Host Country Policies Research Articles

Navigating Borders and Classrooms: A Phenomenological Exploration of Teachers' International Professional Experiences

There has been an increase in teacher migration by the effect of globalization and internationalization. Teacher migration affects the education policies of home and host countries. This phenomenological study aimed to analyze experiences of migrant teachers in international level. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 migrant teachers selected using snowball sampling. Content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. As a result of the content analysis, two themes were obtained: ‘Pre-migration process’ and ‘post-migration professional life’. Cultural differences between home and host countries were observed as effective on professional adaptation of the participants. The findings indicate that the participants complained about the challenges they had to deal with in adaptation process such as negative attitudes of their colleagues and marking while they stated teaching abroad was positive for their professional development. In this regard, some formal arrangement may be designed by policymakers to make migrant teachers’ adaptation process easier.

The Impact of Multinationals' Home-Returning Threats on the Fiscal Policies of Host Countries

The Impact of Multinationals' Home-Returning Threats on the Fiscal Policies of Host Countries

Baltic Refugees of World War II and Their Descendants: Resettlement and Adaptation in Four Lands

At the end of World War II, an unprecedented burst of politically motivated emigration occurred from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to escape incorporation into the Soviet Union. This report describes processes of resettlement and adaptation in four lands: Sweden, Canada, Australia, and the United States of America. The analysis examines how refugees’ and descendants’ experiences were shaped by selectivity of evacuation, camps for displaced persons, clustering patterns, and host country policies. The traumas, disruptions, and deprivations experienced during several years of war, foreign occupation, and rootlessness in refugee camps did not prove to create enduring disadvantages, as the second generation more than made up for the ground lost (at least for several years) by their parents. The yearslong journey of the refugees in finding new homes and new careers turned out to be most conducive to the creation of a global network of cohesive, viable, and interdependent ethnic communities. The Baltic refugees prefer to think of themselves as maintaining the traditions of their homelands, but they learned to do some important things differently on the way to new lands, through a process of social levelling and cooperation within their own local ethnic group, as well as through interacting with other local communities of their own kind, with other Baltic groups, and with their new neighbors in the host countries. Later generations will not continue to do everything like their elders did, but substantial numbers of descendants still show a rather high degree of commitment to maintaining their cultural and even linguistic heritage in some form.

How does home and host-country policy uncertainty affect outward FDI? Firm-level evidence from China.

How the foreign direct investment behavior of enterprises changes in response to the risks and instability of government economic policy changes is a relevant issue which, however, has not been extensively studied yet. Accordingly, this paper establishes a linear probability regression model to study the foreign direct investment behavior of Chinese A-share listed companies in 13 countries between 2003 and 2020 and explores whether multinational companies change their OFDI decisions when the economic policy environment of China and trade-related countries are unstable. A firm heterogeneity analysis and phased discussions were conducted, and a robust conclusion was finally drawn. The results show that (1) China's economic policy uncertainty promotes China's foreign direct investment, while the host country's monetary policy uncertainty inhibits China's foreign direct investment. (2) The foreign direct investment decisions of enterprises are affected not only by the macroeconomic and policy environment of the two trading countries but also by their development characteristics. (3) Sino-US trade frictions and the financial crisis have different effects on China's foreign direct investment.

Analysis of India’s Non-State-Owned Enterprise Investments in Africa: An Empirical Approach

This paper focuses on Indian foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Africa for the period 2008 to 2018, amidst increasing state efforts to improve Indo- African economic ties. This study pioneers the segregation of investments led by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) from non-SOEs in an empirical analysis. The motivation is rooted in the scarcity of empirical evidence of Indian FDI in Africa, particularly by non-SOEs. The random effects model was applied on the panel data for 2008-18 to highlight the significant causative effect of country alliances, gross domestic product (GDP) and net overseas development assistance of host countries in attracting greater FDI from Indian enterprises. The effect of corruption levels remains less clear in a statistical sense. These results could inform the political and economic policies of African host countries that seek financial and technical support from India.

The green investment principles: from a nodal governance perspective

China’s Belt and Road Initiative is now the world’s largest infrastructure initiative, with long-term climate change effects, and the Green Investment Principles (GIPs) for Belt and Road have been promoted as a key instrument to green the Belt and Road. This article focuses on the question: What role do the GIPs play in building a green Belt and Road and addressing relevant regulatory challenges? Based on the theory of nodal governance, it is argued that the GIPs’ two-layered networks facilitate China to influence investment decisions over many countries along the Belt and Road indirectly through fund providers as key nodes to transition toward green investment. China also avoided direct interference with the domestic policies of host countries through the GIP network. As a framework agreement, the GIPs also provide opportunities for signatories to contribute to the design and negotiation of specific implementation standards, enhanced capacity building, and the prospect of more stringent and prescriptive environmental standards in the future.

Home and Host Country Policy Interaction in the Making of Turkey’s Diasporas

: Recent accounts in diaspora studies have advanced our understanding of various political, social and economic transnational phenomena and processes that take place between the home state and the diaspora. However, there is a growing trend in the literature that focuses on home-state diaspora relations at the expense of the core tenant of the transnationalism framework, namely the assumption that immigrant transborder politics and connections span various dynamics that involve both the home and the host country. In this article, I argue that we must revisit calls for simultaneity and turn to the interaction of policies between the home and host state when analyzing diaspora making and shaping processes. To demonstrate my argument, I analyze historical policy interactions between Turkey’s diaspora policy and Germany’s immigration and integration policy and show how interactive dynamics between the home and host country have simultaneously shaped politics in Turkey’s diasporas over time.

Intelligent Matching System of Clauses in International Investment Arbitration Cases Based on Big Data Statistical Model

Abstract The international investment arbitration system between investors and host countries originated from the international commercial arbitration system. International investment disputes are usually disputes caused by the host country’s policies to protect public interests and the dissatisfaction of private investors caused by regulations. There are few methods for intelligently recommending judgment documents based on factual texts in international investment arbitration cases. Because of this, this paper proposes a recommendation algorithm for international investment arbitration adjudication documents based on multimodal feature fusion. This paper teaches the structural information of paragraph tags and the relationship between paragraph contexts and incomplete judgment documents. The algorithm achieves a good structuring effect of international investment arbitration documents.

The Vatican’s Policy of Welcoming the Foreign Faithful: An Example of Two Dioceses in France and Italy

The article aims to present the institutional bases of the pastoral care of migrants within the Catholic Church. After a historiographical overview of the documents produced by the leaders of the Catholic Church from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, the article describes the institutions set up for this purpose in Italy and France, with particular reference to the dioceses of Milan and Paris. Through the analysis of these two European realities, this article aims to explore how the Catholic Church continues to concretely reaffirm its social thinking and its support for the integration policies of host countries.

Kutlay Yağmur, Intergenerational Language Use and Acculturation of Turkish Speakers in Four Immigration Contexts, Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang, 2016, Language, multilingualism and social change, volume 27, 340 pp., ISBN 9783631663707

In his book “Intergenerational Language Use and Acculturation of Turkish Speakers in Four Immigration Contexts”, Yağmur examines the possible impact of integration policies of Australia, France, Germany and the Netherlands on the adaptation of Turkish immigrants. The language aspect has not been sufficiently involved in many acculturation studies so far. That is why this book offers a valuable perspective about the relationship between language behavior and acculturation patterns, thereby analyzing the differences between first and second generation Turkish immigrants and comparing the effect of integration policies of host countries with each other.

Глобальная мобильность в эпоху пандемии

The article is aimed at examining the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on international migration and the immigration policies of the main host countries. The authors distinguish three periods in the response of nation states to the outbreak of the virus. The first one (February–March 2020) was securitization. During this period, the public health imperative was placed above economic considerations. The second period (spring 2020 – autumn 2021) was adaptation. The third, in which we now live, could be called routinization. Many countries, with the exception of those with a zero tolerance policy for COVID‑19, have chosen to coexist with the virus. The authors demonstrate a significant reduction in migration flows as a direct result of the closure of state borders. Different types of migration have been affected differently by the pandemic. Non-labor market migration (family reunification, humanitarian migration, etc.) suffered the most. The new situation reduced the number of asylum applications (though not the number of refugees themselves). Student migration was initially subject to severe restrictions, but by the end of 2020, many of them were lifted. As for labor migration, despite the draconian measures to reduce it, initially taken in a number of countries, it was soon restored to its previous volumes. The pandemic made it evident how deeply the national economies depend on migration. That is why significant changes were made to immigration policy aimed at full access of migrants to social security systems and the settlement of their legal status. In particular, many G‑20 countries, regardless of their political regimes, have introduced measures such as free medical examinations and medical care for migrant workers, including undocumented ones.

Effects of cumulative energy aid projects on renewable energy generation capacity

Development cooperation plays an important role in helping aid recipient countries follow low carbon development pathways. Although the nature of cooperation varies across donors and recipients, intentions of renewable energy technology diffusion and structural changes are common for projects in the energy sector. Aid projects promoting renewable energy in developing countries are seldom assessed through econometric methods as the varieties and differences across projects and countries limit generalization. This paper attempts to explore how cumulative number of renewable energy aid projects enhances generation capacity in recipient countries. Using fixed-effect models on such type of projects from 2000 to 2013, we examine the effects of cumulative energy aid project numbers and other control variables on the yearly changes in generation capacity. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found suggesting cumulative learning effect from implemented projects. Presence of host country policies was also found to be important for growth in capacity. Findings of this study adds to the debate of whether density of energy aid projects leads to donor competition or greater fragmentation. Insights from this study can also improve aid providers’ strategy for interventions in the energy sector of recipient countries.

A Fascinating Chapter in the ‘Gig’ Saga: How to Deliver Decent Work to Platform Workers in Italy?

This paper has been prepared for the Peer Review on “Platform Work” within the framework of the Mutual Learning Programme. It provides a comparative assessment of the policy example of the host country and the situation in Italy. For information on the host country policy example, please refer to the Host Country Discussion Paper. This emerging phenomenon has also been identified as a stress test for social institutions amid profound societal transformations accelerated by far-reaching technological, organizational and demographic trends. In 2019, the Italian Parliament passed one of the first laws in the EU regulating terms and conditions for ‘workers engaged through digital platforms’. Some pioneering collective agreements have been signed, and social partners are building alliances with self-organized group. Also, in 2020, Italy’s Supreme Court found in favor of a group of riders litigating against their platform. This intense activism, both from above and below, makes the Italian response a fascinating one.

Economics of international investment agreements

Nearly 2700 international investment agreements protect foreign investment against host country policies. This paper analyzes the design and implications of their contentious provisions regarding regulatory expropriations. It derives conditions under which “carve-out” compensation mechanisms, similar to those in actual agreements, solve underinvestment and overregulation problems and simultaneously distribute surplus according to countries' bargaining power. The paper examines a number of additional policy relevant issues, for instance, how to modify agreements when carve-out compensation is inefficient, whether agreements cause “regulatory chill,” and the different motives and distributional consequences of North-South versus North-North agreements.

ПРЯМІ ІНОЗЕМНІ ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ У КРАЇНИ ЄВРОЗОНИ: СТОХАСТИЧНІСТЬ ФІНАНСОВИХ ФАКТОРІВ ВПЛИВУ

Анотація. В умовах глобалізації та лібералізації ринку капіталу увага зосереджується на міжнародних потоках інвестиційних ресурсів. Особливої актуальності набуває дослідження інтересів іноземних інвесторів і сфер їхньої реалізації за країнами Єврозони, кожна з яких має свої специфічні особливості як у структурній будові економіки, так і у формуванні політики стимулів. З метою доведення гіпотези про стохастичний характер впливу фінансових факторів на залучення ПІІ проведено групування країн Єврозони за їхньою привабливістю для іноземних інвесторів у далекій ретроспективі та 2018 року. Задля цього використано інструменти кластерного аналізу, методи Уорда та Евклідової відстані, які дозволили встановити чотири кластери країн Єврозони: перший кластер чітко представлений Нідерландами (країна, що залишається привабливою для іноземних інвесторів і має високий рівень потоку ПІІ у ВВП); до другого увійшли Ірландія і Люксембург (країни, що тривалий час були привабливими для інвесторів-нерезидентів, проте останнім часом спостерігається відплив іноземного інвестиційного капіталу з них); третій кластер включає Австрію, Словацьку Республіку, Португалію, Іспанію, Бельгію та Естонію (із помірним накопиченням ПІІ в економіці та відносно стабільним їхнім потоком); четвертий кластер охоплює Фінляндію, Німеччину, Францію, Словенію, Грецію та Італію (країни, що найменш чутливі до іноземних інвестицій, не орієнтують свою політику на їхнє активне залучення). Інструментарієм для визначення зв’язку потоку прямих іноземних інвестицій і факторів макро- (рівень інфляції, державного боргу, довгострокові процентні ставки за державними облігаціями, рівень сальдо поточного рахунку балансу у ВВП і ставки корпоративного оподаткування) і мікрорівня (прибутковість фінансових і нефінансових корпорацій та рівень їхньої заборгованості як чинник ризику) за групами країн використано коефіцієнти рангової кореляції Кенделла (Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient) і Спірмена (Spearman correlation coefficient). Їхній аналіз дозволив установити, що недоцільно уніфікувати інвестиційну політику фінансових стимулів за різними країнами, адже вони характеризуються диференційованою структурною будовою економіки; під час ухвалення рішень їхні інвестори зацікавлені в різних аспектах і мають різні сподівання щодо макроекономічної політики приймаючих країн. Наведене спростовує певні усталені теоретичні погляди на детермінований зв’язок інвестиційної активності та фінансових факторів впливу на неї. Ключові слова: прямі іноземні інвестиції, фактор, фінанси, рангова кореляція, аналіз. Формул: 3; рис.: 2; табл.: 4; бібл.: 34.

Panasonic in China: A Search to Overcome the Liability of Foreignness

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of the Panasonic Corporation in China during the past 40 years from a liability of foreignness (LOF) perspective. Conceptually, the LOF is interpreted as dynamic processes that occur on entry and subsequently as a result of interactions in corporate strategy, host country policies and local rivalries. For Panasonic in China these interactions are highlighted through three distinct phases, involving LOF on entry and in two subsequent post-entry periods. This evolution has seen Panasonic becoming increasingly embedded in China in terms of decision-making, innovation, marketing and supply networks.

Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees resettling in high-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The number of refugees is at its highest since the Second World War and on the rise. Many refugees suffer from anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but exact and up-to-date prevalence estimates are not available. To report the pooled prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders and PTSD in general refugee populations residing in high-income countries and to detect sources of heterogeneity therein. Systematic review with meta-analyses and meta-regression. Systematic searches (final search date 3 August 2019) yielded 66 eligible publications that reported 150 prevalence estimates (total sample N = 14 882). Prevalence rates were 13 and 42% (95% CI 8-52%) for diagnosed and self-reported anxiety, 30 and 40% (95% CI 23-48%) for diagnosed and self-reported depression, and 29 and 37% (95% CI 22-45%) for diagnosed and self-reported PTSD. These estimates are substantially higher relative to those reported in non-refugee populations over the globe and to populations living in conflict or war settings, both for child/adolescent and adult refugees. Estimates were similar over different home and resettlement areas and independent of length of residence. Our data indicate a challenging and persisting disease burden in refugees due to anxiety, mood disorders and PTSD. Knowing this is relevant for the development of public health policies of host countries. Scalable interventions, tailored for refugees, should become more readily available.

Multinational Companies and the Cultural Industries: W.H. Smith in Canada, 1950–1989

The political hazards that host country governments pose multinational companies are multifaceted and persistent. This study focuses on the experience of the Canadian subsidiary of British retailer W.H. Smith and Son in order to examine how host country policy can influence a multinational operating in the cultural industries. While bargaining models have previously provided the principal analytical lens for analyzing the interaction between multinationals and host governments, I argue that such frameworks lack the necessary nuance in order to explain fully the interaction between the Canadian government and W.H. Smith. In order to address the intricacy of these relations, it is necessary to integrate insights from new institutional economics with conventional bargaining frameworks.

Optimal education policy and human capital accumulation in the context of brain drain

AbstractThis paper revisits the question of how brain drain affects the optimal education policy of a developing economy. Our framework of analysis highlights the complementarity between public spending on education and students' efforts to acquire human capital in response to career opportunities at home and abroad. Given this complementarity, we find that brain drain has conflicting effects on the optimal provision of public education. A positive response is called for when the international earning differential with destination countries is large, and when the emigration rate is relatively low. In contrast with the findings in the existing literature, our numerical experiments show that these required conditions are in fact present in a large number of developing countries; they are equivalent to those under which an increase in emigration induces a net brain gain. As a further contribution, we study the interaction between the optimal immigration policy of the host country and education policy of the source country in a game-theoretic framework.

Determining the Challenges Faced by Syrian Refugees Students at Jordanian Camps According to Their Perspective: A Case of Universities Role to Supporting

This study aimed to identify the most important challenges facing the Syrian refugee university students in Jordan camps, and the universities’ role in supporting them from their perspective, by providing answers to the following questions: What are the challenges that facing the Syrian refugee university students in Jordanian camps from their perspective? And what kind of support could Jordanian universities provide for the Syrian refugee university students from their perspective? This study employs a quantitative and qualitative approach and intends to explore the challenges and opportunities for Syrian refugee students in Jordan. The results show that the large number of Syrian Refugee University Students at Jordanian camps present challenges for local communities in meeting the needs of both the refugees and the host universities. Refugees face multiple challenges in Jordan:(1) Financial shortcomings; (2) legal issues including lack of documentation and restrictive host country policies; (3) Psychological and Family challenges. Findings of the study add to the understanding of the vital role of higher education in improving living conditions and giving a sense of hope for the future. The study offers policy and program recommendations to decision- and policy-makers for the national and international communities, donors and other institutions with the overall goal to improve and guide further practice and research in supporting access to higher education.