Pod Initiation Stage Research Articles

Effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid on growth, yield and economics of blackgram

A field experiment was conducted at the research field of Pulses Research Unit, Washim Road, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (Maharashtra) during Kharif season of 2018, to study the effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid on growth, yield and economics of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). In blackgram, 11 treatments comprising gibberellic acid management practices (application of 15, 30, 45 ppm GA3 at flower and pod initiation stages and control) were tested. Results indicated that two applications of 30ppm GA3 at flower and pod initiation stages recorded significantly number of pods/cluster, length of pod (cm),number of grains/pod, number of pods/plant, grain yield/plant (g), grain yield (kg/ha) and gross monetary returns than no application of the GA3. The same treatment recorded higher rain water use efficiency and higher gross returns.

Effect of Foliar Application of Urea on Growth and Yield of Short Durative Lentil Variety (BARI Masur-9)

An experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jashore, Bangladesh during rabi season of (2019-2020) to evaluate the effect of foliar application of urea on growth and yield of short durative lentil variety (BARI Masur-9). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications where time of urea spraying, P1= at branching stage, P2= at pod initiation stage were distributed in main plots and doses of urea spraying T1= application of 100% recommended fertilizers as basal except urea, T2= application of 100% recommended fertilizers as basal, T3= application of 75% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 25% of urea by spraying, T4= application of 25% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 75% of urea by spraying, T5= application of 50% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 50% of urea by spraying were distributed in sub plots. The highest plant height, number of pods per plant were obtained from application of 75% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 25% of urea spraying at pod initiation stage. The highest seed yield was also found from application of 75% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 25% of urea spraying at pod initiation stage followed by application of 100% recommended fertilizers as basal and application of 50% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 50% of urea by spraying at branching stage. Plant height, pods per plant and days to maturity showed positive correlation with seed yield. On the other hand days to flower and plants per m2 has no linear relationship with seed yield. The highest marginal benefit cost ratio (3.29) was recorded from application of 75% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 25% of urea by spraying at pod initiation stage. So based on findings to increase the yield potential of BARI Masur-9 foliar application of urea may be a tool and hence application of 75% of urea with 100% of other fertilizers as basal and rest of the 25% of urea by spraying at pod initiation stage may be consider as the best treatment.

Impact of foliar spray of nutrients seed yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Soybean yield was significantly influenced by the foliar spray of nutrients and highest yield was recorded with RDF+19-19-19 (NPK) @ 2% foliar spray at pod initiation stage (3132 kg/ha) which was on par with RDF+DAP @ 2%foliar spray (2976 kg/ha). But, highest net returns and B:C ratio was recorded with RDF+urea @ 2%.

Influence of Foliar Application of Nutrient on Growth, Yield, Economics, Soil Nutritional Status and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean

A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at an experimental farm of MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India to study the influence of foliar application of nutrient on growth, yield, economics, soil nutritional status and nutrient uptake of soybean crop. An experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprising of three replications and nine treatments. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was applied as basal application to all treatments. Seven treatments consisted of different doses of nutrients as foliar application at pod initiation stage. Water spray at pod initiation stage and RDF alone were treated as control. The results revealed that, growth attributes, nodulation and its weight, morpho-physiological parameters, yield and its attributes, nutritional parameters and economics significantly differed by various foliar nutrition treatments except control and RDF + water spray. RDF + Urea 2% (3098 kg ha-1) gave significantly higher seed yield over control (2704 kg ha-1) and RDF + water spray (2686 kg ha-1) but was at par with RDF + DAP 2% (3050 kg ha-1), RDF + MOP 0.5% (2992 kg ha-1) and RDF + Molybdenum 0.5% (2955 kg ha-1). The increase in seed yield with foliar application of 2% Urea along with RDF was 14.57% over control and 15.34% over RDF + water spray. Higher net returns (Rs. 49,006/- ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.23:1) was obtained in treatment RDF + Urea 2% followed by RDF + DAP 2% foliar spray. Availability of N, P and K was significantly higher with treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar spray over control and RDF + water spray. N and P uptake by soybean plants was significantly higher in treatment RDF + 2% Urea over RDF + water spray and RDF alone (control).

Nodulation pattern and its association with seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasms

The present research was designed to ascertain some new high yielding chickpea germplasms with associated desirable nodulation pattern. Evaluation of sixty chickpea germplasms collected from different sources were assessed at Calcutta University’s experimental farm during rabi season for four consecutive years from which twenty five were selected as high yielding germplasms. These high yielding germplasms were chosen to evaluate the nodulation pattern at various physiological stages under field conditions. In all three physiological stages, highly significant differences were observed for the traits like the number of nodules plant-1, nodule fresh weight, nodule dry weight and seed yield plant-1 except nodule size. Positive and significant genotypic associations were found between numbers of nodule plant-1, nodule fresh weight, nodule dry weight with seed yield plant-1. Digbijoy, CUSL4 and CUML4 could be considered as worthy resources in future due to high nodulation pattern and presence of active nitrogenase enzymes at pod initiation stage.

Effect of foliar fertilization at early reproductive stage on growth, productivity and profitability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

A field experiment was conducted at research farm of PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) for consecutive three years (2015–2017) to study the effect of foliar application of different nutrients at early reproductive stage (R3 stage) on growth, productivity and profitability of soybean. The experiment comprised of eight treatments of foliar nutrient application at pod initiation stage along with the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). The treatments were: water spray, urea 2% spray, diammonium phosphate (DAP) 2% spray, muriate of potash (MOP) 0.5% spray, NPK 19:19:19 (N:P2O5:K2O) 2% spray, molybdenum 0.1% spray, zinc chelated 0.5% spray and no spray (control). Results revealed that different treatments of foliar nutrients did not significantly influence the growth attributes; however, foliar application of 2% urea yielded significantly higher number of pods plant−1 than other treatments and was at par with RDF + 0.5% MOP. Foliar application of 2% urea also gave the highest seed yield, gross returns and net returns and was statistically at par with spray of 0.5% MOP, 2% DAP, 0.5% chelated zinc and 0.1% molybdenum (except net returns). It may be concluded that foliar application of 2% urea at pod initiation stage provides highest seed yield, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio.

Population dynamics of Apion clavipes Gerst on Mungbean

Apion clavipes Gerst is economically important pest of mungbean in the low land of North Shewa, Ethiopia. For successful management of the pest, study on field phenology and population density is very crucial. Hence, this study which focused on evaluating the occurrence and activities of adult and immature stages of A. clavipes. The monitoring of population fluctuation of growth stages of A. clavipes in line with vegetative to maturity of mungbean was undertaken in two fields during the main season of 2015. The results revealed that the adults and larvae of A. clavipes started appearing with vegetative and pod initiation stage, respectively. The population gradually increased to grain filling stage. The peak population of adult and larva coincided with early and full grain filling stage, respectively, as it provided the substrate for oviposition and subsequent development of immature stages. Thereafter, adult and larval population gradually declined when the crop attained its maturity. Thus, life cycle of A. clavipes is observed to get well synchronized with the phenology of mungbean. Consequently timing of management measures before the pest cause economic damage becomes critical for its effective IPM.

Moisture stress induced changes in metabolites and cellular functions in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes

The present investigation was aimed to study influence of moisture stress in in vitro identified tolerant (GL28151, RSG963, PDG3) and sensitive (GL22044, GNG1861, PBG1) chickpea genotypes under field conditions. Moisture stress treatments included crop sown with one pre-sowing irrigation (WSVFP), irrigation withheld at flower initiation stage (WSF), irrigation withheld at pod initiation stage (WSP) and control (irrigated as and when required). Osmolytes (in seeds) viz. total soluble sugars, starch, proline, cellular functions; relative water content, membrane permeability index and lipid peroxidation (in leaves), antioxidant enzymes (at pod filling stage) viz. peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase were estimated in chickpea seeds under control and stressed conditions. WSVFP was most severely affected by moisture stress followed by WSP and WSF and emphasized on pod intuition stage as critical stage attributable to hindered transport of assimilates towards formation of pods and development of seeds under stress imposed by lack of sufficient moisture. Highest accumulation of total soluble sugars (73.33), starch (73.12), proline (2.04) in mg/g fresh weight, least percentage reduction over control in relative water content (20.3), membrane permeability index (18.8) and minimal lipid peroxidation (31.3) accompanied by significantly enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes under WSVFP rendered moisture stress tolerance in RSG963. The pronounced cellular damage, lesser alleviation in the content of osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes activity was observed in sensitive genotype GL22044 under stress treatments. High molecular weight protein bands were found either absent or of low intensity in sensitive genotypes (GL22044, GNG1861 and PBG1) under severe stress treatment (WSVFP).

Effect of seed hydro-priming and urea spray on yield parameters, yield and quality of lentil (Lens culinaris medikus)

Field experiments were conducted for three years at Pulses and Oilseeds Research Station, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India during rabi 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the effects of seed hydro-priming and urea spray in lentil. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with four replications having ten treatment combinations viz. two levels of seed priming as factor A and five levels of foliar spray of 2% urea solution as factor B. Experimental results revealed that growth, yield attributing characters, yield and seed protein content of lentil were significantly influenced by seed hydro-priming, urea spray and interaction effects of these two factors. Significantly higher seed yield was obtained under the water soaking treatment (1211 kg ha-1) as compared to no soaking (1169 kg ha-1). Among the foliar spray treatments, two sprays at branching and pod initiation stages recorded the highest seed yield (1271 kg ha-1) of lentil cultivar WBL-58 followed by one spray at flower initiation stage (1236 kg ha-1) irrespective of seed priming. Among the interaction effects, two sprays at branching and pod initiation along with water soaking recorded the highest seed yield (1295 kg ha-1) followed by one spray at flower initiation along with water soaking (1265 kg ha-1). Seed hydro-priming and urea spray were found to increase the seed yield of lentil to the tune of 17.9 % and seed protein content by 19% over their non application.

Evaluation of some insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly <italic>Melanagromyza obtusa</italic> Mall

The present investigation was conducted during <italic>kharif</italic> 2011-12 on field of Department of Agricultural Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment was planned in randomized block design with gross plot size 4.2 x 4.4 m<sup>2</sup> and net plot size 3.0 x 4.0 m<sup>2</sup> with twelve treatments replicated thrice with the object to study the effect of some insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly, <italic>Melanagromyza obtuse</italic>. In evaluation studyten treatments were tested against pod fly, <italic>Melanagromyza obtuse</italic>. on pigeonpea. The result revealed that treatment Deltamethrin 1 EC + Triazophos 35 EC emerged as the most effective treatment against <italic>M. obtusa</italic> in minimizing the damage to green and drypods as well as grains. Thiaclopride 21.7 SC and Profenophos 50 EC were found significantly effective in minimizing the cumulative mean per cent infestation of pod flyof pigeonpea. These findings indicate that the pigeonpea crop required two sprays of newer insecticides from pod initiation stage at 15 days interval for the management of pigeonpea pod fly, <italic>Melanagromyza obtusa.</italic>

Effects of Soil Applications of Micro-Nutrients and Chelating Agent Citric Acid on Mineral Nutrients in Soybean Seeds

Micro-nutrient deficiency in soil results in crop yield loss and poor seed quality. Correcting this deficiency is normally done by foliar or soil application. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of soil applications of five micro-nutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B) alone and in combination with a chelating agent citric acid (CA) on soybean leaf and seed nutrients. Source of micro-nutrient compounds were MnCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, MoO3, and H3BO3. Our hypothesis was that micro-and macro-nutrients may be transported to leaves and then to seeds at different rates. They may interact synergistically or competitively during the uptake process. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, Itta Bena, Mississippi, USA. Soybean cultivar, Bolivar (maturity group V), was applied with micro-nutrients-chelating agent citric acid at V3 and R3 (pod initiation) stage. The results showed that applications of Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased three unrolled trifoliate leaves Cu, Zn, B by 26.5%, 13.8%, 113% and Mo increased to 179 mg/kg, respectively in the leaves. Also, the application of “Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased Cu, Zn, B by 55.5%, 8.2%, 28.6% and Mo increased to 202 mg/kg” respectively in soybean seeds. Application of Mn had no direct effect on increasing Mn either in leaves or in seeds, however, Mn and Mn + CA treatment affected other mineral contents. Application of Cu, Zn, Mo, B and CA increased macro-nutrients K, N, P, Mg, and S. Irrespective of the applications, the nutrient increase trend in seed was Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu > Mo. However, Mo application resulted in the following seed nutrient accumulation pattern: Na > Mo > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu. This may suggest that Mo had higher mobility to seeds than other micro-nutrients. Combination of soil application of Mo + CA increased Mo in leaves at V3 stage; however, Mo + CA soil application during pod-filling stage had no significant effects on Mo accumulation in seeds. The current research showed that some micro-nutrient application with the chelating agent CA could increase seed nutrients. Since these results are conducted under greenhouse experiments, further research under field conditions is needed before conclusive recommendations are made.

Relationship between Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Soybean(Glycine maxL. Merrill) Genotypes under variable Photoperiods

Photosynthetic rate and leaf area index are the most important traits for determining the yield of soybean. LAI, photosynthetic rate and growth efficiency during the different growth and developmental stages of soybean were strongly influenced by variable photoperiods. The objective was to investigate the alteration of source-sink of different maturity group soybean genotypes under variable photoperiods (longer and shorter) and to examine the dynamics of LAI, photosynthetic rate and growth efficiency (CGR and RGR) at the different growth and develop-ment stages. Fifteen soybean genotypes of three maturity groups were grown under variable pho-toperiods at Punjab Agricultural University, Lu-dhiana, India in a Randomized Block Design along with three replications. LAI and photosyn-thetic rate were recorded at vegetative, flowering and pod initiation stages of each photoperiod. Growth efficiency was measured at two intervals i.e. 30–45 DAS and 45–60 DAS. Significant varia-tions were found for LAI, photosynthetic rate, growth efficiency, duration from R1 to R8 period and yield contributing traits within each maturity groups. Late maturity group genotypes had higher LAI, Photosynthetic rate, CGR, RGR and yield attributes traits than medium and early ones under both the photoperiodic conditions. A strong positive relation was found for LAI, photo-synthetic rate and crop growth rate with grain yield per plant in late maturity group genotypes. The confirmation obtained in the present studies further proved that photoperiods influence the whole life cycle of soybean crop.

English

Twenty chickpea genotypes were grown under rainout shelter to investigate the influence of water stress treatments imposed at varied growth stages; T1; Control, T2; One pre-sowing irrigation, T3; withholding irrigation at flower-initiation, T4; withholding irrigation at pod-initiation stage. The plant height, branches, dry weight of stem, leaves and root plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index were recorded at 120 days after sowing (DAS) which showed significant variation with water stress at varied growth stages. The maximum reduction in height and branches was observed when irrigation was restricted at T2 stage. Restricted irrigation decreased the biomass of stem, leaves and roots leading to reduced leaf area and leaf area index as well. The yield traits viz. 100 seed weight, total number of pods, percentage filled pods were reduced significantly under stress. The grain yield under restricted conditions was reduced by 40.50 to 55.91% over irrigated control in T4 to T2, respectively. Among the tested genotypes, GL28151, RSG963, PDG3 maintained higher growth, yield and yield traits showing their tolerance to water stress, while GL22044, RSG1861 and RVSSG4 were adversely affected most in growth traits and yield as well.   Key words: Water stress, chickpea, growth traits, yield.

Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Potassium Fertilizer on Soybean Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of potassium (K) on leaf and seed mineral concentration levels, and seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals). Soybean cultivar (Pioneer 95470) of maturity group 5.7 was grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design. Treatment consisted of two concentrations of foliar K application (T1, rate of 1.75% and T2, rate of 2.5%) and soil application (T3, rate of 190 mg/kg and T4, rate of 380 mg/kg). Potassium was applied for each type at V3 (vegetative) and R3 (beginning of seed pod initiation) stages. The results showed higher K and S concentrations in leaves in T1 and T2. The concentrations of B and Zn decreased in all treatments, whereas Fe concentration increased in T1 and T3. In seeds, most mineral concentrations were stable, except for Fe which increased in both T1 and T3. Seed protein percentage increased 3.0% in T3 compared with the control (no K application). Seed oil percentage showed a general decrease in all the treatments, except for 3.2% increase in T4. Palmitic acid percentages showed significant increase in all concentrations, the highest percentage increase of 16.9% was observed in T4. Stearic acid increased in T2 and T3. Linoleic acid percentages increased in both foliar treatments, but linolenic acid percentage increased in high soil treatment T4 alone, with an increase of 12.2% in comparison to the control. Significant decrease (15.8%) in linoleic acid was found in foliar application, T2. Oleic acid decreased uniformly in all treatments, where the highest decrease (19.2%) was observed in soil application, T4. Our research demonstrated that both foliar and soil application of K were found to selectively alter seed composition. Further research is needed to be conducted under field conditions before conclusions can be made.

Study of Different Moisture Stress Mitigation Techniques for Rabi Urdbean (Vigna mungo(L.) Hepper)

The experiment was conducted to find out appropriate moisture stress mitigation technique for rabi urdbean under rainfed conditions. The different moisture stress mitigation techniques viz., 2% KCl, 6% Kaolin, soil mulch, removal and incorporation of alternative rows, 2% KCl + 0.1% Boron, 2% Urea, 0.1% Nitrophosk (19:19:19 N:P:K), 0.1% Boron were tried along with absolute control and water spray. Among the different treatments, 2% KCl + 0.1% Boron spray at flowering and pod initiation stages recorded significantly higher grain yield (724 kg/ha) than other treatments (460–555 kg/ha) except 6% Kaolin (629kg/ha). Whereas gross returns ( 37898/ha), net returns ( 29138/ha) output/input (2.66) and energy use efficiency (81.35 kg/1000 MJ) were significantly higher in the treatment 2% KCl + 0.1% Boron over others.

The effect of phosphorus deficiency on nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic rate in mashbean, mungbean and soybean

Phosphorous (P) fertilization is the major mineral nutrient yield determinant among legume crops. However, legume crops vary widely in the ability to take up and use P during deficiency. The aim here was to compare P uptake and translocation, biological nitrogen fixing ability and photosynthetic rate among mashbean (Vigna aconitifolia cv. ‘Mash-88’), mungbean (Vigna radiata cv. ‘Moong-6601’) and soybean (Glycine max L. cv. ‘Tamahomare’) during deficiency in hydroponics. Two treatments, the withdrawal of P from the solution (P-deprivation) and continued P at 160 μM (P sufficient) were effected at the pod initiation stage. Plants were grown for 20 days. Short-term labeling with 32P showed the uptake and distribution of P into plant parts. Withdrawal of P from the solution reduced biomass, photosynthetic activity, and nitrogen fixing ability in mungbean, and mashbean more than in soybean. P deprivation decreased P accumulation more than N accumulation. The decrease was more severe in mungbean and mashbean than soybean. More P was translocated and distributed into leaves in soybean than in mungbean and mashbean. Leaf P amount was more correlated to leaf area than to photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area among all three legume species. The results indicate that selection for increased efficiency of P utilization and leaf area may be used to improve leguminous crops.

Effect of sowing date, irrigation and spacing on nodulation, dry matter and yield of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

An experiment was conducted during summer season of 1993 and 1994 to study the effects of sowing date, irrigation and spacing on nodulation, dry-matter production and yield of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), at Kalyani. Sowing on 15 February recorded significantly highest number of noduleslplant, dry weight of nodules and dry weight of podslplant and pod yield than that on 15 January. Irrigation had no significant effect on nodulation. Two irrigations given at first phase of flowering and pod initiation recorded higher shoot and pod dry weightlplant than 1 irrigation. Three irrigations resulted in highest pod yield (2, 420 kglha) and moisture stress at pod-development stage and both at pod initiation and development stages reduced pod yield by 13.4 and 44.2 % respectively. The crop sown at 25 cm x 12 cm spacing recorded the highest nodules/plant,shoot dry weight and pod yield.

Dissipation of Lindane and Fenvalerate Residues in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Indian Climatic Conditions

Dissipation behavior of lindane 20 EC (400 and 800 g a.i./ha) and fenvalerate 0.4% dust (75 and 150 g a.i./ha) applied on chickpea (var. H 208) for controlling pod borer under field conditions during rabi 1994–1995 at pod initiation stage was studied. Grains from lower dose of lindane at harvest contained residues below maximum residue limit value (0.25 μg g−1), whereas no measurable amount of fenvalerate residues were found in grains of both doses at harvest. A waiting period of 7 days for lindane and 1 day for fenvalerate is suggested from point of hazards due to residues, when applied at recommended dose. The residues calculated from consumption of chickpea (60 g/person/day) is much below the maximum permissible intake of lindane and fenvalerate; hence the recommended doses can be considered safe from point of view of hazards to humans.

Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Water Potential, Photosynthesis, Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Clusterbean

Diurnal patterns of leaf water potential (ΨW), canopy net photosynthetic rate (PN), evapotranspiration rate (E), canopy temperature (Tc), and water use efficiency (WUE) of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., cv. Desi] were studied at six phenological stages of plant development under field conditions at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The highest PN, E, and WUE were observed at pod initiation stage (61 DAS). Daily maxima of PN were usually between 11:00 to 14:00 h while those of E and WUE between 12:30 and 16:00 h. PN was mainly dependent on photosynthetically active radiation and E on air temperature (Ta) but the relationships varied at different growth stages. WUE declined with the increase in Ta. At mid-day, ΨW was highest during pod initiation.

Polyamines as Modulators of Soybean Productivity

AbstractPolyamines have been shown to be involved in several aspects of plant growth and development. In soybean, increase in number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed, biological and oil yield was highest with spray of spermine and lowest (but significantly higher than control) with putrescine. The soybean seed and oil yield increased by about 12.46 and 20.94% respectively with application of 10−3m spermine at 50% flowering stage. Another spray of polyamines at pod initiation stage had little effect on different parameters.