Police Directorate Research Articles

Analysis of Intellectual Capital, Organizational Cultture, and Individual Diversity on Performence of Police Members at the East Java Regional Polices’s Narcotics

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of intellectual capital, organizational culture, and individual diversity on the performance of members of the East Java Regional Police Directorate of Narcotics. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing questionnaires with a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 to assess responses. The sampling technique applied is proportional sampling, with a sample size of 65 respondents calculated using the Slovin formula. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that intellectual capital, organizational culture, and individual diversity positively and significantly affect performance.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR USING OIL FUEL ON PARTALITE DEFENSE (CASE STUDY OF DITPOLAIRUD POLDA BALI)

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze legal accountability and factors that affect perpetrators in the misuse of Pertalite Assignment Fuel Oil. In a five-year period, from 2019 to 2023, the Bali Regional Police Directorate handled 10 cases of misuse of Oil and Gas Fuel. The authors conclude that the absence of regulation regarding the maximum limit for the purchase of special assignment fuel with jerry cans, thus causing the Blurring of Legal Norms, so that this can cause the abuse of fuel oil. Factors such as low legal awareness and public compliance with the rules, the dominance of individual and group interests, and the lack of knowledge about applicable regulations are the main causes of the misuse.

The Effectiveness Of Government Work Through The Dit-Polairud Polda Central Kalimantan As A Public Servant In Increasing Community Satisfaction At The Tourism Object Of Raja Tumbang Rungan Special Hall, Pahandut District, Central Kalimantan

Public services are one of the basic needs of society. One of the government's ways of providing public services to the community is through the presence of the Polairud Directorate. The Raja Tumbang Rungan Sacred Hall tourist attraction is a tourist attraction in the Pahandut District of Central Kalimantan which was inaugurated by the Central Kalimantan Regional Police Chief, however the existence of this tourist attraction is still less popular with tourists due to the lack of tourism promotion and the lack of tourism management managed by the government. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the government's work through the Central Kalimantan Regional Police's Directorate of Police and Police and the obstacles faced as a Public Servant in increasing community satisfaction at the Raja Tumbang Rungan Sacred Hall tourist attraction, Pahandut District, Central Kalimantan. Mixed Method Research approach. Descriptive research type. The population is all 490 people who visited. The sample was 83 people using accidental sampling technique. The informants used purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques as many as 3 people. Data collection uses questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis uses descriptive tests presented in the form of frequency distribution and narrative. The research results showed that 38 people (45.8%) said it was effective. The obstacles experienced by the Dit Polairud Polda Central Kalimantan as a Public Servant are poor infrastructure, be it offices, roads, etc., poor people, low level of education. For the Palangka Raya City Government to carry out economic rehabilitation in this area, by utilizing all the potential of the Tumbang Rungan sub-district by empowering the local community and stimulated by the Palangka Raya City Government.

"Urban Mobility and Safety: Traffic Risks for Migrant Food Delivery Workers in Romania. Case Study: Cluj-Napoca Municipality "

The rapid expansion of the gig economy, particularly within the food delivery sector, has transformed urban mobility and employment landscapes globally. This study examines traffic incidents involving food delivery riders from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh operating in Romania from 2017 to 2023. The research employs a mixed-method approach, using traffic incident records from the Romanian Traffic Police Directorate and a comprehensive survey conducted among delivery riders in Cluj-Napoca. The findings reveal a significant increase in traffic incidents, with notable fluctuations correlating with changes in behaviour and operational dynamics influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Key factors contributing to incidents include rider misconduct, inappropriate speed for road conditions, and high-pressure working environments. The study highlights the unsafe working conditions and elevated occupational risks faced by these gig economy workers, exacerbated by job demands and limited resources. The results advise policy recommendations aimed at improving the safety and working conditions of food delivery riders, emphasizing the need for enhanced educational campaigns, stricter enforcement of traffic laws, and infrastructure improvements.

Misdemeanours Against Public Order and Peace in the Area of Police Directorate KrapinskoZagorska in the Period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2022 - Research Results

Misdemeanours Against Public Order and Peace in the Area of Police Directorate KrapinskoZagorska in the Period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2022 - Research Results

Police Use of Deadly Force in Serbia: The Police Officers’ Perception

The use of deadly force in the Republic of Serbia is regulated by the Law on Police and the Rulebook on Police Powers. Empirical research on the use of deadly force or on refraining from the use of deadly force has never been undertaken in Serbia. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is the first on this important topic. It focuses on the use of firearms, abstinence from the use of firearms, and training in the use of firearms. In order to assess the competence of members of the Police Directorate of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia in the use of firearms (FA), a structured questionnaire developed by using close-ended, multiple-choice questions, and 5-point Likert scale questions (1 for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree) was used in the study. The research was conducted from September to October 2022. The research showed that the use of deadly force by members of the police in Serbia is rare, and that it generally does not differ largely from other European countries.

Efforts to Combat Criminal Acts of Unlicensed Cosmetics Distribution in Makassar City

This empirical legal research aims to investigate the causes of crimes related to the circulation of cosmetics without distribution permits in Makassar City and propose countermeasures. Conducted at the Sub Directorate 1 of Trade Industry of the Special Criminal Investigation Directorate of South Sulawesi Police and the Makassar Food and Drug Monitoring Center (BPOM), the study utilizes primary data gathered through informant interviews and secondary data from various sources like laws, regulations, and research findings. Factors contributing to these crimes include inadequate supervision, high permit costs, slow processing, aggressive marketing, competitive pricing, and the allure of fast cosmetics. Countermeasures involve Pre-Emptive, Preventive, and Repressive strategies. However, obstacles such as insufficient witness participation, difficulty accessing expert assistance, limited investigator resources, budget constraints, and inadequate infrastructure hinder these efforts.

Intertwined rural and urban policing in the local communities of the Pomurje region in Slovenia

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to present the results of research in the region covered by the Murska Sobota Police Directorate based on semi-structured interviews we conducted with community policing officers in the rural and urban areas of Pomurje.Design/methodology/approachCommunity policing is one of the more recent (yet hardly new) ways of ensuring security. It focuses on collaboration between citizens and the police, the joint identification of security issues and resolving them. Not long ago, it was established that policing varies depending on geographical criteria, specifically the urbanisation of the environment since police work in cities is often very narrowly specialised compared to in a rural environment. We were therefore interested in whether the Pomurje region also shows that it is easier to practise community policing in rural areas compared to cities.FindingsThe research results confirm previous findings; namely, that in urban areas approximately two-thirds of the population does not know the community policing officer, leading to the mutual cooperation between residents and the police being poorer than in rural areas. The conclusion describes ways of improving the established situation facing Pomurje.Research limitations/implicationsWe see the limitations of the study in the peculiarities of the Pomurje region; therefore the results cannot be generalised and applied in areas of other police directorates.Originality/valueThe survey offers insight into rural and urban policing in the Pomurje region at the same time, focusing on possibilities for improvements.

Resistance to platformization: Palantir in the Norwegian police

ABSTRACT In 2016, the Norwegian police signed a contract with Palantir Technology for the provision of the surveillance platform Gotham, a platform that enables agencies to integrate data stored in different databases from internal and external sources. The project was to be ready for operation in 2018. In February 2020, the Norwegian Police Directorate announced the project had ended. When they signed off the contract, they had spent around NOK 100 million for nothing. Drawing on documents and interviews with police managers and officers involved in the Gotham project, we explore how platformization represented a conflicting institutional logic which collided with the dominant one and threatened established power structures. Platformization, understood as an organizational process, competes with professionalism and bureaucracy as established institutional logics in the police to control and coordinate work. The analysis of conflicting institutional logics stemming from socio-technical and material objects, reveals how police staff experiences of the symbolic, material and cognitive aspects of logics are of importance in domestication processes. The struggle for market dominance also fueled the conflict between established and new suppliers. The totalizing tendencies of platform policing may explain why the project went on for so long before it was terminated. To a certain degree, our findings show data becoming a major currency, and there is a calculative logic in this type of policing. Platform policing has user activity as its source, and non-use stops the business.

The Effect of Information Quality and Police System Quality on E-Performance Effectiveness with User Satisfaction as an Intermediary Variable (Study in the Work Unit of the Special Criminal Investigation Directorate of South Sumatra Regional Police)

This study aims to determine the effect of information quality and police system quality on the effectiveness of e-performance with user satisfaction as an intermediate variable. The population in this study were all personnel of the Special Criminal Investigation Directorate of the South Sumatra Regional Police, totaling 130 personnel. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling in which all members of the population of 130 personnel of the Special Criminal Investigation Directorate of the South Sumatra Regional Police will be sampled. The analysis technique used is quantitative using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) PLS projection method program. The results showed that only system quality and user satisfaction directly had a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of e-Kinerja. Information quality and system quality directly have a positive and significant effect on e-Kinerja user satisfaction. User satisfaction has a positive and significant effect in mediating the relationship between information quality and system quality on e-Kinerja effectiveness.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTIGATIONS AGAINST PEOPLE OF THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING BY THE DIRECTORATE OF SPESIAL CRIMINAL RESEARCH OF THE SOUTH SULAWESI REGIONAL POLICE

This research was conducted with the aim of (1) Knowing and analyzing the effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police, (2) Knowing and analyzing the factors that become obstacles, and efforts to overcome obstacles in investigations against perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police. This research method uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews, while secondary data was obtained through documents, scientific journals and scientific articles. The results of this research show that: (1) The effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the South Sulawesi Regional Police Special Directorate is said to be less effective because money laundering cases in 2022 experienced a three-fold increase in the number of cases from 2020 & 2021, even within a period of three years. Lastly, there are cases that are not processed because there are factors that become obstacles in the investigation of criminal acts of money laundering (2) Factors that become obstacles and efforts to overcome obstacles in the investigation of perpetrators of criminal acts of money laundering by the South Sulawesi Dirskremsus, where the factors Obstacles to investigations are: lack of human resources for police investigators handling money laundering cases, differences in law enforcement interpretations, high levels of bank secrecy, lack of compliance by financial service providers, technological capabilities misused by suspects to carry out their modus operandi in such a way as to disguise or even eliminate no trace at all in the transaction. Therefore, based on the research results, it was found that efforts to overcome obstacles in investigating perpetrators of money laundering crimes include: increasing human resources for police investigators, increasing understanding between law enforcers, increasing police access to banking, providing strict sanctions for banks that do not comply)

The Influence of Resilience, Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem on The Work Stress of Police Members in The General Criminal Investigation Directorate and The Drug Investigation Directorate of The South Sumatra Regional Police Through the Work-Life Balance Var

Backgrounds: Police officers at the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation (Ditreskrimum) and the Directorate of Drug Investigation at the South Sumatra Regional Police quite often receive assignments outside of working hours, which can then continuously trigger increased work stress among police officers. Work stress in the police itself is important to pay attention to because work stress in the police profession has a negative impact on the quality of relations between the police and the community. In general, work stress is strongly influenced by resilience, self-efficacy and self-esteem. This research was then carried out with the aim of seeing the influence of resilience, self-efficacy and self-esteem on work stress through the work-life balance variable.
 
 Method: The research will be carried out using a descriptive quantitative approach. The data analysis technique used in this research is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The nature of this research is to determine and explain the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable, both directly and indirectly through intervening variables.
 
 Results: This research began by carrying out instrument tests. The results of the validity test state that all variables are valid. The results of the reliability test show that all variables are reliable. Only after the variables are declared valid, then Structural Equation Modeling Analysis, Construct Reliability (CR) and Average Variance Extracted tests, Goodness of Fit tests, and hypothesis tests will be carried out.
 
 Conclusion: This research shows that Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem have a significant impact on the Work-Life Balance and Work Stress of National Police members in the General Criminal Investigation Directorate and the South Sumatra Regional Police's Narcotics Investigation Directorate. Apart from that, Resilience also has a significant impact on Job Stress through Work-Life Balance as an intervening variable, while Self-Efficacy does not have a significant impact on Job Stress through Work-Life Balance as an intervening variable. Lastly, Self-Esteem and Work-Life Balance significantly influence the level of Job Stress of Police officers in the same area.

Delinquent Youths Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Study of 2068 Official Data

Juvenile delinquency is a critical social problem around the globe. As vulnerable beings, it is critical to understand the reasons behind children’s involvement in crime. The aim of the present study is to determine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents in North Cyprus. The population of this research is formed by juvenile delinquent cases which are taken from the archival records of the General Directorate of Police spanning 2008-2018 in Northern Cyprus. In this direction, 2068 official police records are examined by quantitative research methods, frequency analysis and Pearson chi-square tests were applied to the data. The findings contribute to understanding the dimensions of juvenile delinquency in the country. Northern Cyprus is not recognised as an independent republic, and compared to other European countries Cyprus still has low crime rates for both adult and juvenile offenders. We determined that most delinquent youths in the 16–17 age group, attending school and mostly involved in property crime. The highest rate of involvement in crime is in the biggest three cities in which both social and physical disorders are highly ranked, while social control is low. Identifying the factors behind juvenile delinquency is vital to contributing to social policies and psychosocial support mechanisms on this issue. Keywords: juvenile delinquency, official record, crime

Assessment and management of the risk factors of domestic violence

This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the results of the analysis of domestic violence reported to the police in Croatia and the Sisak-Moslavina County for the period 2018-2022, with emphasis on the socio-demographic characteristics of perpetrators and victims, and with special reference to the analysis of the most common risk factors for the repetition of these punishable acts in the urban and rural areas of the Sisak-Moslavina Police Directorate for one year, i.e. six months before and six months after the mandatory application of the Family violence risk assessment tool for repeated violence (from May 1, 2022, to April 30, 2023). Research findings show that psychological violence prevails, and to a slightly lesser extent, physical violence is represented. A significant criminogenic factor is the excessive use of alcohol. Violence is increasingly directed towards children, the elderly and people with disability. The risk factors analysis for repeated domestic violence indicates that the risk indicators in the observed cases are not established or are marked as unknown in the majority of cases. If they are established, they refer exclusively to the risk of repeating physical violence mostly in the urban area. Adequate attention should be given to the fact that risks for sexual abuse are almost completely absent or found to be non-existent.

Determinants of sickness absence in police: Case study of Abu Dhabi police department, UAE

Sickness absence among employees is reported to reduce organization profits and performance and thus threaten the organization's existence in the market. The monitoring and reporting of data on sickness absence is considered a crucial element of reactive health and safety control systems in organizations. It is one of the major indicators of organizational continuous commitment to improving the quality of working conditions. However, sickness absence in Police in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is less investigated. The Occupational Health and Safety Survey developed for this study was distributed to 1317 employees of the Capital Police Directorate of Abu Dhabi Police. The survey was answered by 760 employees (58 %). While 230 (17 %) refused to participate, 259 (20 %) did not return the surveys, and 68 (5 %) were not surveyed as they were on authorized long-term leave for various reasons (and did not receive the survey). This study analyzes if the psychosocial work factors, physical work exposure factors, and employee's perception of the health and safety management system predict sickness absence in the Abu Dhabi Police after taking into account the other covariates. This study found no association between job control and the risk of sickness absence, in contrast to findings from other studies. There was also no association between psychological job demand and the perception of health and safety management with the risk of sickness absence in this study. Officers who fit the ‘job strain’ category did not have a significant increase in the risk of sickness absence in this study. However, high levels of combined physical exposures reported a significant relation with sickness absence. In conclusion, this, being one of the first studies in the region, provides insights on work factors and perception of HSE on sickness absence and provides recommendations within the context of the region for future studies and address sickness absence among police in the UAE.

The impact of strategic agility in exploiting core capabilities An Exploratory Study for Opinions of Security Leaders in Salah al-Din Police Directorate and Facilities

هدفت البحث الى بيان أثر خفة الحركة الاستراتيجية في استغلال القدرات الجوهرية لمجموعة من القيادات الأمنية في مديرية شرطة صلاح الدين والمنشآت، كما تهدف البحث الى تعريف عينة البحث بموضوعات (خفة الحركة الاستراتيجية، القدرات الجوهرية) وكيفية الاستفادة منها في عملية التخطيط الاستراتيجي للمديرية عينة البحث. ولتحقيق هدف البحث قام الباحث بتقديم إطار منهجي للدراسة وأطار نظري شامل بالاعتماد على أحدث المصادر التي تناولت المتغيرات، وإطار ميداني لتحليل واختبار فرضيات البحث، من خلال الاعتماد على استمارة الاستبانة كأداة أساسية لجمع البيانات من الميدان المبحوث، واعتماد المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يحاول الباحث من خلاله وصف الظاهرة موضوع البحث، لهذا اعتمد الباحث في البحث أسلوب الحصر الشامل في تحديد حجم العينة، فقد تطلب ذلك دراسة اراء القيادات الأمنية من رتبة (العقيد، العميد، اللواء) في المستويات الإدارية العليا في مديرية شرطة صلاح الدين والمنشآت، وعليه ومن اجل إمكانية تعميم نتائج البحث قام الباحث بتوزيع (85) استمارة، استرجع منها (79) صالحة للتحليل، واستخدم الباحث برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية (SPSS) لوصف وتشخيص متغيرات البحث واختبار فرضياتها. وتوصلت البحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان أهمها: تبين من خلال نتائج الجانب الميداني وجود علاقة ارتباط بين خفة الحركة الاستراتيجية واستغلال القدرات الجوهرية في الميدان المبحوث، لتشير هذه النتائج إلى أن استغلال القدرات الجوهرية يعتمد بشكل جيد على ابعاد خفة الحركة الاستراتيجية، أي تشير هذه العلاقات إلى أنه كلما زاد توجه قادة المديرية نحو تبني خفة الحركة الاستراتيجية كلما ساهم ذلك في تطوير القدرات الجوهرية. وقدمت البحث مجموعة من المقترحات كان أهمها تهيئة الظروف الملائمة والمناسبة والاهتمام بأداء المورد البشري وتحفيزه لكي يقدم كل ما لديه من قدرات ومهارات وابداعات وابتكارات فكرية وفنية.

The Efforts Of The Indonesian Government In Overcoming Seed Smuggling Benur Lobsters Overseas

This article explains Indonesian government's efforts to overcome the smuggling of lobster seeds abroad. In explaining this issue, the writer uses the descriptive-qualitative method. The results of the discussion show that Indonesia continues to make efforts to stop smuggling lobster seeds or benur out of the country. The government has made various efforts to tackle the crime of smuggling lobster seeds through synergy with the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Navy, Air and Water Police, and Customs. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is trying to eradicate lobster seed smuggling by launching four ships quickly for the perpetrators of lobster seed smuggling spread across Batam, Jambi, Kupang and Jakarta. The four ships were named Hiu Biru 01, Hiu Biru 02, Hiu Biru 03 and Hiu Biru 04. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries through the Director General of Capture Fisheries Circular Letter No.B.22891/DJPT/Pl.130/XI/2020 dated November 26, 2020 stopped the export of Lobster Benur Seeds. Air and Water Police Polri has also carried out various methods which are classified into two efforts, namely preventive and repressive efforts. Preventive efforts include providing assistance with fishing gear for lobster seed cultivation, patrols by the Water and Air Police Unit, socialization on the prohibition on catching and sending lobster seeds, and raids in territorial waters. Police repressive efforts by carrying out legal action, namely, making arrests and confiscations. In addition, the Indonesian Navy is assisting in synergy with the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in smuggling lobster seeds by strengthening supervision at points considered vulnerable on the sea lanes. In addition, the role of customs is in enforcing the law to prevent smuggling of lobster seeds in collaboration with internal customs and stakeholders. The success of the thwart of smuggling of lobster seeds was the result of the synergy carried out between the KKP, the Indonesian Navy, Customs, the Directorate of Water Police, and others so as to save the Indonesian state losses of up to billions of rupiah for the smuggling of lobster seeds.

PENGARUH MASUKAN PERSONIL DAN KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP PELAYANAN PUBLIK MELALUI KETERLIBATAM PERSONIL PADA DIREKTORAT LALU LINTAS POLDA SULAWESI SELATAN

The formulation of the problem in this study is Does Masukan personilaffect the Pelayanan publik at the Traffic Directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police? Does Masukan personilaffect Keterlibatan personil at the South Sulawesi Regional Police Traffic Directorate? Does Leadership affect the Pelayanan publik at the Traffic Directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police? Does Leadership affect Keterlibatan personil at the South Sulawesi Regional Police Traffic Directorate? Does Masukan personilaffect Pelayanan publik through Keterlibatan personil at the Traffic Directorate of the South Sulawesi Police? This research was conducted at the South Sulawesi Regional Police. The sampling technique used Accidental Sampling to 76 respondents from the South Sulawesi Regional Police Traffic Directorate. The reason for determining the object of this research is because it is easily accessible by researchers so that it can facilitate the implementation of research. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the Employee Voicefactor has a positive and significant effect on personil Keterlibatan personil at Traffic Police of South Sulawesi Regional Police. The Leadership has a positive and significant effect on Personil Keterlibatan personil at the Traffic Police of South Sulawesi Regional Police. The Masukan personilhas a negative and insignificant effect on the Pelayanan publik for trafficked personnel at the South Sulawesi Regional Police. The leadership factor has a positive and significant effect on the personil Pelayanan publik in the Traffic Police of South Sulawesi Regional Police. The Keterlibatan personil has a positive and significant effect on personil Pelayanan publik at the South Sulawesi Regional Police Traffic Unit.

Z dziejów sądownictwa administracyjnego na Górnym Śląsku w czasach II Rzeczypospolitej. Sprawa Józefa Kormana przeciwko Dyrekcji Policji w Katowicach

The article aims to show the practice of the Voivodship Administrative Court in Katowice, operating during the Second Polish Republic, which – in a broader context – will allow for an assessment of its activity. The Voivodship Administrative Court in Katowice, which was established only in 1922 after the annexation of part of Upper Silesia into the Republic of Poland, has not yet been subjected to a comprehensive analysis. Research into its operation is not facilitated by the small number of surviving files, which were heavily depleted in the process of disposal. The preserved case files, which are very few in number, provide insight into the course and results of disputes adjudicated before the Voivodship Administrative Court. One of them is the case of Józef Korman v. the Police Directorate in Katowice, which is the subject of this study. It is an interesting case study for a number of reasons. This is primarily because it was one of the few cases heard before the Highest Administrative Tribunal in Warsaw as a result of an appeal filed against the judgment of the Voivodship Administrative Court in Katowice. The study is based on the case files preserved in the State Archive in Katowice, sources of law of that time and specialist literature. The article uses a historical-legal methodology.

July 22nd a window of opportunity for police reform?

AbstractThis article deals with questions concerning the relationship between the Norwegian police reform of 2016 and the terrorist attack at Utøya in 2011. The 2016 reform is often presented as an automatic response to the attack by media, politicians and the Police Director. As something that had to be done. A reform that had been in the cupboard for more than a decade since the previous reform of 2000 and was simply dusted off and presented as a neat and fresh general solution to many different problems facing the police. The article argues that the terror attack on July 22nd and the subsequent July 22nd Report (The Gjørv Report, NOU 2012:14) presented “a window of opportunity”or police management to make changes not only in the organization of the police, but also in regard to basic ideals of policing. These are changes that would have raised political resistance under normal circumstances. Furthermore, they had little connection to the basic problems of the force as identified in the July 22nd Report and in the debate concerning the police response after the attack.