Dogs Poisoned Research Articles

Pharmacokinetic properties of abamectin after oral administration in dogs.

As the introduction of concentrated cattle pour-on products containing abamectin, there have been veterinary reports of both fatal and non-fatal poisoning in New Zealand working dogs. Because these products are highly palatable to dogs, a toxic dose is readily ingested. The pharmacokinetic properties of abamectin in dogs are not published in the public domain. This information is important in understanding the processes of absorption and elimination when treating poisoned dogs and is useful in determining an appropriate treatment for poisoned dogs. The pharmacokinetic properties of abamectin administered orally to six healthy dogs (3 male and 3 female) at a dose of 0.2mg/kg were established. Plasma concentrations of abamectin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a fluorescence detector. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) for abamectin was 135.52±38.6ng/ml at 3.16±0.75h. The elimination half-life (T1/2 elim (h)) was 26.51±6.86h. The area under the curve (AUC 0-∞) was 3723.50±1213.08ngh/ml. The mean residence time (MRT) was 38.82±8.93h. These pharmacokinetic data provide helpful information regarding the treatment of poisoned dogs.

A self-training device to teach conservation-working dogs to avoid poison baits

Abstract Context Accidental poisoning of domestic dogs is a potential risk when using baits to control invasive animals. We developed and trialled an electrical device attached to a non-toxic bait to assess whether we could induce a learned aversion towards baits in conservation-working dogs. Aims We tested the device on conservation-working dogs licenced to enter conservation estate as part of feral pig control, and consequently are potentially exposed to lethal baits for controlling red foxes. Methods Over 1 year (up to seven separate training sessions per dog), 27 dogs were sequentially presented with electrified and non-electrified non-toxic baits and their behavioural responses were recorded. On-farm training (Days 0, 1, 7, Months 1, 12) comprised dogs being called by their owner standing nearby the electrified bait. If the dog touched the bait and demonstrated aversive behaviour (we assume that it received an electric shock or ‘correction’), it was then presented with a non-electrified bait. If they ate either bait, they were shown another electrified bait (up to three electrified baits per session). Key results Seventeen dogs (17/27) touched the bait and received a correction. Eleven dogs required only a single correction and did not touch another bait, three dogs needed two corrections, and two dogs needed three or four corrections. These 17 dogs showed increasing avoidance to the bait over successive training sessions (χ212 = 67.96, P < 0.001), including avoiding looking at the bait, refusing to come within 5–10 m of the bait and their owner, or leaving the training vicinity. All these dogs (17/17) avoided baits encountered in a working environment (1/17 touched but did not consume a bait) and bait-aversion was still detected up to 1-year post-initial training. Nine dogs (9/27) did not appear to receive a correction or show any change in bait-aversion behaviour. One dog (1/27) showed no aversion to the stimulus and continued to eat baits. Conclusions Here we present a proof of concept for a deterrent device and associated experimental protocol to produce learned aversion behaviour in conservation-working dogs. Implications We demonstrated that it is possible to induce a learned aversion to baits in conservation-working dogs, thereby reducing the risk of accidental poisoning.

Intentional Carbofuran poisoning in 7 dogs

BackgroundCarbofuran is a widely used broad-spectrum pesticide that, despite strict regulation and being banned for more than a decade, is still encountered in cases of intentional poisoning in dogs and wildlife. The objective of the study was to provide a complete and detailed description of the pathological, histological and toxicological findings of 7 cases of intentional carbofuran poisoning in dogs.ResultsIn this retrospective study, 7 cases of carbofuran intoxication recorded from July 2015 to June 2017 were analyzed. Following complete history recording, all cases were examined by complete necropsy and histopathology. Carbofuran intoxication was confirmed in all cases by gas chromatography. The postmortem examination revealed extensive hemorrhaging and congestion located mainly within the respiratory, nervous and cardiovascular systems, accompanied by degeneration and necrosis within the lungs, heart, and kidneys.ConclusionsAlthough carbamates have been banned in the European Union, carbamate poisoning is still frequently encountered, especially in wild animals. This paper will contribute to a better understanding of the occurrence and pathogenesis of acute carbofuran exposure in dogs and contribute some peculiar pathological features of this type of poisoning to the current literature.

Intoxicação por nicotina em cães: revisão de literatura

A nicotina é uma substância encontrada no tabaco e seus derivados, apresentando poucos relatos na literatura relacionados à intoxicação em cães. A toxicose na espécie pode ocorrer devido à proximidade com humanos, principalmente com tutores fumantes, tornando-se inevitável o contato com essa substância. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre intoxicação por nicotina em cães. Para o estudo foi realizado a pesquisa de artigos indexados nas bases científicas PubMed, SciELO, portal de periódicos CAPES e Scopus, no recorte temporal de 1998 a 2020, utilizando-se os seguintes descritores: cães, nicotina, tabaco e intoxicação. A partir dos estudos elencados obteve-se como resultados: quais produtos derivados da nicotina foram mais descritos na literatura, a sua dose letal e os sinais clínicos relacionados à toxicose. Concluiu-se que a nicotina é uma substância muito perigosa para cães e que apesar da sua gravidade existem poucos estudos sobre abordagem clínica e emergencial em casos de intoxicação por nicotina.

Determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of exposed dogs and in a healthy dog population

BackgroundExposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in dogs is among the most common causes of poisoning in small animal practice, but information about toxicokinetic of these rodenticides in dogs is lacking. We analysed blood and faeces from five accidentally exposed dogs and 110 healthy dogs by reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The aim of the study was to estimate elimination of brodifacoum, bromadiolone and difenacoum after acute exposure, calculate the half-lives of these rodenticides in dogs, estimate faecal elimination in a litter of puppies born, and further to identify the extent of AR exposure in a healthy dog population.ResultsThree dogs were included after single ingestions of brodifacoum; two dogs ingested bromadiolone and one dog ingested difenacoum. Maximum concentrations in faeces were found after day 2–3 for all ARs. The distribution half-lives were 1–10 days for brodifacoum, 1–2 days for bromadiolone and 10 days for difenacoum. Brodifacoum and difenacoum had estimated terminal half-lives of 200–330 days and 190 days, respectively. In contrast, bromadiolone had an estimated terminal half-life of 30 days. No clinical signs of poisoning or coagulopathy were observed in terminal elimination period. In blood, the terminal half-life of brodifacoum was estimated to 8 days. Faeces from a litter of puppies born from one of the poisoned dogs were examined, and measurable concentrations of brodifacoum were detected in all samples for at least 28 days after parturition. A cross-sectional study of 110 healthy domestic dogs was performed to estimate ARs exposure in a dog population. Difenacoum was detected in faeces of one dog. Blood and faecal samples from the remaining dogs were negative for all ARs.ConclusionsBased on the limited pharmacokinetic data from these dogs, our results suggest that ARs have a biphasic elimination in faeces using a two-compartment elimination kinetics model. We have shown that faecal analysis is suitable and reliable for the assessment of ARs exposure in dogs and a tool for estimating the AR half-lives. Half-lives of ARs could be a valuable indicator in the exposed dogs and provides important information for veterinarians monitoring AR exposure and assessment of treatment length in dogs.

Keracunan Parasetamol Pada Kucing Dan Anjing: Gejala Klinis dan Terapi

Acetaminophen, commonly known as paracetamol, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in human medicine for its antipyretic and analgesic action. As paracetamol became readily available in many over-the-counter and no-prescription products, reports of paracetamol poisoning in dogs and cats became more common. The toxicity of paracetamol is more pronounced in cats when compared to dogs. Clinical signs of paracetamol toxicity include depression, weakness, tachypnea, dyspnea, vomiting, hypothermia, facial or paw edema, hepatic necrosis, and death. The characteristics of severe paracetamol poisoning are methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anemia, and jaundice. Although there are no specific antidotes, acetylcysteine is the drug of choice for paracetamol poisoning treatment. Symptomatic and supportive therapies play a more definitive role in the management of paracetamol poisoning. This paper aims to briefly review the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of paracetamol poisoning in dogs and cats.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning and palytoxin poisoning in dogs

BackgroundFatal cases of exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins and palytoxins have occurred in companion animals but are poorly described.MethodsWe describe one case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and three cases...

In Case You Haven't Heard…

This is about dogs, but there are human implications — read on. Small size, youth, not being neutered or living in a county with a high opioid prescription rate are associated with a higher risk of someone calling a poison control center about a dog's accidental opioid poisoning. Researchers analyzed 189,594 phone calls made to the Animal Poison Control Center (operated by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) between 2006 and 2014. They also found that calls were more likely to be made by a veterinarian than anyone else, including the owner. Possible explanations suggested by the researchers include this interesting concept: Owners who neuter their dogs have different drug‐use habits than those who do not neuter. The researchers also looked at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data, noting that where there are more opioids per capita there were higher odds of opioid poisoning in dogs being reported. “This might suggest a possible ‘spill‐over’ effect of human opioid use on pet dogs, but alternative hypotheses concerning pet owner reporting behaviour need to be considered,” they conclude. The likelihood of a call being related to opioid poisoning went down significantly from 2008 to 2014, the study, published in PLOS ONE last month, found. (For the abstract, go to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31995582).

The identification of risk factors contributing to accidental opioid poisonings in companion dogs using data from a North American poison control center (2006-2014).

In the last decade, there has been a marked increase in opioid-related human deaths in the U.S. However, the effects of the growth in opioid use on vulnerable populations, such as pet dogs, are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate potential risk factors at the dog, county, and state-levels that contributed to accidental dog opioid poisonings. Dog demographic information was collected during calls to the Animal Poison Control Center (APCC), operated by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, about pet dog exposures to poisons from 2006–2014. Data concerning state-level opioid-related human death rates and county-level human opioid prescription rates were collected from databases accessed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A multilevel logistic regression model with random intercepts for county and state was fitted to explore associations between the odds of a call to the APCC being related to dog opioid poisonings with the following independent variables: sex, weight, age, reproductive status, breed class, year, source of calls, county-level human opioid prescription rate, and state-level opioid human death rate. There was a significant non-linear positive association between accidental opioid dog poisoning calls and county-level human opioid prescription rates. Similarly, the odds of a call being related to an opioid poisoning significantly declined over the study period. Depending on the breed class, the odds of a call being related to an opioid poisoning event were generally lower for older and heavier dogs. The odds of a call being related to an opioid poisoning were significantly higher for intact compared to neutered dogs, and if the call was made by a veterinarian compared to a member of the public. Veterinarians responding to poisonings may benefit from knowledge of trends in the use and abuse of both legal and illegal drugs in human populations.

Specific antidote therapy in dogs: modern aspects

Current laws of the Russian Federation provide for responsible treatment of animals. Nevertheless, there is an acute problem of the growing number of uncared for dogs. The article addresses issues of dog protection focused on the prevention of dog poisoning by medications illegally used by dog hunters, as well as on dog training aspects and methods of specific antidote therapy. Cytoprotective activity of ubiquinone is studied in view of biochemical profile in dogs.

Morphofunctional changes in the heart and lung tissues of dogs for isoniazid poisoning

The article presents the results of macroscopic, histological and histochemical studies of the heart and lungs of dogs for isoniazid poisoning. A pathoanatomical section of 19 carcasses of dogs of different ages and breeds was performed; heart and lung fragments were selected for morphological examination. Heart and lung samples were fixed in 10 % aqueous formalin neutral solution, Carnua and Buen fluids. Dehydration was carried out in ethanol of increasing concentration and embedded in paraffin. The sections were made on a MC-2 microtome 7 μm thick, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, using the McManus and Brasche technique. Made histopreparations were examined under a Leica DM 2500 light microscope (Switzerland), photo-fixation was performed with a Leica DFC450C using Leica Application Suite Version 4.4 software. The results of morphohistochemical studies have shown that in acute poisoning of dogs with isoniazid in the heart prevailed acute disorders of the vascular circulation, manifested by a sharp expansion and destruction of the walls of the venous vessels, plasmorrhagia, microtromb of the capillaries and spasm of the arterioles, which led to the development of swelling, caused acute decrease of protein synthesation function of muscle fibers and dystrophic-necrobiotic changes of cardiomyocytes. It was noted, in the lungs of dogs on the background of acute congestive hyperemia, diapedesis of erythrocytes and accumulation of transudate in the lumen of the alveoli, foci of emphysema and bronchiectasis with rupture of the epithelial layer of the mucous membrane, elastic skeleton and muscular tubules of bronchial tubules that indicated the violation of gas exchange and the development of anoxemia. It is known that spontaneous isoniazid poisoning in dogs leads to an acute course and often fatal consequences. In the comprehensive study of the effects of chemicals on the body, and in particular isoniazid on the body of dogs, toxicological and pathomorphological studies are of great importance. The use of morphological and histochemical methods will reveal some of the mechanisms of intoxication.

Cabo Verde Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopteruson the brink: community perceptions, inferences and facts of an extreme population crash

SummaryThe Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopteruswas once an abundant species in the Cabo Verde Islands. Since the 1960s though, and especially during the 1980–1990s, it consistently declined to near extinction. Evidence collected indicates a remnant population of about a dozen pairs or less, scattered through the desert rangelands of only three islands. Extensive enquiry work revealed that this likely resulted from the concomitant effects of the rise in unnatural mortality due to the formerly widespread and long-lasting use of dangerous pesticides and the (still on-going) poisoning of stray dogs and other nuisance animals, and a decrease in food resources associated with factors linked with development, such as urbanisation, rural abandonment and better sanitation. Avoiding imminent extinction calls for emergency action against current threats to the remaining vultures, such as poisoning and electrocution, but also potential causes of impaired fecundity such as hazardous pesticides and shortage of food resources.

Intoxication in dogs and cats: a basic approach to decontamination

Background: There are two types of intoxicated patient that present to veterinary practices: the asymptomatic patient with a known exposure and the patient with clinical signs that may (or may...

Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 102 dogs: A retrospective study

Organophosphates (OP) and carbamates are commonly used insecticides and important intoxication sources of humans and animals. Nevertheless, large scale studies of these intoxications in dogs are unavailable. The medical records of dogs presented to a veterinary hospital were reviewed retrospectively. The study included 102 dogs definitely diagnosed with acute OP or carbamate intoxication.The most common presenting clinical signs included muscle tremor, hypersalivation, miosis, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. Hypersalivation, muscle tremor and tachypnea were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with survival to discharge; while weakness, mental dullness, anorexia, pale mucous membranes and paddling were significantly associated with death. Common laboratory abnormalities included decreased butyrylcholine esterase activity, acidemia, increased total plasma protein, leukocytosis, hypochloridemia, hyperbilirubinemia, increased creatinine and alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase activities, and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Compared to the survivors, the non-survivors showed significantly: higher frequencies of thrombocytopenia, hypocarbemia, prolonged prothrombin time (PT), hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypoproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased ALT activity and increased urea concentration; lower median concentrations of venous blood bicarbonate, serum chloride and total CO2; and higher medians of PT, serum total bilirubin and urea concentrations, and ALT and AST activities. Intoxicated dogs were commonly treated with diphenhydramine, atropine-sulfate, antibiotics, diazepam and pralidoxime, while some (19.2%) required general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. The survival rate of dogs treated by gastric lavage was higher (P = 0.041) compared to that of the remaining dogs. Development of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation requirement were significantly associated (P < 0.001) with death. The mortality rate was 17%.

Histopathological examination in poisoned dogs

Histopathological examination in poisoned dogs

Histological and histochemical changes in the dogs liver at poisoning isoniazid

The article presents the results of macroscopic, histological and histochemical studies of dogs liver for isoniazid poisoning. The pathoanatomical section of 18 corpses of dogs of all ages and breeds has been carried out, fragments of different parts of the liver have been selected. Liver samples were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin, Carnoua and Buena liquids. The dewatering in ethanol of increasing concentration was conducted, sealed in paraffin. The sections were made on a microtome MC-2 in the thickness of 7 microns, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to the technique of McManus, Pearles. The produced histoplasts were examined under a light microscope Leica DM 2500 (Switzerland), photocycled by the Leica DFC450C camera using the Leica Application Suite Version 4.4 software. Macroscopically, the liver in all studied corpses of dogs is enlarged, the edges are rounded, inhomogeneously colored (from dark cherry to light brown), loose consistency, a light bloody fluid is secreted on the cut, the structure of the organ is smoothed out. Optically light in the liver of most dogs for isoniazid poisoning noted profound violations of all structures of angioarhitectonics, stroma and parenchyma of the organ. Prevalent non-fibrotic changes in the endothelium, dilatation and deformation of central veins and sinusoidal mesh with the formation of cells filled with blood plasma. The expressed dystrophy and necrobiosis of hepatocytes and Kupferov cells were combined with erythrocyte hemolysis, which was reflected by the deposition of hemosiderin in the cytoplasm of macrophages and bilirubin in hepatocytes. In rare cases, in the liver of poisoned dogs, acute congestive hyperemia, diapedeous hemorrhages in peripartal regions and non-fibrotic changes in hepatocytes were observed. On the basis of conducted morphological studies, it can be argued that derivatives of isoniazid compounds in the dog's organism have a pronounced hepatotoxic effect characterized by a severe violation of blood and lymph microcirculation and all metabolic processes in liver cells, manifested by dystrophic-non-fibrotic processes in the body.

Intoxication and death by frog venom in a dog from Valença-RJ: Case report

Each year, they are treated in several cases of exogenous intoxication in domestic animals in Brazilian veterinary clinics and hospitals. The attacks are capable of causing poisoning in dogs due to poison of high toxicity and are produced in the paratoid glands. This poisoning can cause dogs to die. The aim of this work was to relate a case of intoxication and death of a dog caused by frog venom of Rhinella spp. in the city of Valença-RJ. The animal was attended in veterinary clinic, after ingesting the venom, and although the therapy showed cardiac arrest and death.

Poisoning of Dogs in the Republic of Macedonia- Pathomorphological Changes and the Impact on Animal Welfare

Abstract The illegal poisoning of dogs and other domestic and wild animals presents a worldwide problem causing animal suffering and R. Macedonia is not an exeption. The goal of this study is to make a comparison of the results from the histopathological examination conducted among poisoned dogs in the Republic of Macedonia. Morphological and histopathological changes in poisoned dogs were investigated for a period of 10 years. The examination was performed on 31 dogs, 13 of which were home kept, 7 were street dogs and 11 of unknown origin. The most significant necropsy findings concerned the inflammatory and necrotic processes of the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathological changes were mainly located in the kidneys, stomach, intestines and the lungs.

ГІСТОЛОГІЧНІ ЗМІНИ У СОБАК ЗА ГОСТРОГО ОТРУЄННЯ ІЗОНІАЗИДОМ

Currently, the incidence of poisoning in both homeless and domestic animals has increased dramatically. Lures containing toxic substances for animals are scattered in parks and courtyards by persons who call themselves fighters against stray animals. Also cases of poisoning of guard dogs guarding a house in the private sector for the purpose of further robbery have become more frequent. And although the animals are specially trained, they are also amenable to the lures of fraudsters. Most of the reported cases of poisoning is isoniazid (Tubazid) poisoning. This is reported in the newspapers and spoken on television. This drug is available without a prescription and is quite cheap, which makes it more accessible for inappropriate use in the preparation of poisonous baits. Isoniazid is not dangerous for humans, and for dogs it is very harmful, as it has a strong toxic effect on the entire body of the animal. Poisoning cats are also found, but extremely rare. They tolerate the toxic effect of the drug more easily, because they need a higher concentration of isoniazid in the blood than dogs. In addition, dogs are less capricious and picky about food, and pick up food on the street, which also increases the risk of poisoning. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Isoniazid is included in the list of the ten most dangerous drugs for pets due to its strong toxic effect on dogs. The overwhelming majority of publications on isoniazid poisoning in dogs are devoted to clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and histological changes are described incompletely and superficially, but they are an important step in the evaluation of the toxic effect of isoniazid. The aim of our work was to accurately and in detail describe and study histological changes in dogs who died in acute isoniazid poisoning. The work was performed on the basis of the pathomorphological department of the State Research Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise and the Department of anatomy, histology and pathological morphology of animals named V. Kasianenko of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The material for research was the corpses of three stray dogs who died suddenly. When performing work applied pathological and histological methods of research. Postmortem autopsies of dogs were performed by partial evisceration. Histological studies were conducted by standard methods. As a result of the research, it was found that acute poisoning with isoniazid is characterized by desquamation of the stomach epithelium, venous hyperemia of the liver, atrophy and necrosis of the epithelium of the renal tubules, edema of the lungs, fragmentation and fatty myocardial dystrophy, hyperemia and cerebral edema.

Therapeutic Effect of Hydrogen Injected Subcutaneously on Onion Poisoned Dogs.

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of hydrogen on the therapy of onion poisoned dogs.Material and MethodsA total of 16 adult beagle dogs were divided into two groups (control and hydrogen) and all were fed dehydrated onion powder at the dose of 10 g/kg for three days. The dogs of the experimental group were given subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL/kg of hydrogen for 12 days after making the poisoned model successful. Blood samples were collected before feeding onions, one day before injecting hydrogen, and 2 h after the injection of hydrogen on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12. Control dogs were not treated with hydrogen.ResultsThe levels of leukocyte production, anaemia, red blood cell degeneration which was reflected by the values of Heinz body count, haemolytic ratio, and oxidative products in hydrogen treated group were lower than in control dogs on some days. The capacity of medullary haematopoiesis that was based on reticulocyte counts, and the antioxidation in hydrogen group were higher compared with control group. However, the differences in renal function were not obvious in both groups.ConclusionAccordingly, it was concluded that subcutaneous injection of hydrogen could alleviate the symptoms in onion poisoned dogs.