Policy Implementation Model Research Articles

Mental health policy implementation as an integral part of primary health care services in Oshana region, Namibia

Despite the 1990 reforms to the health system in Namibia, mental health still receives low priority. Coupled with limited resources, health policies are directed at addressing communicable and life-threatening diseases. On the primary health care (PHC) level, health care services are either completely absent or, at best, fragmented. Therefore, an assessment of the implementation of the mental health policy that was launched in 2005 in the Oshana region of Namibia was undertaken in order to assess the extent to which the mental health policy had been implemented. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the extent of implementation and identify the challenges faced by nurses in PHC settings. A quantitative, explorative, descriptive design was used, where a total of 42 nurse from 13 health facilities in the Oshana region were conveniently included in the study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included both open and closed-ended items. The study found that health care workers on the ground were expected to implement the policy, without have been provided with the crucial tools for implementing it, such as training, implementation guidelines, supervision, infrastructure to support the services and the materials needed to provide the services. In addition, although 77% of the research participants had received training in mental health, none expressed confidence in delivering mental health services on a PHC level. As a result, such services are not available in 94% of the health facilities in the region. This finding supports Gilson et al.’ s (2008) bottom-up model of policy implementation, which holds that in order to implement a policy fully and successfully, sufficient resources for implementation at multiple levels are required The findings call for articulated plans to address the challenges experienced in mental health policy implementation in Namibia in order to allow for the early identification of the burden associated with mental disorders.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN TATAKELOLA PESERTA PROGRAM JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL DI JATIM

Health insurance system is one of the important components in ensuring theneeds of basic human rights, namely health. Government as theimplementing regulations in the fulfillment of basic rights such as healthhave been doing the development, guidance, and acceleration in organizinghealth care. So that the government is very strategic role in theimplementation of the National Health Insurance program (JKN). But thereis one problem JKN program implementation, namely the weakmanagement of the participants. It affects both services and financing JKNprogram. There have been several studies that analyze these problems,among others, the study of health care seeking behavior of participants ofpublic health insurance, the readiness of stakeholders in the implementationof JKN, and the program participant data JKN invalid and not targeted. Sothat in this research conducted a study which aims to analyze themanagement of participants through the method of interpretation, describe,analyze, and the build a model of the implementation of managementpolicies of insured people, and the synchronization of the health insuranceprogram regional level into the health insurance system nationwidemanaged by BPJS Health in the Province of East Java. The results showedthat participants in the program management JKN is not optimal, andcurrently poor people who can not be accommodated in the management ofContribution Recipient (PBI) has been well managed by the regionalgovernment, through the Regional Health Insurance program. Further theparticipant management implementation model is not effective as a modelof policy implementation of Van Metter and Van Horn due to weakoversight of the bureaucratic system and the human resources involved inthe implementation of the management of the participants. Keywords : Implementation of policy, National Health Insurance (JKN), management of participants.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM DANA BANTUAN PEMBERDAYAAN USAHA GARAM RAKYAT (PUGAR) DALAM RANGKA PENGEMBANGAN WIRAUSAHA GARAM RAKYAT (Studi Pada Dinas Kelautan Dan Perikanan Kabupaten Sumenep)

This qualitative research method to describe and analyze a policy which aims to empower the people in the salt business Sumenep portrayed through the study of Program Implementation Assistance Fund for Empowerment of People's Salt (PUGAR) with an emphasis on policy implementation model consisting Grindle of contents (contents of policy) and (contexts of policy) policy implementation. Empowerment of People's Salt (PUGAR) sourced from the state budget is a development program that focused on improving the welfare of the farmers of salt, as well as increased production and product quality salt. The research findings indicate that Content Policy (Of Content Policy) covers Salt Empowerment of People (PUGAR) has been established through the minister of marine and fisheries regulation number 41 of 2011 on guidelines for the implementation of the National Program for Community Empowerment and Fisheries. implementation of the policy (the Context of Policy) includes a companion team PUGAR Department of Marine and Fisheries Sumenep identifying the existence and location of the land to the group PUGAR group that has submitted a proposal for assistance and workshops as well as socialization PUGAR annually. The conclusion of the study include the provision of information about program implementation PUGAR up the thawing process is less clear PUGAR assistance received by a group of farmers salt (KUGAR). Salt farmer business groups of people (KUGAR) Recipient PUGAR each year hoping PUGAR funds disbursed prior to the production of salt, this PUGAR funds transferred to a bank account belonging to a business group of salt farmers (KUGAR) and use this PUGAR funds must be adapted to the Joint Venture Plan (RUB ) contained in the Accountability Report (LPJ) proposals submitted for the salt farmers PUGAR each group of people (KUGAR). Keywords: Empowerment of People's Salt (PUGAR), Entrepreneurial Salt

Local adaptation of central policies: the policymaking and implementation of compulsory education for migrant children in China

This article looks at the central and local governments’ policymaking and implementation of compulsory education for migrant children in China. Three distinct models of policy implementation were identified through a case study approach. They indicated a selective adaptation of central policy objective and principles by the local governments and revealed diverse conditions of compulsory education for migrant children across the nation. In spite of substantial improvement over the years, migrant children still could not receive equitable compulsory education as urban children, due to three system barriers in general and local policy differences in particular.

Political Commitment, Policy Ambiguity, and Corporate Environmental Practices

A lack of clear political commitment together with confusing rules and enforcement often characterize the institutional context of policy implementation and regulatory compliance in developing countries. By connecting such contextual features to existing models of policy implementation and regulatory compliance, we examine how regulatory factors are related to basic and proactive corporate environmental management practices in the Pearl River Delta region in China. Drawing on data derived from both a survey and in‐depth interviews, we show that a perception of clear political commitment to environmental protection across multiple government levels and units is positively associated with business efforts in basic environmental practices, regardless of the specific enforcement intensity. Nevertheless, a perception of clear political commitment is not related to proactive environmental practices. Conversely, a perception of policy ambiguity, in the form of confusing regulatory standards and enforcement, is negatively associated with corporate efforts in both basic and proactive environmental practices; yet, intensive inspections mitigate these negative associations with policy ambiguity.

The social inclusion policy agenda in Australia: a case of old wine, new bottles?

The election of an Australian Labor Government in Australia in 2007 saw ‘social inclusion’ emerge as the official and overarching social policy agenda. Being ‘included’ was subsequently defined by the ALP Government as being able to ‘have the resources, opportunities and capabilities needed to learn, work, engage and have a voice‘. Various researchers in Australia demonstrated an interest in social inclusion, as it enabled them to construct a multi‐dimensional framework for measuring disadvantage. This research program resulted in various forms of statistical modelling based on some agreement about what it means to be included in society. The multi‐dimensional approach taken by academic researchers, however, did not necessarily translate to a new model of social policy development or implementation. We argue that, similar to the experience of the UK, Australia's social inclusion policy agenda was for the most part narrowly and individually defined by politicians and policy makers, particularly in terms of equating being employed with being included. We conclude with discussion about the need to strengthen the social inclusion framework by adopting an understanding of social inequality and social justice that is more relational and less categorical.

The Implementation Process of School Health Education Act

Purpose: The object of this study is to identify the reason why school health education act had not been enforced properly, and to find out implications for improving. Methods: The implementation process of school health education act was described and the imperatives of the process were analysed. M. Rein`s Policy Implementation Model was used as an analysis framework. The sources of this study was based on the minutes of parliament, government reports, materials for the meetings of policy makers, the press, etc. Results: The school health education act clarified mandatory and systemic health education in it, but it did not clearly mentioned about `the introduction of compulsory health education subject`. The bureaucrats of National Educational Ministry who are responsible for policy implementation, did not behave in a friendly manner toward the school health education act. What is more, the ways of mandatory and systemic school health education could not be discussed reasonably in the implementation process. Through this study it was found that the rational-bureaucratic imperative played the main role in the implementation process of school health education act due to the limitation of the legal imperative and the consensual imperative. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests the strong need to make up for the defect of the two imperatives, and to reform the rational-bureaucratic imperative.

Personalisation, ambiguity and conflict: Matland’s model of policy implementation and the ‘transformation’ of adult social care in England

The article draws on Matland’s (1995) modelling of policy implementation to investigate the personalisation of adult social care in England. The shift from policy formation to enactment by local authorities is linked to a move from ‘symbolic’ to ‘political’ implementation. Successive studies, however, highlight certain enduring features of local authorities as sites of contradiction and dissent in adult social care, particularly on the frontline. Taking these into account arguably permits a closer analysis of the dynamics of power at work in the implementation of the personalisation agenda as well as enriching our understanding of the nature of political implementation.

THE EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FAMILY OF HOPE PROGRAM POLICY ON THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH SERVICE OF POOR FAMILY IN EAST JAKARTA

Family of Hope Program is established due to poor families low income in Indonesia who cannot fulfill their needs for health and education. This condition is often seen in the health care for poor pregnant women, affecting poor baby’s health and even baby’s mortality rate. Furthermore, there are still many poor families who cannot afford to provide their basic education needs due to the lack of budget. The focus of this research is to find the influence of Family of Hope Program policy on the quality of education and health service for poor families in East Jakarta. The purpose of this research is to gain information about the effect of policy implementation on the quality of education and health service of poor families. This research applies policy implementation model by Smith, with its four components: idealized policy, target group, implementing organization, and environmental factors. This research applied a quantitative approach using questionnaire, observation and interview. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and supported by observation and interview. The subjects of analysis in this research were the staffs of the Department of Social Affairs of East Jakarta sampled with the rules of thumb. The finding shows that the policy implementation of Family of Hope Program has significant effect on the quality of education and health service in East Jakarta.

Implementing Monetary Policy in a Fragmented Monetary Union

This paper shows how interbank market fragmentation disrupts monetary policy implementation. Fragmentation is defined as the situation where some banks are cut from the interbank loan market. The paper incorporates fragmentation into an otherwise standard theoretical model of monetary policy implementation, where profit maximizing banks, subject to reserve requirements, borrow and deposit funds at a central bank. It shows that in the presence of fragmentation, excess liquidity arises endogenously and the interbank rate declines below the central bank main rate. The interbank rate is then unstable. The paper documents that this is what happened in the Euro-Area since 2008. The model is also well suited to analyze unconventional monetary policy measures.

Policy Standardization Implementation Guarantying at the Private University in Semarang City

The purpose of this research is designed to describe and analyze the implementation of the quality assurance policy at a private college in the city of Semarang and the identification of those aspects that support and hinder the implementation of a quality assurance policy at a private University in the city of Semarang. As for specific targets to be achieved in the research is to formulate quality assurance policy implementation model for effective education (proposed model) and corresponding needs in supporting improved quality of education at Private Colleges in the city of Semarang. The study was designed with a qualitative research approach and use descriptive analysis. The analysis of the data collected is done after through interviews and observations directly in the field. Because it uses a qualitative approach then the data analysis processes in inductive data collection method in dept Interview, observation, documentation, and test the validity of library studies with data using two methods, namely the technique of triangulation and peer debriefing. The activity of this data analysis consists of, i.e., data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. To test the design quality assurance policy implementation model at a private college in the city of Semarang using consultation with experts guarantee quality (peer debriefing) for evaluation and improvement be alternative models. The next stage of the evaluation with Focus Group Discussion (FGD) by presenting a quality assurance team of experts from several universities to discuss alternative models these models are proposed so that/later can be implemented at private colleges. The location of the research done at Private Colleges include: Dian Nuswantoro University Semarang (UDINUS), Republic Indonesia Semarang Teachers Union University (UPGRIS), a high school computer (STEKOM), Indonesia Cruise Academy (AKPELNI), the maritime high school (STIMART) and site Quality Assurance Agency on research at the private University.

Entrepreneurship policy implementation model in Indonesia

The needs for entrepreneurship policy are raised in line with the interests to identify the impact of entrepreneurship. The government should thus provide a conducive environment for the emergence of entrepreneurship. However, there is limited information about the implementation of entrepreneurship policy. It is necessary to conduct a preliminary research to describe the model of entrepreneurship policy in the case of Indonesia. The research uses the documentation-reading technique and categorisation of entrepreneurship policy programs based on content and level of analysis (micro, meso and macro level). The results show there are 12 government programs related to entrepreneurship, which aim to increase the number of entrepreneurs or new ventures. At the micro level, the policy is targeted to individual, which its contents are business skills, opportunity identification skill, and psychological endowment including self motivated. At the meso level, entrepreneur is defined as an organisation that creates an added value through entrepreneurial process with the content includes business incentives and administration burden. At the macro level, the impact of entrepreneurship influences jobs creation and start-up creation nationally in which the policy content includes entrepreneurship culture, entrepreneurship infrastructure, and education.

Implementing Monetary Policy in a Fragmented Monetary Union

This paper shows how interbank market fragmentation disrupts monetary policy implementation. Fragmentation is defined as the situation where some banks are cut from the interbank loan market. The paper incorporates fragmentation in an otherwise standard theoretical model of monetary policy implementation, where profit maximizing banks, subject to reserve requirements, borrow and deposit funds at a central bank. It shows that in the presence of fragmentation, excess liquidity arises endogenously and the interbank rate declines below the central bank main rate. The interbank rate is then unstable. The paper documents that this is what happened in the Euro-Area since 2008. The model is also well suited to analyze unconventional monetary policy measures.

건강보험 보장성 확대정책의 집행분석: Winter의 정책집행모형의 적용

Background: Most studies on the national health insurance benefit expansion policy have focused on policy tools or decision-mak-ing process. Hence there was not enough understanding on how policies are actually implemented within the specific policy context in Korea which has a national mandatory health insurance system with a dominant proportion of private providers. The main objec-tives of this study is to understand the implementation process of the benefit coverage expansion policy. Unlike other implementa-tion studies, we tried to examine both the process of implementation and decision making and how they interact with each other.Methods: Interviews were conducted with the ex-members of the Health Insurance Policy Review Committee. Medical doctors who implement the policy at the ‘street-level’ were also interviewed. To figure out major variables and the degree of their influences, the data were analyzed with Winter’s Policy Implementation Model which integrates the decision making and implementation phases.Results: As predicted by the Winter model, problems in the decision making phase, such as conflicts among the members of com-mittee, lack of applicable causal theories application of highly symbolic activities, and limited attention of citizen to the issue are key variables that cause the ‘implementation failure.’ In the implementation phase, hospitals’ own financial interests and practitioners’ dependence on the hospitals’ guidance were barriers to meeting the policy goals of providing a better coverage for patients. Pa-tients, the target group, tend to prefer physicians who prescribe more treatment and medicine. To note, ‘fixers’ who can link and fill the gap between the decision-makers and implementers were not present.Conclusion: For achieving the policy goal of providing a better and more coverage to patients, the critical roles of medical providers as street-level implementers should be noted. Also decision making process of benefit package expansion policy should incorpo-rate its influence on the implementation phase.Keywords: Implementation; National Health Insurance; Benefit expansion policy; Winter’s Policy Implementation Model; Fixer; Street-level bureaucrat

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN WALIKOTA SEMARANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2010 TENTANG KEBIJAKAN KOTA LAYAK ANAK DENGAN PENDEKATAN KELURAHAN RAMAH ANAK

According to Indonesia national census in 2010, 34,26% of country’s population or 81.415.918 are children (BPS, 210). The definition of children is 0-18 years old citizen having special rights that regulated by international consensus and national regulations. One of these regulations is manifested by the Policy of Proper City for Children with Child-Friendly District Approach which have been implemented by many cities in Indonesia, including Semarang. It is a city development strategy that well-planned, sustainable, and systematically integrates the government’s commitment and sources, citizens, and business sector in fulfilling children’s rights activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of Semarang City Major Rules No 20 in the year of 2010 about Proper City for Children with Child-Friendly District Approach and the success-failure aspects including resources, policy characteristic, and communication aspects. These aspects come from several policy implementation models by Van Meter and Van Horn, Merilee S. Grindle, Mazmanian and Sabatier, and also George C. Edward III. The result of this research indicates the implementation of Semarang City Major Rules No. 20/2010 about Proper City for Children with Child-Friendly District Approach has not been implemented as it should be (as it written on the regulation). The resources of policy need to be increased in quantity and quality. The commitment of policy implementation has to be strengthen. And the information of communication aspects has to be cleared. Therefore, it recommended that City Action Plan about this policy should be done immediately.

MODEL IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN ILMU BERPARADIGMA ISLAMI DALAM AKSELERASI PENCAPAIAN VISI DAN MISI KONVERSI IAIN SUSQA PEKANBARU KE UIN SUSKA RIAU

This article is the results of the research about “Evaluation of policy of developing Islamic paradigm knowledge”. It is the ultimate mision of converting Islamic Higher Education which has a status as State Islamic Institution (IAIN) to be State Islamic University (UIN). Because of the image of IAIN is considered trapped in the dicotomy of knowledge, then it was more focused on Islamic studies and seems ignoring the seculer studies. Therefore, the new mision is fostered “the Integration of Knowledge and Islam” This paper is the policy research by reviewing the sides of the problems on the fields particularly the policy implementation model of developing Islamic paradigm of knowledge as the ultimate mision of converting IAIN to UIN Suska Riau that still left behind other elements which have progress very rapidly. The form of this research is developing model. After being analyzed various models of implementation of policy. Thus, accordance with the method of research, the model treatment have been tested in the faculty of Education and Teacher Training, and Faculty of Social Science and Economy Faculty. The results, from various models developed such as Top Down model, Buttom up, and Hybridge, Hybridge model is considered more effective and efficient to be applied. While, the main contraint from interview results conducted at the faculty level evidently have no any models, guidances, and instructions about developing islamic paradigm of knowledge, either at the general faculties and religious faculties.

Model Implementasi Kebijakan Publik dalam Pengelolaan Sampah dan Kebersihan Kota Palembang

The purpose of this study is to examine and discuss a model of public policy implementation in waste management and health in Palembang. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with techniques of collecting data through observation and in-depth interviews. The conclusion that can be drawn are as follows: (1) a model of policy implementation in hygiene and waste management in the city of Palembang lead to models of policy implementation Edwards III that includes factors of communication, executive attitudes, resources, and bureaucratic structures; (2) reality show that communication factor, executor attitude, resources, and bureaucratic structures proposed by Edwards III needs to be coupled with other factors, namely "leadership commitment." In the study it was found that the commitment of the leadership (mayor) apparently helped complete four factors ; (3) models of policy implementation Edwards III consists of four factors, as reconstructed into five factors, namely: communication, executive attitudes, resources, bureaucratic structures, and leadership commitment.

Роль государственной информационной политики в процессе формирования социально-культурных компетенций обучающихся

The article presents the results of the authors’ research into the role of state communications policy in the process of learner sociocultural competence development (case study: higher education institutions offering the tourism industry personnel training programmes). The driving force behind the research was the authors’ belief in the unmonitored and frequently destructive influence of the media in general and the Internet in particular on the personality development of the youth, especially on the development of the system of values and social competences of those majoring in tourism-related disciplines. The research was empirically based of the starting data obtained from media publications content and interviews with educational process participants. The analysis of the data shows the disbalanced representation such dominants as ethics and communication standards, the ethics of cross-cultural communication, specifics of cross-cultural communication, tolerance, human ecology, human capital development, all of which are significant in terms of their positive contribution to the students’ moral development. The results of the research bring the authors to the conclusion that it is imperative that the state should initiate a professional inspection of the Internet content, especially the media publications concerning Russian history and the strategic objectives of modern Russian social development. The authors also propose a revised model of the state communications policy implementation as applied to the development of sociocultural competences of students majoring in tourism-related disciplines. The three levels of the model structure are the content level, the index level, and the reference level. The content level presupposes a targeted development of content; the index level involves quality inspections of media publications; the reference level concerns the creation of expert consultation mechanisms available for web communities and blogger to ensure high quality consistency and data soundness of the content produced.

Can the theoretical domains framework account for the implementation of clinical quality interventions?

BackgroundThe health care quality improvement movement is a complex enterprise. Implementing clinical quality initiatives requires attitude and behaviour change on the part of clinicians, but this has proven to be difficult. In an attempt to solve this kind of behavioural challenge, the theoretical domains framework (TDF) has been developed. The TDF consists of 14 domains from psychological and organisational theory said to influence behaviour change. No systematic research has been conducted into the ways in which clinical quality initiatives map on to the domains of the framework. We therefore conducted a qualitative mapping experiment to determine to what extent, and in what ways, the TDF is relevant to the implementation of clinical quality interventions.MethodsWe conducted a thematic synthesis of the qualitative literature exploring clinicians’ perceptions of various clinical quality interventions. We analysed and synthesised 50 studies in total, in five domains of clinical quality interventions: clinical quality interventions in general, structural interventions, audit-type interventions, interventions aimed at making practice more evidence-based, and risk management interventions. Data were analysed thematically, followed by synthesis of these themes into categories and concepts, which were then mapped to the domains of the TDF.ResultsOur results suggest that the TDF is highly relevant to the implementation of clinical quality interventions. It can be used to map most, if not all, of the attitudinal and behavioural barriers and facilitators of uptake of clinical quality interventions. Each of these 14 domains appeared to be relevant to many different types of clinical quality interventions. One possible additional domain might relate to perceived trustworthiness of those instituting clinical quality interventions.ConclusionsThe TDF can be usefully applied to a wide range of clinical quality interventions. Because all 14 of the domains emerged as relevant, and we did not identify any obvious differences between different kinds of clinical quality interventions, our findings support an initially broad approach to identifying barriers and facilitators, followed by a “drilling down” to what is most contextually salient. In future, it may be possible to establish a model of clinical quality policy implementation using the TDF.

Italian banks' equity-based incentive plans: what does the future hold?

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of an effective incentive policy implementation model, through an in-depth analysis of the stock option and/or stock grant schemes adopted by the major Italian banking groups. Design/methodology/approach – Out of the 77 banking groups operating in Italy on 30 June 2011, The paper selected 12 banking institutions that implemented either stock option or stock grant plans over the years 2007-2010. The documentary analysis was carried out on 22 stock option and/or stock grant schemes and based on the examination of corporate governance reports, as well as information memoranda on incentive plans. Findings – The results show a limited implementation of equity-based incentive plans in the Italian banking sector during the investigation period (2007-2010) and clearly demonstrates that, as far as these types of incentives are concerned, there is ample room for improvement as well as substantial adjustments. Research limitations/implications – The research covers a limited period of time. Therefore, further extending the scope of its survey will definitely be of great academic interest in the light of the latest regulatory changes made to the banking sector remuneration regime. Originality/value – By giving a clear indication of the critical points that should be addressed to improve the policies in force, this research study aims to provide greater knowledge about the remuneration practices adopted by Italian banks, in terms of equity-based incentive plans.