Rodenticide Research Articles

The Independent and Combined Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training and Eugenol Consumption on Cardiac Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Chlorpyrifos Poisoned Rats

: Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide that can induce acute and chronic toxicity against the heart by affecting acetylcholinesterase (AChE or acetylhydrolase). The present study investigated the independent and combined effects of aerobic training and eugenol consumption on heart AChE in chlorpyrifos-poisoned rats. A total of 56 healthy Wistar male rats were randomly and equally assigned to several groups receiving various treatments: saline healthy-control, corn oil healthy-sham, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) healthy-sham, saline-toxic control, saline-toxic-training, eugenol-toxic control, and eugenol-toxic-training. The study groups with toxic labels initially received chlorpyrifos injections for six weeks. Then they received other treatments according to their labels (i.e., moderate-intensity aerobic training five sessions/week for six weeks and/or 250 mg/kg eugenol). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, rats were anesthetized, and their left ventricles were collected, frozen, and sent to the laboratory. The data were analyzed using one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A P-value < 0.05 was considered as a statistically significant difference between groups. The results showed that chlorpyrifos treatment decreased cardiac AChE. Besides, aerobic training and eugenol supplementation independently increased cardiac AChE in chlorpyrifos treated rats. The combination of aerobic training and eugenol consumption had no extra effect on the cardiac AChE level compared with each treatment alone in the rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, aerobic training and eugenol treatment had a positive effect on cardiac AChE in the rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. So, these interventions may be beneficial to deter the chronic effects of chlorpyrifos on the heart. Future studies should also take into account several other factors related to cardiac health.

The glutathione system in bone tissue under the action of copper-zinc ore components and antioxidants administration

Aim. To study changes in the glutathione system in bone tissue during chronic intoxication with elements contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore and antioxidant vitamin administration.
 Methods. 36 mature male white rats were divided into three groups (control, comparison, experimental). The rats of the experimental and comparison groups received intragastrically copper-zinc pyrite ore powder in a 2% starch solution as a suspension at a dosage of 60 mg/100 g bodyweight daily for three months. During the last month, the experimental group received an antioxidant vitamin preparation (the complex of vitamins with a trace element) containing -tocopherol, -carotene, ascorbic acid and selenium. The content of reduced glutathione, free thiol groups in proteins, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were determined in homogenates derived from femoral epiphysis. The statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica 6.0 software. The median (Me) and percentiles (Q1 and Q2) were calculated, a non-parametric MannWhitney U test was carried out to compare study groups.
 Results. Chronic intoxication with elements contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore causes impairment of the glutathione system in bone tissue. Intoxicated rats showed a decrease in the reduced glutathione content to 71.9% (р=0.014) and free sulfhydryl groups of proteins to 77.8% (р=0.0143), inhibition of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes activities, and disruption of the glutathione reduction system in tissues, compared to the control group. Antioxidant vitamin administration increased the levels of reduced glutathione and free thiol groups of proteins, activated the enzymes involved in the glutathione system: the reduced glutathione content increased to 94.8% (p=0.2132), glutathione peroxidase activity to 85.7% (p=0.0432), glutathione transferase up to 94.3% (p=0.5251), glutathione reductase up to 86.1% (p=0.0442) compared to the control group.
 Conclusion. Chronic intoxication with metals contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore leads to decreasing the content of reduced glutathione and free thiol groups of proteins in bones along with reducing glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, inhibition of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase; an antioxidant vitamin administration increases the activity of glutathione reduction enzymes in bone tissue, the content of reduced glutathione and free sulfhydryl groups of proteins, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase.

Simultaneous determination of 12 lipophilic shellfish toxins in plasma and urine by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

生物样品中脂溶性贝类毒素的检测,可为食物中毒等突发公共卫生事件的流行病学调查以及中毒者的临床救治提供技术支持。目前的研究存在目标化合物少,以及方法前处理复杂、灵敏度低等问题。该研究通过优化前处理和色谱分离技术,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆、尿液中12种脂溶性贝类毒素的方法。实验对提取试剂以及流动相的选择进行了优化,采用乙腈对尿液和血浆样品进行提取。采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18色谱柱(50 mm×3 mm, 2.6 μm)进行分离,以0.05%(v/v)氨水水溶液、90%(v/v)乙腈水溶液为流动相,以流速0.40 mL/min梯度洗脱时,12种目标化合物分离效果最好。串联质谱的离子源为电喷雾离子(ESI)源,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。12种目标物的基质效应均在0.8~1.1之间,表明该前处理方法的基质干扰低,采用外标法可对化合物进行准确定量。12种贝类毒素的线性范围为0.03~36.25 μg/L,相关系数均大于0.995。尿液检测的方法定量限为0.23~0.63 μg/L,血浆检测的方法定量限为0.31~0.84 μg/L。3个加标水平的回收率为72.7%~124.1%,日内精密度为2.1%~20.0%,日间精密度为2.1%~15.3%。利用该方法检测健康人尿液和血浆样本,以及经腹腔注射12种贝类毒素的小鼠尿液和血液样本。20份健康人样本中未检出目标物,20份小鼠样本中12种贝类毒素均有检出。该方法操作简便,样品取样量少,方法灵敏高,适用于血浆和尿液中脂溶性贝类毒素的快速检测。

APPLICATION METHODS OF COUMATETRALYL BAITS TO CONTROL RATTUS RATTUS DIARDII IN HIGH INFESTATION AREAS

The most widely practiced method of rat control in oil palm plantations is by baiting with anticoagulant rat poisons. Two experiments were conducted to study the efficacy and susceptibility of first-generation anticoagulant rat bait, coumatetralyl (0.375%) to control Rattus rattus diardii. In the first experiment, a laboratory trial was conducted to test two commercial coumatetralyl 0.375 per cent rat baits (5 g and 6 g) and one brodifacoum bait (5 g) in comparison with an untreated control. All the three baits provided excellent kill of Rattus rattus diardii. The results indicated that, Rattus rattus diardii from the locality of Sampit in Central Kalimantan was susceptible to first-generation anticoagulant of coumatetralyl and coumatetralyl baits were highly palatable. The laboratory findings prompted to evaluate the efficacy of first-generation bait in the field. The second experiment was conducted in an 18-year-old mature oil palm field to evaluate coumatetralyl rat bait in three baiting treatments to control high rat infestation with high fresh damage (18%; 12%; 15%; 17%) of Rattus rattus diardii. The coumatetralyl wax bait was evaluated with one bait per palm (replacement at 4 days interval), three baits per palm (replacement at 7 days interval) and five baits per palm (replacement at 7 days interval); and an untreated control treatment was included. All the three baiting treatments provided successful control of rats and reduced the rat population to a negligible level. The standard baiting treatment required nine baiting rounds. The three baits per palm and five baits per palm treatments needed eight and five baiting rounds respectively. The fresh damage on fresh fruit bunches (FFB) in all the three treatments were observed to have reduced from high level to 0 per cent. The first-generation coumatetralyl anticoagulant bait was effective for the control of Rattus rattus diardii. Hence, it is good approach to use the first-generation baits (for example coumatetralyl bait) in susceptible rat population areas until such time the change to second generation rodenticide bait is required. Placements of more baits required fewer baiting rounds but may result in over application of baits which lead to high cost. Therefore, multiple bait application is not recommended for routine baiting campaigns. It is relatively an interim measure for quick reduction of rat populations especially in high infestation areas. Keywords: Oil palm, high rat population, baiting, first-generation anticoagulant, coumatetralyl, Rattus rattus diardii.

Activity and Ranging Behavior of Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in an Oil Palm Landscape

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is the most widespread feline in Asia. It has been recorded in a range of habitats, including monoculture landscapes, such as oil palm plantations. Here, we report on a study on the presence, home range, activity patterns and diet of the species in an oil palm landscape to assess their viability as biological pest controller of rats. The study took place in United Plantations/PT SSS estate in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. From July 2014 to March 2018, we captured 11 leopard cats in purpose-built cage-traps and fitted them with VHF radio-transmitters. They were tracked for a 44 months study period, during which we collected a total of 2.031 GPS locations used for estimating the respective cats’ activities and home-ranges. The cats are strictly nocturnal and prefer to hide and rest in thick bush, primarily consisting of sword-fern (Nephrolepis sp.) during day-time, but forage both on the ground and in the palm canopy at night. The average home range (95% FK) for male leopard cats is 1.47 km2 (n = 7; SD = 0.62 km2) with slightly smaller home range for females at 1.29 km2 (n = 4; SD = 0.28 km2). All individuals studied were recorded strictly within the oil palm plantation landscape, although mangrove forest habitat makes up 7% of the greater plantation landscape. In conclusion, leopard cats survive and reproduce well in oil palm habitats and are effective biological controllers of rats that can replace the traditionally used expensive and environmentally polluting chemical rat poisons.

BIOCHEMIC AL STUDIES ON SOME AROMATIC OR MEDICINAL PLANTS

Cichorium intybus and Portulaca oleracea plants native to the north Africa, especially in Egypt have been chosen for such study due to their importance both as food and as medical plants for treating several common diseases. The present study analyzes chemical and phytochemical constituentes of Portulaca oleracea and Cichorium intybus and evaluates their therapeutic roles on liver, kidney functions and complete blood count in H2O2 intoxicated rats. Six groups of experimental animals are fed on basal diet, five of them intoxicated with H2O2 in drinking water then treated with Portulaca oleracea and Cichorium intybus extracts. This study shows that the total phenolics and total flavonoids contents in Cichorium intybus extracts are higher than that in the Portulaca oleracea extracts. Cichorium intybus extract at orally dose of 75 mg/kg bw improve liver, kidney functions and normalize hematological parameters. It also decreases the MDA level, increases SOD and CAT activities. Cichorium intybus has hepatorenal protective effect as it can protect tissue from free radicals and may provide a cushion for a prolonged therapeutic option against liver and kidney diseases without harmful side effects.

Comparison of the Histopathological Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Cadmium-intoxicated Rabbits

This study compared the effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles on biochemical and histopathological changes of cadmium-intoxicated rabbits. Forty white New Zealand rabbits were equally distributed into four groups. The Control group received saline orally while the negative control group received six-week oral administrations of cadmium 5 mg/kg. The third group received oral administration of selenium nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). The fourth group received cerium oxide nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). After six weeks, serum was obtained by the conventional methods, and then rabbits were sacrificed to obtain liver, kidney, and testis tissues for histopathological examinations. The oral administrations of Cadmium 5 mg/kg caused significant elevations in serum liver enzyme levels, serum BUN, serum creatinine, and lipid peroxidation levels (P<0.05). The histopathological investigations showed necrosis and inflammations in the liver, kidney, and testis of rabbits. Selenium nanoparticles oral administrations at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg significantly reduced liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histopathological changes. The cadmium intoxicated rats treated with Cerium oxide nanoparticles showed normal biochemical and histopathological parameters (P<0.05). The current study proved the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles in cadmium intoxicated rabbits; however, cerium oxide nanoparticles were more effective.

The optimal dose of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) for providing protective effects against CCl4‐induced hepatic damage in rats

AbstractLarvae of edible insects Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) is well known in Korean traditional medicine for improvement of blood circulation. This study focused on the optimal dose of P. brevitarsis larvae for protection against CCl4‐induced hepatic injury in rats. The optimal dose of P. brevitarsis larvae was estimated by intraperitoneal administration of 100, 300, 1,000, or 3,000 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days, to CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity rats. CCl4 administration showed much higher levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, compared to control groups. Also, histopathological results showed extensive liver lesions, characterized by substantial necrosis, steatosis, and hemorrhage. In addition, an increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) level and decreased fibrinogen level was observed in the CCl4 groups. In contrast, the treatment of P. brevitarsis larvae showed significant protection against the CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity reducing the serum AST and ALT activities (P < 0.05); the lowest level of serum AST and ALT activities were observed in the group treated with 100 and 300 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with P. brevitarsis larvae at 100 and 300 mg/mL significantly reduced PT and aPTT values, and increased the fibrinogen level, when compared to the CCl4‐treatment alone (P < 0.05). In intoxicated rats, the doses of P. brevitarsis larvae greater than 300 mg/kg did not enhance its protective action (1,000 mg/mL group) or was not as effective (3,000 mg/mL group). The results indicate that P. brevitarsis larvae revealed a protective effect against CCl4 acute hepatotoxicity including coagulation disorders and the optimum dose was 300 mg/kg.

Rescue effects of Se-enriched rice on physiological and biochemical characteristics in cadmium poisoning mice.

Cadmium (Cd) is an element injurious for human health and is possibly toxic to organisms at minor concentrations. While some of other trace metallic elements have antagonistic features to it. One of them is the interaction between selenium (Se) and Cd in plant different organs. Literature review disclosed that the intake of Se to some extent can reduce the accumulation of Cd in plants, while the research on of trace metallic elements (Cd) and Se-enriched food (rice) in the living body has rarely been reported. This study intended to explore whether there was a mitigating effect of Se-enriched rice on mice poisoned with Cd. A mouse model of low-dose and high-dose Cd poisoning was established (supplemented with cadmium chloride(CdCl2·2½H20)), followed by feeding two groups (1) Se-enriched rice and (2) setting an equal amount of inorganic Se group. After that, the impact of Se-enriched rice on the antioxidant activity was evaluated. The Se-enriched diet enhanced the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enzyme activities of GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px) in mice livers and kidney whereas significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Moreover, the degree of physiological damage in mice with low cadmium poisoning was significantly alleviated, and the expression of antioxidant genes (Nrf-2, GPX1, TrxR2, TNF-2) was increased. In conclusion, the Se-enriched diet has a positive effect on the biological effects in mice, and it can be used as a daily diet to resist damage to the body's low Cd state and support enzymatic antioxidant systems by eliminating oxidative injury.

The Use of Pesticides in Suicide Attempts in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

In parallel with common usage areas, pesticide poisonings are encountered in the community due to reasons such as no wearing of protective clothing and masks during use, unintentional consumption and suicide-intended intake. In this study was aimed to examine the cases who applied to the emergency department with pesticide poisoning and share of suicide cases. This study is a retrospective record study based on the files of 234 patients who reported to the emergency department for pesticide and rodenticide poisoning between 2014 and 2018. The patients were compared in terms of sociodemographic, substance type, prognosis, and accident/suicide status. Chi-square test, Binary logistic regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Organophosphates was the most common substance recorded as a cause of poisoning, while rat poison placed second. 38% of the acute poisoning cases were suicide attempts. Poisoning among men was found to be prominently due to accident whiles among women suicidal poisoning was more prominent. While the mortality rate is 4.7% in all acute intoxication cases, the mortality rate in poisonings with suicidal purposes is 5.6%. Patients with psychiatric diseases have a 28-fold higher risk of intoxication of attempting suicide. The most common comorbid psychiatric disorders in acute pesticide poisoning are anxiety and depression. A major proportion of pesticide poisoning cases is suicide attempts. Suicide attempt is at the forefront in women and death rates are higher in people with psychiatric illness. It may be advisable to avoid the easy accessibility of pesticides.

TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning

Patient Education| 2021 TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document329 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Subjects: TIPP - The Injury Prevention Program Topics: poisoning, poisons Young children may put anything in their mouths. This is part of learning. Many household products can be poisonous if swallowed, if in contact with the skin or eyes, or if inhaled. MEDICINES: Vitamins with iron, cough and cold medicine, allergy and asthma medicine, and pain and fever medicineHOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS: Cleaning products, mothballs, furniture polish, drain cleaners, weed killers, insect or rat poisons, lye, paint thinners, laundry or dishwasher detergent, antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, gasoline, kerosene, and lamp oil Keep harmful products locked up and out of your child’s sight and reach.Use safety latches or locks on drawers and cabinets where you keep dangerous items.Take extra care during stressful times and when you are away from home.Call medicine by its correct name. You do not want to confuse the child by calling medicine “candy.”Always replace the... © 2020 American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. You do not currently have access to this content.

Protective Effect of Ipomoea staphylina Against Cadmium-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats

The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Ipomoea staphylina leaves against cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were segregated into four groups which included normal control, cadmium treated, Cd+ Ipomoea staphylina (200 mg/kg) treated, and Cd+ Ipomoea staphylina (400 mg/kg) treated. The cadmium treatment resulted in a significant increase in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Also, a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein was noticed after cadmium treatment. On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein was significantly decreased following cadmium treatment. A significant decline in the activity of antioxidant enzymes was observed in cadmium intoxicated rats. Moreover, cadmium intoxicated rats resulted in significant increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and nitric oxide in the cardiac tissue. Supplementation of Ipomoea staphylina leaves extract to cadmium treated rats reversed most of the indices. The extract (400 mg/kg) revealed better protective effects by decreasing the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and improving the lipid profile. Besides, the extract also significantly improved the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and nitric oxide. Further, the histopathological study of heart supported the protective effects of Ipomoea staphylina leaves extract. The study, therefore, concludes that Ipomoea staphylina leaves extract holds a strong protective effect against cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd extract alleviates cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration induced by infusion of amyloid beta (1–42) in rats

Background: There is a constant hunt for the development of new therapeutic alternative to address Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its failing attempts in the evolution of new therapies and suboptimal results from the existing pharmacological interventions for the treatment of this severe neurodegenerative disease. Vernonia anthelmintica is an extensively used medicinal plant in Indian traditional medicine with wide range of therapeutic values. However, there is insufficient scientific documentation available for its protective effect against cognitive disorders. Objectives: The objective of the current investigation is to explore the neuroprotective activity of methanolic extract of V. anthelmintica (MEVA) in amyloid-beta (Aβ) (1–42) infused sporadic model of AD. Materials and Methods: Adult healthy male Wistar rats were treated orally with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of MEVA for 28 days, after a week from intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) infusion of Aβ (1–42) peptides followed by assessment of neurobehavioral deficits. Subsequently, animals were euthanized and brains were collected for estimation and quantification of neurochemical biomarkers including antioxidant enzymes, neurotransmitters, plaque load, and inflammatory mediators. Results: Dose-dependent reversal of cognitive impairment was observed upon MEVA treatment in amyloid intoxicated rats as corroborated by improved learning and memory and diminished oxidative stress, cholinergic hypofunction, and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ (1–42). Conclusion: Collectively, evidence-based data suggested the promising neurotherapeutic potential of V. anthelmintica and thereby can stand as a novel entity for curbing AD pathology.

Horses, and: Berlin

Horses, and: Berlin Rachel Mannheimer (bio) Horses There were two movies that summer about boys and their horses.In the first, we didn’t cry when the horse was killed, but near the end.We didn’t watch the second one. I cried all through the trailer, not knowing who might die. This before Nebraska, where,driving to the Hy-Vee, we saw two horses standing side by sidebut back to front, so that I thought I’d seen a single being with two heads. Like feelings. I could never say which were distinct.I only knew the names of three and sometimes, like my mom—top of the stairs, late afternoon—I’d holler the wrong one down. [End Page 34] Berlin Maybe Dan was right. When we see a bodystilled—poisoned rat, bird that hit the glass,don’t know what happened to the squirrel—it startles us. But we’re accustomed to a photograph.So a picture of a personis no person. Something made. He didn’t call or write after my mom died.I’d forgiven worse. Forgetting himbetween the times I saw him was essentialto the way I loved the shadows on his face. At the Gemäldegalerie, there were so many waysto be a mom—so many babies one could have.Botticelli’s sweet, walleyed Maria,the infant vain and knowing on her lap.And then these Flemish babies—one a jointed, bleached-wood doll,one a hairless cat. Madonna and child in the Maso di Bancoregard each other like a fond and fussy couple—he reaches out as though to steal a morselfrom her plate. All their sons died young and terribly.Loyal to so manyalready-livingpeople,I didn’t want to meet someone brand-new. [End Page 35] Rachel Mannheimer Rachel Mannheimer was born and raised in Anchorage, Alaska, and lives in New Haven, Connecticut. Her first book, Earth Room (Changes Press, 2022), was the inaugural winner of the Bergman Prize, selected by Louise Glück. Copyright © 2021 Middlebury college

Screening Dietary Herbs for Health Intervention on Mass Cadmium Poisoning

Objective: Mass cadmium (Cd) poisoning is a serious health problem in many parts of the world. We propose that dietary intervention can be a practical solution to this problem. This study aimed to identify effective dietary products from traditional Chinese herbs that can detoxify Cd. Design: Five candidate herbal foods with detoxifying potential were selected and subjected to mouse toxicological tests. The chemical composition and dose-response effects of licorice on mouse hepatocytes were determined. Licorice was selected for further tests to examine its effects on growth, tissue Cd accumulation, and gut and liver fitness of mice. The expression of hepatic metallothionein (Mt) genes was quantified in vitro in hepatocytes and in vivo in liver tissues of mice. Results: The results showed that licorice dietary intervention was effective in reducing blood Cd by > 50% within 1 month. Cd was also substantially reduced in the heart and lung tissues, but increased 2.1-fold in the liver. The liver of Cd poisoned mice improved with licorice intervention. Licorice treatment significantly induced Cd accumulation and expression of the Mt1 gene in hepatic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Licorice intake substantially altered gut microbial structure and enriched Parabacteroides distasonis. Omics results showed that licorice improved gut metabolism, particularly the metabolic pathways for glycyrrhizin, bile acids, and amino acids. Conclusion: Dietary licorice effectively reduced mouse blood Cd and had a profound impact on liver and gut fitness. We conclude that herbal licorice can be used as a dietary intervention for mass Cd poisoning. Funding: This work was supported by the Hebei Provincial Science Fund or Distinguished Young Scholars (No. D2018503005), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFD0800306), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41877414 and 31700228). Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hebei Science and Technical Bureau, China

甘草提取液和海尔福清千口服液对铅染毒小鼠的干预效果的试验

甘草提取液和海尔福清千口服液对铅染毒小鼠的干预效果的试验

Hematological parameters in rats poisoned with cadmium nitrate and in biocorrection with the infusion of Beta vulgaris seeds

Nowadays, using plant extracts and infusions as protectors against the impact of heavy metals, the molecular mechanisms, protective and adaptive reactions of plants are studied. The purpose of this article was to study the protective properties of beetroot seeds infusion in acute and sub-acute poisoning of rats with cadmium nitrate. For this experiment, we used 50 male rats. The animals were exposed to Cd nitrate, with an initial weight of 180 ± 30 g. The first groups of rats were injected with cadmium nitrate at a dose of 0.1 g/L intraperitoneally, the second groups received a 0.01 % solution of cadmium nitrate, 1 mL, 5 days a week, orally for 10 and 24 days. General blood tests and biochemical parameters in rats were investigated. By biochemical parameters, we determined liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, glucose, urea, creatinine, and total protein. The mean ± SEM values were calculated for each group to determine the significance of the intergroup difference. Each parameter was analyzed separately using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. To determine the difference between groups, Student’s «t»-test was used. Studies showed the presence of variations in the parameters of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets depending on the period of days of poisoning and biocorrection. There were small changes in the content of urea, creatinine, and protein, which were not reliably confirmed. As a result, our research allowed asserting that the use of Beta vulgaris infusion in acute and subacute experiments with poisoning of animals with cadmium nitrate had a positive hepatoprotective effect.

Road-crossings, vegetative cover, land use and poisons interact to influence corridor effectiveness

Landscape connectivity is essential to conserving resilient wildlife populations in the Anthropocene. Maintaining connectivity requires preserving or restoring patches of habitat, accounting for the behavioral factors that determine movement between patches and mitigating threats. We measured natural and anthropogenic features that influence movement and mortality for bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a system threatened with complete isolation by urbanization. Our overarching objective was to inform local land acquisition and restoration to maintain two last-chance wildlife corridors. We collected five-minute movement data from 36 bobcats in central California to assess features of road-crossing hotspots and model habitat selection, including functional responses to housing densities and vegetation. We collected opportunistic mortalities and assessed rat poison exposure to evaluate edge effects as acute threats. Bobcats strongly selected for natural vegetation, evident at the level of a single tree or shrub. Individuals selected low-density housing (<5 houses/ha) yet avoided high-density housing development and monoculture agriculture. Narrow (<25 m wide) riparian strips were critical to connectivity. Bobcats successfully crossed the busiest highway in the landscape but frequently died when crossing a less-trafficked road with a high median barrier. Vehicles and disease were dominant sources of mortality, while 94% of bobcats were exposed to rat poisons despite California's 2014 regulations implemented to reduced wildlife exposure. Maintaining landscape connectivity requires conserving key habitats, mitigating the effects of infrastructure, and sustaining populations of highly mobile, healthy individuals. Our findings have driven conservation action through land acquisition. We demonstrate how robust, rapid data collection can facilitate real-world conservation outcomes.

Evaluation of the Effect of Nigella sativa Oil’s Unsaponifiable Fraction on Oxidative Stress Markers in Carbon Tetrachloride-liver Damage Model

Background/Aim: Liver disease constitutes a public health problem at the global level. This study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the total oil’s unsaponifiable fraction (UF) of a medicinal plant called Nigella sativa. Methods: The extraction of unsaponifiables from the total seed oil of the medicinal plant Nigella sativa was carried out according to the standardized methods of the European Pharmacopoeia (Edition 5.0). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is hepatotoxic with mandatory and predictable action of the indirect type. Acute poisoning of Male albino rats with 1:1 (v/v) mixture of CCl4 and olive oil (3 ml/Kg b.w. of rat by subcutaneous injection) induces considerable liver pain. Results: Nigella sativa UF is found to be rich in tocopherols; its administration as a curative or preventive treatment to poisoned animals results in a very significant reduction in transaminases (ALT, AST) and ALP. Histological study shows that livers are in better condition than those of intoxicated rats. The statute of enzymes and antioxidant molecules (SOD, CATA, GSH, MDA) has significantly improved. Conclusion: Measurable biological evidence has been given to the use of such extract as effective substances against hepatic diseases.

Assessment of Nephroprotective Potential of Ethanolic Extract Premna Tomentosa (Ept) in Alcohol Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

The nephroprotective prospective of Premna tomentosa extract against Alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats was investigated in the present study. The characterization of ethanol extract of Premna tomentosa (EPT) was performed using standard phytochemical analysis. Male albino wistar rats 36 in numbers were divided into 6 groups including control, negative control, positive control and various doses of EPT Treated groups; Nephrotoxicity was induced by alcohol (1ml/100gm b.wt) in animals. Rats intoxicated with Alcohol were fed with 500, 750 mg/kg dose of EPT and Liv 52 (1ml/100gm b.wt) for 60 days. Results show that EPT (500mg/kg b.wt) had a significant effect against alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats than EPT (750mg/kg b.wt) in blood parameters and consonantly good histopathological changes in kidney. The deleterious histopathological alterations in kidney associated with glomerular and tubular changes in alcohol intoxicated rats was evident. This result shows Premna tomentosa may be used as supplementary drug for alcoholics.