Polanga Oil Research Articles

Assessment of engine characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with Polanga oil and camphor oil blend

Assessment of engine characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with Polanga oil and camphor oil blend

Performance and emissions characteristics of CI engine fueled with blends of diesel and Polanga biodiesel

Globally, people are trying to counter the effects of global warming and climate change, as the burning of fossil fuels is one of the biggest challenges. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel source can help solve these problems. Since the use of edible oil would affect the food industry and leads to the increase in cost of food and fuel, hence the production of biodiesel is more beneficial when non-edible oil is used as a fuel source. Polanga oil is considered a better non-edible oil source because it contains more oil and has the highest heating value among non-edible oils. In this study, a simulation software called Diesel-RK is used to analyze the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine running at variable speed. Tests were conducted on a diesel engine using diesel and five different blends of Polanga biodiesel, namely 5 % (B5), 10 % (B10), 15 % (B15), 20 % (B20), and 25 % (B25), respectively. It was found that the brake-thermal efficiency initially increased up to an engine speed of 1900 rpm, where the maximum values of BTE for B5, B10, B15, B20, and B25 were 33.257 %, 33.322 %, 33.263 %, 33.24 %, and 33.121 %, respectively, while for diesel fuel, it was 33.31 % and then started to decrease on increase in the engine speed. According to the current study, increasing speed has a positive effect on NOx and PM, while BTE decreases and SO2 increases. In case of BSFC, at 1900 rpm B5 has a BSFC of 254.55 g/kWh, which is pretty good when compared to diesel fuel (253.82 g/kWh) and B25 (256.49 g/kWh). Before 1900 rpm, BTE increased slightly while BSFC and SO2 decreased slightly, but after 1900 rpm, BTE started to decrease, and BSFC and SO2 increased rapidly. In our study, we found that Polanga is promising biodiesel for future applications because the performance (B10) is similar to diesel, and the emissions are lower.

WITHDRAWN: Experimental investigation on 4-Stroke DI diesel engine using methyl esters of Polanga oil and Thyme oil at varying injection pressures

Air pollution from mobile sources is a subject of widespread concern. By 2030, the number of vehicles on the road is expected to be close to 1300 million. Diesel engines are mostly used in industry because they produce higher torques at lower speeds, allowing them to perform heavy tasks. Incomplete combustion products like CO, CO 2 , HC, NOx, Particles, and others result from incomplete combustion in diesel engines. The current proposal will use diesel blends of Polanga oil methyl ester and Thyme oil methyl ester at various pressure levels, including 180 bar, 200 bar, and 220 bar, to evaluate the performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions of a DI Diesel engine. This paper also aims to look into the efficiency of an existing DI Diesel engine that runs on dual fuel.

Influence of softer binder and rejuvenator on bituminous mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material

Use of the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material is necessary for the sustainable development of the road infrastructure. However successful incorporation of RAP in hot mix asphalt (HMA) has been only up to 30%. Considering the pressing need for higher utilization of RAP, the present study explores the performance of recycled HMA produced by incorporating Polanga oil as rejuvenator and also with softer binders separately for comparison purposes. A total of eleven mixes were designed, out of which there is control mixture with PG 70-X, five mixtures containing varying percentages of RAP (30–70) added with the softer binder and another five containing the same variation in RAP with a rejuvenator (its content fixed at 5% by mass of RAP binder). The effects of the softer binder and rejuvenator on the recycled asphalt mixtures were analyzed in terms of volumetric, indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture susceptibility, rutting, intermediate temperature cracking, and resilient modulus. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to see the thermal stability of the rejuvenator, which showed that the rejuvenated binder is stable up to 230 °C which is more than the asphalt mixing temperature. Results also inferred that up to 60% RAP can be successfully incorporated into the HMA with the addition of a softer binder or a rejuvenator, without compromising the performance significantly.

Performance assessment of aged binder rejuvenated with Polanga oil

Abstract Presently, there is a necessity of increasing the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in recycling of asphalt pavements to save material cost, preserve energy and protect the environment and efforts are being made to utilize 100% RAP in the mixes. RAP binder is usually stiff due to oxidation and loss of volatiles. So addition of high amount of RAP to the asphalt mix, may make it prone to fatigue failure. Due to this reason, rejuvenators are added to restore some of the physical and chemical properties for desired performance of the mixture. In this study, a locally available non-edible oil known as Polanga oil (biological name: Calophyllum inophyllum) has been explored as rejuvenator to study its effect on performance of the aged binders. Aged binder prepared in the laboratory using the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) and binder extracted from the RAP collected from a nearby source were used in this study for rejuvenation. Aged binder and RAP binder mixed with the rejuvenator at varying percentages. The rheological characterizations in terms of flow, rutting, fatigue and creep recovery of rejuvenated PAV aged & RAP binders were carried out using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to determine the optimum dosage of the rejuvenator. It was observed that, 5 percent of Polanga oil is able to divulge the desirable rheological properties of the rejuvenated binder.

Effect of alumina nanoparticles as additive on the friction and wear behavior of polanga-based lubricant

Many researchers have tried to improve the tribological characteristics of lubricants to decrease coefficients of friction and wear rates. Recently, nanoparticles have emerged as a new kind of additive because of their size, shape, and other properties. A nanolubricant is a new kind of engineering lubricant made by dispersing nanoparticles in a lubricant. Investigations related to the tribological characteristics of lubricants with addition of nanoparticles are reviewed herein. The paper focuses on the effects of the nanoparticle concentration on the tribological performance during oil lubrication. Specifically, measurements of physicochemical properties and tribological analysis were performed along with morphological study of the nanoparticles. The mechanisms of lubrication involving nanoparticles are discussed based on data collected from the experimental analysis and compared with work in literature. The effect of varying the concentration of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles in polanga oil on the coefficient of friction and wear was evaluated. The minimum coefficient of friction and wear were observed at 0.075% concentration, but increased at 0.1% concentration. A smooth surface of the pin was observed at 0.075% nanoparticle concentration in comparison with polanga-based oil. The maximum total acid number change was obtained for the 0.1% concentration. The wear scar obtained during the test was also minimum for the 0.075% concentration, and a better surface was observed for this concentration. In terms of future prospects, similar work based on nanoparticles with different shape and size could be carried out for other nonedible oils.

Effect of fuel injection pressure and timing on Polanga (Calophyllum Inophyllum) biodiesel blends for engine performance and emissions analysis

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends produced from polanga oil, the engine was run to investigate the effects of injection pressure and timing on engine operation with varying biodiesel blends concentrations. Consequently, commercial diesel fuel blended with different polanga biodiesel in different percentages (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The average reduction in the thermal performance of the biodiesel fuels, was reduced proportionally with the biodiesel blends. B20 blend operates closest to that of diesel oil whereas, the engine operated with any higher injection timing, ranging from 27 to 31° bTDC, the emission constituents of CO, UHC, CO2, and smoke are the least and remains constant in the injection timing between 27 to 31°bTDC. Polanga based biodiesel blends provide a better result at an injection timing of 31°bTDC and injection pressure of 240 bar leading towards minimum emission. Up to 20% polanga biodiesel blends improvement in the engine performance and reduction in the emissions was observed without any modifications to CI engine.

Effect of Alumina NANOPARTICLES as Additive on the Friction and Wear Behavior of POLANGA based Lubricant

Environment degradation and non-biodegradability are the major problems associated with mineral-oil based lubricants. Non-edible vegetable oils are one of the suitable substitutes for the mineral oils. In this study, polanga oil was used as the lubricant to check its feasibility for the tribological behaviour. Alumina nanoparticles are added to the polanga oil on a weight-percentage basis. The variation of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles concentration with polanga oil was evaluated for the coefficient of friction and wear analysis. Minimum coefficient of friction and wear was observed at 0.075% % concentration which gets further increased at 0.1 % concentration. The smooth surface of the pin was observed at 0.075 % nanoparticles concentration with the comparison to base polanga oil. Maximum total acid number changes was obtained at 0.1% concentration. Â

Energy and exergy analysis of a CI engine fuelled with polanga oil methyl ester

This study extant, energy and exergy analysis of a CI engine running on PB20 (20% polanga biodiesel by volume blended with 80% diesel by volume) mixture of 20% polanga oil methyl ester (POME) with 80% diesel by volume) and diesel. The results of the study show that the heat loss percentage is maximum, and the exhaust loss percentage is minimum for the tested fuels in energy distribution. The percentage of exergy destruction is maximum, and exergy due to heat loss percentage is minimum for the tested fuels during exergy breakdown. PB20 provides 1.4% less energy to the engine than diesel fuel to give the same power. The rate of heat transfer for PB20 is more than that of diesel. Energy loss due to exhaust gas for PB20 is 13% less than that of diesel fuel. The exergy input is about 6–7% higher than the fuel energy input. Exergy destruction of diesel is more than that of PB20 by 3.18%. Exergy loss due to heat loss of PB20 is higher than that of diesel by 1.5%. Overall, the test results indicate that better combustion and efficiencies with less irreversibility are found with biodiesel. Uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis are carried out by considering the temperature parameter. The uncertainty lies between the true values. Thus, PB20 can be a partial replacement for diesel as a fuel.

Evaluation of polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil cake as a non-conventional ingredient in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerling feed

In the present study, polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil cake (POC) was evaluated as a non-conventional ingredient in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerling feed. Proximate composition and fatty acid analysis of POC indicated that it can be a good source of protein (24.2%) and energy (4.4 kcal g-1). Fatty acid analysis indicated that it is dominated by monoenes (39%) followed by saturates (28.42) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-6 (27.76%). Further, phenol, tannin and flavonoids were detected as prominent secondary metabolites. Five iso-nitrogenous (25-26%, crude protein) feeds incorporated with POC @ 0% (F1), 10% (F2), 20% (F3), 30% (F4) and 40% (F5) level were fed to L. rohita fingerlings for 90 days in indoor conditions. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that survival percentage (95-97%) of F1, F2 and F3 groups was statistically similar which was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to F4 and F5. The gain in weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of F1 and F2 were similar but next higher inclusion levels of POC significantly (p<0.05) reduced the growth in F3, F4 and F5 groups. In addition, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower (p<0.05) and similar in F1and F2. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in F1 and F2 as compared to the rest of the groups. Haemoglobin, serum protein, albumin and globulin in blood were similar in F1 and F2 (p>0.05), which were significantly higher than the levels in other groups (p<0.05). Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and glucose levels increased significantly in F3, F4 and F5 groups compared to F1 and F2. POC was used for the first time in carp feeds as a non-conventional feed ingredient during this study and the results clearly indicated that POC could be incorporated @ 100 g kg-1 in the feed of L. rohita fingerlings without any adverse effect on growth, survival and nutrient utilisation.

Sustainability of polanga oil based blended lubricant at different load and sliding distance

ABSTRACTDisposal of lubricants after use creates problem to the environment as they are non-biodegradable and also produce toxic elements during emission from the vehicle. There is a worldwide demand for a bio-based lubricant that should be non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable. In this study, the tribological performance of the polanga oil-based lubricant has been carried out by using pin-on-disc tribometer. SAE2040-grade mineral oil was blended with polanga oil in the 15, 30, and 50% by volume. The applied loads were 50, 100, and 150 N. The sliding velocity of the disc was 3.8 m/s at each applied load. Lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication, and the wear obtained was abrasive and adhesive in nature. 15% blend of polanga oil shows minimum wear among all the blends. Moreover, the addition of 15% blend reduced friction between the sliding surfaces in contact.

Biodiesel from plant seed oils as an alternate fuel for compression ignition engines-a review.

The modern scenario reveals that the world is facing energy crisis due to the dwindling sources of fossil fuels. Environment protection agencies are more concerned about the atmospheric pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels. Alternative fuel research is getting augmented because of the above reasons. Plant seed oils (vegetable oils) are cleaner, sustainable, and renewable. So, it can be the most suitable alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. This paper reviews the availability of different types of plant seed oils, several methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils, and its properties. The different types of oils considered in this review are cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) oil, ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, rice bran oil, Calophyllum inophyllum, hazelnut oil, sesame oil, clove stem oil, sardine oil, honge oil, polanga oil, mahua oil, rubber seed oil, cotton seed oil, neem oil, jatropha oil, egunsi melon oil, shea butter, linseed oil, Mohr oil, sea lemon oil, pumpkin oil, tobacco seed oil, jojoba oil, and mustard oil. Several methods for production of biodiesel are transesterification, pre-treatment, pyrolysis, and water emulsion are discussed. The various fuel properties considered for review such as specific gravity, viscosity, calorific value, flash point, and fire point are presented. The review also portrays advantages, limitations, performance, and emission characteristics of engine using plant seed oil biodiesel are discussed. Finally, the modeling and optimization of engine for various biofuels with different input and output parameters using artificial neural network, response surface methodology, and Taguchi are included.

Combustion Analysis of Polanga (<i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>) Biodiesel

There is a mounting concern in many countries to explore fuels that are environment friendly. Although straight vegetable oils can be used in diesel engines, there are limitations in their usage due to their high viscosity, low volatility, and poor cold flow property. Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. In the present study, polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain polanga biodiesel. To evaluate the combustion analysis, polanga biodiesel was tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, constant speed, diesel engine. The results were compared with combustion characteristics of diesel fuel. The result showed that polanga biodiesel exhibits similar combustion characteristics as that of diesel. The actual start of injection and start of combustion were found to be earlier for polanga biodiesel as compared to diesel. The ignition delay period was found to be shorter with polanga biodiesel. The magnitude of peak heat release rate and peak pressure was observed to be lower for polanga biodiesel. Though the location of peak heat release rate was earlier for polanga biodiesel, its peak pressure location was found be delayed when compared to diesel. Polanga biodiesel exhibits a shorter combustion duration than diesel. Since the measured parameters for biodiesel differs only by a smaller magnitude when compared with diesel, this investigation ensures the suitability of polanga biodiesel as a fuel for CI engines.

A Polymath Approach for the Prediction of Optimized Transesterification Process Variables of Polanga Biodiesel

AbstractAn attempt has been made to employ an artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB 7.0 for predicting the optimized reaction variables for maximum biodiesel production of polanga oil by the transesterification process. The developed ANN is a multilayer feed‐forward back‐propagation network (5‐10‐1) with five input, ten hidden and one output layers. The input variables are the molar ratio of ethanol to oil (X1 in % v/v), the catalyst concentration (X2 in % w/v), the reaction temperature (X3 in °C), the reaction time (X4 in min), the agitation speed (X5 in rpm) and the output parameter is biodiesel yield (% by weight) of polanga oil. The experimental data used in the developed ANN were obtained from response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design. The trained ANN was tested using different training functions from the MATLAB to predict the best correlation coefficients of training, testing and validation. The data generated by trained ANN is used by GA with regards to the best response (for predicting biodiesel yield greater than predicted by RSM) for different combinations of variables (X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5) to attain optimization. The average biodiesel yield (by performing experiments under optimized conditions) of 92 % by weight was produced against the proposed value of 91.08 % by weight.

Biodiesel Production from Various Tree Borne Oil

Global concerns about the depletion of the world's non-renewable energy sources and the associated environmental impact of fossil fuel provided the incentives to seek alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Alternative renewable fuel, found in non-edible oils such as Karanja, Polanga, Simarouba, Mahua, Kusum and Jatropha oil, which abound in Indian forests, are characterised with high viscosities, thus limiting their applications as fuel. The use of transesterified vegetable oils as fuel has been yielding successful results, besides being a domestic, renewable resource that provides environmental benefits with lower emissions. In this work, a small-scale production unit has been developed for the production of methyl ester of different tree-borne oils like Karanja, Polanga, Simarouba, Mahua and Jatropha, and characterised as diesel fuel. Potassium hydroxide was selected to catalyse the transesterification process. The bio diesel produced was characterised as alternative diesel fuel through tests for specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, carbon residue by following the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM standard test procedures. The transesterification process yielded more than 90% of biodiesel for all the oils. These findings will find useful applications in rural energy sector of India.

The Utilization of Non-coking Coal by Flotation Using Non-conventional Reagents

Flotation studies of non-coking coal using two non-conventional collectors, namely Polanga and Mahua oil, containing both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are investigated. The effect of oil concentration, surface modifier, and dispersant are studied. The results of the studies have shown that despite their higher consumption, both of the oils can be used as the flotation collector. The ash level could be reduced to 22% with 60% yield from a non-coking coal containing 40.2% ash. The results of the studies are comparable with the flotation studies of conventional reagents, such as diesel oil and methyl iso-butyl carbinol. Electro-kinetic measurements and x-ray diffraction studies are carried out to understand the surface properties and minerals present in non-coking coal.

Process optimization for biodiesel production from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga oils

Petroleum sourced fuels is now widely known as non-renewable due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Chemically, biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants. In the present paper various methods of preparation of biodiesel from non-edible filtered Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas), Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata) and Polanga ( Calophyllum inophyllum) oil have been described. Mono esters (biodiesel) produced and blended with diesel were evaluated. The technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC and HPLC have also been used.

Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine

Non-edible jatropha ( Jatropha curcas), karanja ( Pongamia pinnata) and polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil based methyl esters were produced and blended with conventional diesel having sulphur content less than 10 mg/kg. Ten fuel blends (Diesel, B20, B50 and B100) were tested for their use as substitute fuel for a water-cooled three cylinder tractor engine. Test data were generated under full/part throttle position for different engine speeds (1200, 1800 and 2200 rev/min). Change in exhaust emissions (Smoke, CO, HC, NO x , and PM) were also analyzed for determining the optimum test fuel at various operating conditions. The maximum increase in power is observed for 50% jatropha biodiesel and diesel blend at rated speed. Brake specific fuel consumptions for all the biodiesel blends with diesel increases with blends and decreases with speed. There is a reduction in smoke for all the biodiesel and their blends when compared with diesel. Smoke emission reduces with blends and speeds during full throttle performance test.

Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine

Non-edible filtered Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas), Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata) and Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced and blended with diesel were tested for their use as substitute fuels of diesel engines. The major objective of the present investigations was to experimentally access the practical applications of biodiesel in a single cylinder diesel engine used in generating sets and the agricultural applications in India. Diesel; neat biodiesel from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga; and their blends (20 and 50 by v%) were used for conducting combustion tests at varying loads (0, 50 and 100%). The engine combustion parameters such as peak pressure, time of occurrence of peak pressure, heat release rate and ignition delay were computed. Combustion analysis revealed that neat Polanga biodiesel that results in maximum peak cylinder pressure was the optimum fuel blend as far as the peak cylinder pressure was concerned. The ignition delays were consistently shorter for neat Jatropha biodiesel, varying between 5.9 ° and 4.2 ° crank angles lower than diesel with the difference increasing with the load. Similarly, ignition delays were shorter for neat Karanja and Polanga biodiesel when compared with diesel.

Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine

Non-edible filtered high viscous (72 cSt at 40 °C) and high acid value (44 mg KOH/gm) polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced by triple stage transesterification process and blended with high speed diesel (HSD) were tested for their use as a substitute fuel of diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. HSD and polanga oil methyl ester (POME) fuel blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) were used for conducting the short-term engine performance tests at varying loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of speed and load. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were calculated from the recorded data. The engine performance parameters such as fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (CO, CO 2, HC, NO x , and O 2) were recorded. The optimum engine operating condition based on lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency was observed at 100% load for neat biodiesel. From emission point of view the neat POME was found to be the best fuel as it showed lesser exhaust emission as compared to HSD.