay or impede extradition processes. Moreover, the effectiveness of extradition is closely linked to asset recovery mechanisms, which are not always synchronized with extradition procedures. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analysis of extradition and transnational asset recovery within a single enforcement framework, highlighting the need for stronger procedural coordination and institutional synergy. This study recommends strengthening treaty implementation through clearer operational guidelines, enhanced mutual trust between law enforcement agencies, and closer alignment between extradition and asset recovery mechanisms to ensure effective, timely, and accountable transnational enforcement against corruption.

Abstract Growing political polarization is affecting recruitment. This study used an experimental simulation design to examine how political value similarity may influence hiring decisions, focusing on France's polarized multi-party system with a centrist core. This allowed us to compare fictional applicants with extreme political affiliations with those with moderate or neutral stances. We also analyzed raters' reasons for evaluating politically affiliated fictional candidates and how these evaluations impacted hypothetical hiring outcomes. A sample of 350 raters assessed a fictional LinkedIn profile with manipulated political affiliation. Findings showed that political value similarity heightened perceptions of overall similarity, which was associated with hypothetical hiring outcomes such as expected counterproductive work behavior (CWB): Sharing political values reduced expectations of CWB. Notably, over 20% of participants cited political considerations as the key factors when evaluating fictional applicants who openly shared their political affiliation on LinkedIn. Future research should thus distinguish between different party affiliations as these can exhibit unique effects on hiring outcomes.

This article investigates the transformation of auditing practices under the influence of growing economic interdependence, global instability, and geopolitical tensions characteristic of the 21st century. As international supply chains become more integrated and financial systems increasingly interconnected, auditors face new and complex risks that challenge traditional audit methodologies. The study highlights how military conflicts, international sanctions, restricted access to information, and the destruction or loss of assets significantly affect the reliability of financial reporting and the professional judgment of auditors. A special focus is placed on the consequences of military aggression, particularly the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which caused unprecedented disruption to the operations of enterprises and public institutions. The authors identify new categories of audit risk that have intensified under wartime conditions: the loss or inaccessibility of primary documentation, forced relocation of enterprises, limitations in conducting inventory procedures, impairment of assets, and heightened risks of fraud due to weakened internal controls. Another crucial aspect addressed is the threat to auditor independence, especially in environments with political pressure, sanctions, and high economic uncertainty. The analysis draws on the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (IESBA), emphasizing the relevance of intimidation threats, conflicts of interest, and economic dependence on clients. The article combines theoretical frameworks with real-world case studies from both Ukrainian and international practice. Examples include audit challenges faced by large Ukrainian state enterprises such as Ukrzaliznytsia and Energoatom, as well as the withdrawal of Big Four audit firms from the Russian market due to political and ethical considerations. These cases demonstrate how geopolitical factors redefine not only audit techniques but also the ethical responsibilities of auditors. The authors propose a range of measures to adapt auditing to modern challenges: the use of alternative audit procedures, enhanced analytical methods, implementation of digital tools, strengthening of ethical safeguards, and integration of geopolitical risk assessment into audit planning. The findings underscore that the auditing profession must evolve rapidly to maintain trust, transparency, and accountability in an increasingly volatile global environment.

Access to decent housing remains a major concern for many households worldwide. This issue is recurrent in cities across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Malabo, the administrative capital of Equatorial Guinea, where several social housing projects have been implemented to address the housing shortage. However, these cities are experiencing accelerated deterioration. This deterioration is mainly the result of inappropriate material choices, insufficient maintenance, and the lack of a clear strategy defining the framework for their rehabilitation. Since 2014, sporadic interventions have been implemented to improve the living conditions of residents in social housing estates in Malabo, particularly Los Ángeles and Barrio Chino. However, these actions, often dictated by political considerations and specific events, focus primarily on the physical aspect of buildings, neglecting social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The objective of this research is to analyze the methods used in the rehabilitation of social housing in Malabo. The methodological approach adopted combines both qualitative and quantitative data. A bibliographic review of available empirical resources was conducted to identify the actors involved and evaluate current intervention processes. The results of the study highlight the involvement of a multitude of actors in rehabilitation operations, the ad hoc and summary nature of the work carried out, and the need to adopt an integrated and participatory approach to improve decision-making in future social housing rehabilitation operations in Malabo.

This paper analyzes the complex and often contradictory dynamics of refugee and migration policy in Indonesia, framed within the political and legal tug-of-war that shapes human rights protections. As one of Southeast Asia’s key transit and destination countries for refugees and migrants, Indonesia's policy approaches are influenced by both international obligations and domestic political considerations. Despite being a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, Indonesia has not adopted comprehensive national legislation to protect refugees, leaving a gap in the legal framework that often results in ad-hoc, inconsistent practices. This study critically examines the tension between political interests—such as national sovereignty, security concerns, and public opinion—and the legal obligations tied to human rights protections under international law. The research analyzes the roles of domestic political actors, including the government, lawmakers, and civil society, in shaping policies related to refugees and migrants. It also explores the legal frameworks that both constrain and enable state actions regarding asylum seekers, detention, and deportation. Through a review of recent case studies and policy shifts, this paper highlights the challenges of balancing humanitarian obligations with domestic priorities. The analysis underscores the need for a more coherent and rights-based approach to migration and refugee policy in Indonesia, suggesting that the existing legal and political landscape often pulls in opposite directions, undermining effective protection for vulnerable populations. Ultimately, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on global migration governance, offering insights into how national policies can evolve to better protect refugees while navigating political realities.

This research delves into the socio-philosophical dimensions of security, assessing its metaphysical and existential aspects and considering how existential threats reshape philosophical perspectives in the contemporary society. The relevance of this study is underscored by the urgent need to understand how traditional and non-traditional security threats - ranging from military conflicts to cybercrime and climate change - impact societal structures and individual freedoms. The paper highlights the intersection of social structures and security, revealing how security is instrumentalised by various actors, including governments, to control or influence social dynamics. Moreover, it emphasizes how media representation and public fear can influence political decision-making, urging a critical examination of how security discourses are constructed and whose interests they serve. By integrating socio-philosophical perspectives, this paper establishes a framework for understanding security as a multifaceted phenomenon. Notably, this research underscores the role of cultural, psychological, and ethical dimensions in shaping public understanding and policy responses to security threats. Key findings illustrate that contemporary security cannot be narrowly defined; rather, it necessitates an integrated approach encompassing political, economic, social, and environmental considerations and a re-evaluation of traditional security models to address contemporary challenges such as cybersecurity threats and digital ethics. Ultimately, this work argues for highlighting the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches in developing contemporary security strategies effectively addressing fluctuating dynamics of the international agenda.

Since the European refugee crisis, Hungary has constructed a immigration policy system centered on national security, aimed at consolidating its electoral base and reducing the costs of social integration. However, this tightened approach contradicts the increasingly open demands of the labor market. This paper examines the mechanisms behind the formation of Hungarys immigration policy and the political considerations driving it, analyzing how securitization logic shapes policy decisions and exposing the tensions and dilemmas between these policies and economic realities. The results show that Hungarys immigration policy embodies a persistent tension between political controllability and economic needs, offering new insights into the governance challenges faced by Central and Eastern European countries within the EU framework.

Following the decisions of the scientific session 'For the further flourishing of Pavlov's doctrine' of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR in 1950, important reforms were introduced under political control in the USSR and the Eastern Bloc countries. Research plans of science institutions and medical university curricula were changed according to these decisions. Scientists and university professors were forced to adopt courses in Pavlovian doctrine. The reforms affected the work of hospitals and sanatoriums, whose staff was instructed to reform the everyday practice. Regarding the clinical work, the session had two main consequences: the introduction of the so-called Curative-Protective Hospital Regime and the introduction of sleep therapy for the treatment of psychiatric diseases, hypertension, ulcers, rheumatism, and other diseases. As a widespread therapeutic method, it was established in the 1950s in the USSR and in the countries of the Eastern Bloc as a general reform of health politics. Political (Soviet influence), ideological (dialectical materialism), theoretical (Pavlovian teaching), and practical medical considerations intersected in the implementation of the therapeutic methods which made patients objects of this treatment. This study explores the process of dissemination and establishment of sleep therapy in Bulgarian hospital practice based on the hospital documentation of the Pediatrics Clinic at the Medical Academy and the Clinic of Cardiac Diseases in Sofia in 1952-1953.