Bolivia Research Articles

Study of Psychomotor Development and Environmental Quality at Shelter Homes for Children Aged 0 to 2 in the Department of Chuquisaca (Bolivia).

Children in situations of destitution who become institutionalized commonly display developmental disorders, including delayed growth. The aim was to evaluate the environmental quality of the casas cuna of the Department of Chuquisaca (Plurinational state of Bolivia) in children aged 0 to 2 years old after receiving an early stimulation program based on psychomotor therapy. Thirty-six children who were institutionalized at shelter homes in the Department of Chuquisaca were selected to receive sessions of psychomotricity over a five-month period. The Infant/Toddler Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (IT-HOME) scale and the Attachment During Stress Scale (ADS) were used. The adult−child relationship with factors of responsiveness (−0.89; p = 0.037), acceptance (0.57; p = 0.024), organization (−1.03; p < 0.001), learning material (−2.57; p < 0.001) and involvement (−1.92; p < 0.001) scored below expectations, showing that environmental indicators are a poor stimulation for children growing up in shelter homes. Improvements were found in the children’s development after receiving this therapy. In conclusion, an early stimulation program based on psychomotor therapy over five months provided favorable results for the acquisition of skills for communication, motor development and social skills, which positively affect the psychomotor development.

Медиаландшафт Боливии

This study analyzes and systematizes the history and political and territorial structure of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, examines the role of international contacts between Russia and Bolivia, as well as analyzes the system of Bolivian media and the nature of their rhetoric towards Russia.

Case Note: Gambrinus, Corp v Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Decision on Annulment)

... During the 1990s, Venezuela sought private partners to participate in the development of a fertilizer production facility through a state-owned entity, Perquiman de Venezuela S.A. (‘Pequiven’) in order to increase its production of fertilizers. Consequently, Pequiven along with Inversiones Polar S.A. (‘Polar’), Koch Minerals S.a.r.l. (‘Koch’), and Snamprogetti B.V. (‘Snamprogetti’)1 concluded a Joint Investors Agreement on 8 April 1998 (JIA) setting forth the contractual framework for the construction, operation, and investment terms of four plants (the ‘Project’).2 The salient features of the investment by the four joint investors (also referred to as ‘Owners’ under the JIA) were as follows: ... On 21 January 2008, Polar decided to transfer all its interests in Fertinitro to Gambrinus Corporation (‘Gambrinus’). Polar notified the other Owners of its decision in accordance with section 6.2 of the JIA and section 12(b) of the articles of incorporation and by-laws of certain companies of the Fertinitro group (the ‘Fertinitro By-Laws’).6 Interestingly, Polar had requested the other Owners to waive the 30-day prior notice requirement contemplated under the JIA for transfers to affiliates, which was agreed to by the Owners.7 Accordingly, Polar and Gambrinus executed a share purchase agreement on 24 January 2008, pursuant to which Gambrinus would pay USD 80,000,100 for Polar’s 10 per cent equity interest in Fertinitro (‘2008 Transfer’). On the same date, the secretary of Fertinitro’s Board sent an e-mail to the Director stating that the 2008 Transfer complied with the requirements under the purchase and financing documents, including section 6.2 of the JIA.8

Wayunkeera, uma triangulação metodológica epistêmica do desenvolvimento humano wayuu como uma ancoragem para a própria metodologia

Before mentioning the expression approach that I used in my native language 'Wayunkeera', it is necessary for me to contextualize to readers about the place where I carried out my investigation, in the Wuinpumuin territory “towards the water path” 'Iishuwo'u' “cardinal lands”, Corregimiento de Nazareth, named in honor of the “Sacred Family of Nazareth” by the first Spanish Capuchin missionaries, located at the bottom of the space unit of the Serrania de la Makuira stream. We worked with the biggest Wayuu, who speak Wayuunaiki “what comes out of the head of being Wayuu, through the mouth”, Iguaran (2014a; 2019) group based geographically and historically on the Guajira Peninsula. To the works approach, Wayuu's own discursive methodology, listening, observation and narrative, was applied under a “doubly reflective” dialogical discussion (ESMERAL, 2014). The language spoken by the Wayuu is Wayuunaiki, the most widely spoken language in Colombia and Venezuela, originally from the Arawak linguistic group, whose population totals approximately 278,254 inhabitants according to Dane (2006a) “the ethnic population and the 2005 General Census” and many others in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, reason why it is considered a floating society between these two countries. In that language, phenomena typical of the nature of the wuinpumuin places are preserved, silenced by the power of the hegemonic language, hence the interest in continuing to investigate social and cultural problems of localization, which “tends to satisfy the need for identity, personal and community of place” Gonzalez (2014, p. 47), that is, my reunion with my own singularity and coexistence between Wayuu brothers. From its morphological structure and “meaning of life”, the Wayuunaiki translates “what comes out of the Wayuu person's head through the mouth” (IGUARAN, 2014), is an expression that arises from the structure of the word itself, which is a “history of life” Abadio Green (2011). Based on this specific example of studying the word based on its “meaning of life”, the study of “wayunkeera, an epistemic methodological triangulation of wayuu human development as an anchorage for own methodology”, which emerged from my thesis of doctorate, for considering this expression that was in disuse as its social and creative function within the society and practices of older people, when considering it as an expression of the world of wayuu boys and girls, when creating images with clay. In this sense, the present work that I propose for the consideration of academics, and a construct that emerged from my doctoral thesis “Ethnoeducation in the perspective of the word woman, matrix of concept things in Wayuu Culture. For this opportunity, I consider it necessary to resume and deepen the theme of the Wayunkeera assumed in the third chapter and represented by the figure of the middle finger of the hand that plays the role of A’laulaa “Maternal Uncle”, the Matrilineal Authority of a territorial E’irukuu. The cosmogonic and territorial affirmation in the thesis was called by the figure of pedagogy, a path taken up again to find the discoveries under the tutelage of the maternal uncle in the Wayuu Culture, to understand the sociocultural perseverance Wayuu and the gear they make as a product and producer of the original society, both territorial and cosmogonically in Wuinpumuin, Alta Guajira, Departament of La Guajira Colombia is to understand the construction of the values attributed socially and culturally within the framework of their same interaction for the control and administration of their own life and e'irukuu, as matrilineal society.

A los 20 años de la constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela: entre amenazas y “sanciones humanitarias”

Este artículo hace una descripción analítica cronológica de las distintas modalidades de ataques sufridos por la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, desde la aprobación de su Constitución nacional en 1999, dirigidas a producir un perjuicio a la población y el debilitamiento del Estado-nación. Luego de los intentos fallidos de golpes de Estado, sabotajes, guerra económica, creación de instancias de poder paralelas, entre otros, se hace énfasis en las recientes modalidades de amenazas sufridas desde 2014 hasta 2019, como son las medidas coercitivas unilaterales (llamadas sanciones), aplicadas principalmente por USA, y sus aliados, bajo el pretexto de intervención humanitaria. Se concluye que ellas han causado enorme daño a la ya vulnerable economía del país y, en consecuencia, a la salud, alimentación de los venezolanos violando, en definitiva, sus DDHH, derecho al desarrollo y a la paz. El “escudo constitucional” sigue amparando al pueblo venezolano quien se mantiene en resistencia y en batalla.

The use and perversion of originating constituent power in Venezuela (1999-2019)

The aim of the study is to examine the exercise of originating constituent power in Venezuela between 1999 and 2019, through the lens of the doctrine of constituent power and in order to examine its influence in this praxis. In particular, the study examines the 1999 constituent experience, and the activation of originating constituent power in 2017 by President Maduro, to finally arrive at the idea that the design of Art. 347 of the 1999 Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela could be at the root of the political-institutional dysfunction the country suffers from today, as it could serve a latent political temptation to reinvent the constitutional wheel.

The use and perversion of originating constituent power in Venezuela (1999-2019)

The aim of the study is to examine the exercise of originating constituent power in Venezuela between 1999 and 2019, through the lens of the doctrine of constituent power and in order to examine its influence in this praxis. In particular, the study examines the 1999 constituent experience, and the activation of originating constituent power in 2017 by President Maduro, to finally arrive at the idea that the design of Art. 347 of the 1999 Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela could be at the root of the political-institutional dysfunction the country suffers from today, as it could serve a latent political temptation to reinvent the constitutional wheel.

Mechatronics Research and Development Group at USB [ITS Research Lab

The Mechatronics Research and Development Group was created in 2002 by Prof. Gerardo Fern?ndez-L?pez and Prof. Juan Carlos Grieco of Simon Bol ivar University (USB) (Figure 1), Caracas, Venezuela. The group is focused on carrying out research and technological developments of excellence, both nationally and internationally. Its activities encompass mechatronics systems in general with special emphasis on service robotics, bionics, and intelligent transportat ion systems (ITS). The group works in state-of-theart applied research topics, with a strong interest in industry applications.

Reforestation in Venezuela – current situation and future perspectives

The location of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the tropical region of northern South America, in the Northern Hemisphere, with a total area of 91.64 million ha, of which 49.6 million correspond to natural forests (54.12 % of the national territory). Venezuela shows a series of geographic advantages that allow a rapid growth and development of the trees in comparison with the temperate zones where the growth is extremely slow. However, the occurrence of deforestation processes has intensified in a sustained way in the recent history of the country.&#x0D; In the period from 1920 to 2008, the loss of 26.43% of the forested area has been recorded. Likewise, in the period 1975-1988, deforestation was estimated at 216,000 ha year-1, equivalent to 2.9 million ha in 13 years (Catalan 1992). Deforestation has now increased to worrying levels and according to FAO estimates (2010), in Venezuela, a forested area of more than 288.000 ha year-1 is deforested.&#x0D; In the middle of the 20th century several public and private institutions began an important effort to reforest areas of sandy soils of scarce depth on a bed of highly impermeable clay. With erosion processes generated as a result of strong winds that causes severe damage to the little existing vegetation. It was expected that with the passage of time this region could become a desert in the oriental plains of Venezuela. This is how the Maderas del Orinoco Companies (CVG - PROFORCA), the Venezuelan Corporation of Guayana (CVG), Smurfit Kappa Cartón of Venezuela, San Carlos Forestry Development, Masisa. Propulso, among others, started in different regions of the country the establishment of plantations for various purposes. For this they have used fast growing forest species such as: Pinus caribaea var hondurensis, Eucalyptus Urophylla, Acacia magnium, Caraipa llanorum, Tectonia grandis, Hebea brasiliens, Gmelina arborea, Erisma uncinatum, among others. At present, a reforested area of 650.000 ha has been reached. This has favored the protection of natural habitats by reducing the pressure for exploitation and use of the forests.&#x0D; The legal framework established in the new National Constitution, approved in 1998, is based on decrees of 1825-1829 of the Liberator Simón Bolívar and classifies the territory in diverse forest areas establishing a modern environmental conservation policy. A historical summary and the current legislation with the classification that promises a rational management of the national territory is presented.

Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment.

Human populations living at high altitude evolved a number of biological adjustments to cope with a challenging environment characterised especially by reduced oxygen availability and limited nutritional resources. This condition may also affect their gut microbiota composition. Here, we explored the impact of exposure to such selective pressures on human gut microbiota by considering different ethnic groups living at variable degrees of altitude: the high-altitude Sherpa and low-altitude Tamang populations from Nepal, the high-altitude Aymara population from Bolivia, as well as a low-altitude cohort of European ancestry, used as control. We thus observed microbial profiles common to the Sherpa and Aymara, but absent in the low-altitude cohorts, which may contribute to the achievement of adaptation to high-altitude lifestyle and nutritional conditions. The collected evidences suggest that microbial signatures associated to these rural populations may enhance metabolic functions able to supply essential compounds useful for the host to cope with high altitude-related physiological changes and energy demand. Therefore, these results add another valuable piece of the puzzle to the understanding of the beneficial effects of symbiosis between microbes and their human host even from an evolutionary perspective.

The Latest Example of American Imperialism in Latin America: Crisis in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Turkey’s longest land border is with its southern neighbor Syria. Until the beginning of 2000, the Hatay issue, the 1957 crisis, the water issue and the PKK problem had preserved their importance in the mutual relations between both countries. Out of them, PKK problem was resolved in 1998 with the Adana Congruity. After this date, until the emergence of the Arab Spring in Syria, relations between Turkey and Syria had developed in many fields such as economy, commerce, politics, culture and military. After March 2011, the crisis in Syria caused a multifaceted conflict in the country. Many countries, especially the USA, Russia, Iran, have influenced the changes in Syria. In addition, many terrorist organizations and dissenter groups have become parties to the conflict. The crisis in Syria affected Turkey, especially in the security axis. Türkiye’nin en uzun kara sınırı, güney komşusu olan Suriye iledir. Hatay konusu, 1957 krizi, su konusu ve PKK sorunu, 2000 başlarına kadar, iki ülke ilişkilerinde önemini korumuş; bunlardan PKK sorunu, 1998 yılında, Adana Mutabakatı ile çözülmüştür. Bu tarihten sonra Arap Baharı’nın Suriye’de ortaya çıkmasına kadarki süre içinde Türkiye ile Suriye ilişkileri ekonomi, ticari, siyasi, kültürel ve askeri olmak üzere birçok alanda gelişim göstermiştir. Mart 2011’den sonra Suriye’de yaşanan kriz ise, ülkede çok yönlü çatışma ortamının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Suriye’deki değişime ABD, Rusya, İran başta olmak üzere birçok ülke etki etmiştir. İlave olarak, bu süreçte, çok sayıda terör örgütü ve muhalif grup, çatışmalara taraf olmuştur. Suriye’de yaşanan kriz, Türkiye’yi, özellikle, güvenlik ekseninde etkilemiştir.

Inferring the genetic structure of Northwestern Argentina by uniparental SNP typing

The genetic background of South American populations is the result of four major genetic admixture events. To investigate the maternal and paternal lineages, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA): A2, B2, C, D1; and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups (hg): R1b1b2, Q1a3a, G2a, I, J2, E1b1b, based on SNP typing by real time PCR and high-resolution melting analysis. Individuals from Northwestern Argentina (NWA) (n = 187) were studied and compared with Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area’s inhabitants (BUE) (n = 107) and recently arrived immigrants from Bolivia (BOL) (n = 100), Paraguay (PAR) (n = 54) and Peru (PER) (n = 52). Native American (NA) mt-DNA hgs were the most frequent in all regions (89,8%–98,1%), except for BUE (43%), being B2 the most prevalent (42,6%–58% versus 8,4% in BUE). Regarding Y-DNA hg, a greater contribution of the non-Native American (non-NA) lineage was found in all populations (61,5%–99%), except for BOL (32,7%). Moreover, the most frequent hg observed were R1b1b2 (50% PAR, 46,6% BUE, 30,2% NWA) and Q1a3a (67,3% BOL, 38,5% PER). A high percentage of NA mt-DNA/non-NA Y-DNA was represented (53,8%–63,5%), excepting BUE (41,7%) and BOL (26,9%). Data obtained is consistent with historical information underscoring the complex genetic ancestry of melting pot countries. The results offer additional tools for forensic investigation; molecular epidemiological and anthropological studies.

Protozoariasis intestinal en edad pediátrica

Introducción: La protozoariasis tiene una alta prevalencia en diferentes regiones de nuestro país y es uno de los principales problemas, por su alta prevalencia y elevados índices de transmisibilidad, el objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las características de la protozoariasis intestinal en edad pediátrica. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, se revisó los resultados de estudios de laboratorio de la gestión 2017 y 2018 de pacientes que acudieron al hospital San Juan de Dios del municipio de Cliza Cochabamba, Bolivia. Resultados: La frecuencia de protozoariasis fue 56.8%, según el sexo 52,2% mujeres y 47,8% varones, en el grupo etario de niños menores de 1 año 27%, 1 a 5 58.4%, 5 a 10 10.3%, 10 a 12 3% y 12 a 15 1.3%. La frecuencia del tipo de protozoario es Entamoeba histolytica 78.6%, Giardia lamblia 17.6%, Chilomastix mesnili 1.8%, Blastocystis hominis 1.2% y Endolimax nana 0.7%. Discusión: Se observa una disminución en la prevalencia de estos microorganismos, considerando la mejora de los servicios básicos en la zona y educación sanitaria, siendo frecuente en el sexo femenino, y el grupo etario que presento mayor parasitosis es de 1 a 5 años, siendo la Entamoeba histolytica la de mayor presencia y no existe relación en la frecuencia de protozoariasis intestinal en relación con otros trabajos de la región.&#x0D; Conflictos de InteresesLos autores declaramos no tener conflictos de interés para el presente estudio.

Venezuelan immigration in Peru: challenges and opportunities from a health perspective

As a result of the political, social, and economic crisis in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, more than 700,000 people have immigrated to Peru since the second semester of 2017. In the year following the 2017 census, Peru's population grew by nearly one million, some 300,000 of them Peruvian, the rest being predominantly young Venezuelan immigrants. This article describes and analyzes the situation and health implications stemming from the fact that Peru became a migratory destination. To this end, a secondary analysis of surveys applied to the Venezuelan population in Peru was carried out. The main challenges arise from limited access to healthcare. Sexual and reproductive healthcare shows the largest deficits, below Peru's urban populations. The vulnerabilities of the Venezuelan migrant population are not detached from those already faced by Peru's poorest urban populations, whose services do not meet their needs and demands, neither in terms of coverage nor quality. However, immigration also generates opportunities, such as that represented by health professionals and technicians, who could contribute to offset the deficit generated by the emigration of thousands of Peruvian health professionals in recent decades. It is also an opportunity not to lose sight of the fact that inequalities in the right to healthcare are still challenges to inclusive development.

Caracterización química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Mangifera indica L. de tres regiones de Venezuela

Los aceites esenciales (AE) de las hojas de Mangifera indica L. recolectadas en los estados Mérida (M), Barinas (B) y Portuguesa (P), Venezuela, fueron obtenidos por el método de hidrodestilación, utilizando la trampa de Clevenger, obteniéndose 0,1 mL (0,0025%), 1,4 mL (0,035%) y 1,0 mL (0,025%), respectivamente. Los AE se caracterizaron por el método de cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrometría de masas (CG/EM), se identificaron 30 compuestos en la muestra recolectada en M, 24 en B y 14 en P, siendo los mayoritarios en M: β-selineno (22,56%), α-gurjuneno (14,66%), β-cariofileno (10,40%), en B: β-cariofileno (36,32%), α-humuleno (22,71%), α-gurjuneno (21,43%) y en P: β-cariofileno (36,07%), α-gurjuneno (22,55%) y α-humuleno (21,24%). Debido al rendimiento, solo se determinó la actividad antibacteriana en los AE de B y P, por el método de difusión en agar con discos, frente a bacterias de referencia internacional (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 y Pseudomonas aureginosa ATCC 27853). Ambos AE inhibieron el desarrollo de S. aureus y E. faecalis con una concentración inhibitoria mínima de 200 µL/mL y 300 µL/mL, respectivamente. Este es el primer estudio comparativo y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial obtenido de las hojas de M. indica L. de tres regiones de Venezuela.

Sufficient salary as a fundamental human right in Venezuela

The purpose of this investigation was to carry out an analysis on the adequacy of the salary in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Organic Law of Labor, Workers and Workers. In addition to the legal instruments indicated, the legal basis was: Convention No. 26 on the Methods for the Establishment of Minimum Wages of the International Labor Organization, Recommendation No. 135 on the Establishment of Minimum Wages of the International Labor Organization, among others. The study was legal, documentary, analytical and descriptive. It is concluded that the right to a sufficient salary is regulated both in the National Constitution and in various international legal instruments in the field of human rights, which constitutes it as a fundamental human right. On the other hand, it was concluded that the basic basket constitutes an element of unpredictable observance when raising the minimum wage. Likewise, it is concluded that for the purposes of setting the minimum wage, workers 'and employers' organizations are not called, in breach of the provisions of Convention No. 26 of the International Labor Organization.

Левая политическая мысль в современной Боливии

Левая политическая мысль в современной Боливии

Традиции Коминтерна в идеологии и практике Боливарианской Республики Венесуэла

Традиции Коминтерна в идеологии и практике Боливарианской Республики Венесуэла

The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Bolivia including the descriptions of fifteen new species, the resurrection of one genus and two species, seven new combinations, six new synonymies, and twenty-eight new records.

The known cicada fauna of Bolivia is identified. Adusella Haupt, 1918 rev. stat. is resurrected and redescribed being elevated from junior synonym status with Odopoea Stål, 1861. Edholmbergi Delétang, 1919 rev. stat, n. syn. is elevated from junior synonymy of Odopoea and synonymized with Adusella rev. stat. Adusella insignifera (Berg, 1879) n. comb., Adusella signata Haupt, 1918 n. comb., and Adusella venturii (Distant, 1906c) n. comb. are transferred or returned to Adusella rev. stat. Carineta bilineosa Walker 1858b rev. stat., Carineta obtusa Walker 1858b rev. stat., Carineta tenuistriga Walker 1858c rev. stat. and Carineta diplographa Berg 1879 rev. stat. are removed from junior synonymy with Carineta fasciculata (Germar, 1821). Carineta obtusa rev. stat., n. syn., Carineta tenuistriga rev. stat., n. syn. and Carineta diplographa Berg 1879 rev. stat., n. syn. are considered junior synonyms of Carineta bilineosa rev. stat. Carineta limpida Torres 1948a n. syn. is shown to be a junior synonym of Carineta fasciculata. Carineta turbida Jacobi, 1907 is transferred to the genus Herrera Distant, 1905c to become Herrera turbida (Jacobi, 1907) n. comb. The genera Diceroprocta Stål, 1870, Orialella Metcalf, 1952, Quesada Distant, 1905c, and Nosola Stål, 1866a are assigned to the Guyalnina Boulard Martinelli, 1996 within the Fidicinini Distant, 1905d. Tympanoterpes virgulata n. sp., Cracenpsaltria nana n. sp., Guyalna dasyeia n. sp., Guyalna fasciata n. sp., Guyalna polypaga n. sp., Parnisa santacruzensis n. sp., Carineta ensifera n. sp., Carineta hamata n. sp., Carineta pictilis n. sp., Carineta uncinata n. sp., Herrera concolor n. sp., Herrera freiae n. sp., Herrera melanomesocranon n. sp., Herrera phyllodes n. sp., and Herrera signifera n. sp. are described as new. The first records of Adusella insignifera (Berg, 1879) n. comb., Adusella venturii (Distant, 1906c) n. comb., Fidicina christinae Boulard Martinelli, 1996, Fidicina ethelae (Goding, 1925), Fidicina robini Boulard Martinelli 1996, Fidicinoides descampsi Boulard Martinelli, 1996, Fidicinoides pauliensis Boulard Martinelli, 1996, Fidicinoides sucinalae Boulard Martinelli, 1996, Proarna alalonga Sanborn Heath, 2014, Proarna bergi (Distant, 1892a), Proarna grisea (Fabricius, 1775), Proarna guttulosa (Walker, 1858b), Proarna insignis Distant, 1881a, Proarna strigicollis Jacobi, 1907, Guyalna distanti (Goding, 1925) Guyalna glauca (Goding, 1925), Guyalna platyrhina Sanborn Heath, 2014, Guyalna viridifemur (Walker, 1850), Majeorona lutea Distant, 1906d, Carineta bilineosa Walker 1858b rev. stat., Carineta cearana Distant, 1906c, Carineta detoulgoueti Champanhet, 2001, Carineta doxiptera Walker, 1858a, Carineta maculosa Torres, 1948a, Carineta pilifera Walker, 1858c, Carineta rufescens (Fabricius, 1803), Carineta tetraspila Jacobi, 1907, and Herrera turbida (Jacobi, 1907) n. comb. are provided. The records for Adusella insignifera (Berg, 1879) n. comb. and Adusella venturii (Distant, 1906c) n. comb. are the first records of the tribe Zammarini Distant, 1905b, subtribe Zammarina Distant, 1905a, and genus Adusella, Tympanoterpes virgulata n. sp. is the first record of the genus Tympanoterpes Stål, 1861, Majeorona lutea Distant, 1906d is the first record for the genus Majeorona Distant, 1905d, Parnisa santacruzensis n. sp. is the first record of the genus Parnisa Stål, 1862a for Bolivia, specimens in the type series of Cracenpsaltria nana n. sp. represent the first record of the genus Cracenpsaltria Sanborn, 2016c in Ecuador, and the specimens of Herrera concolor n. sp., Herrera freiae n. sp., Herrera melanomesocranon n. sp., Herrera phyllodes n. sp., and Herrera signifera n. sp., and Herrera turbida (Jacobi, 1907) n. comb. and the new combinations to the genus are the first records of the genus Herrera Distant, 1905c for Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, and Peru. New records are provided to expand the ranges of Proarna alalonga Sanborn Heath, 2014 and Carineta gemella to include Paraguay, the range of Dorisiana noriegai Sanborn Heath, 2014 to include Paraguay and French Guiana, the range of Guyalna platyrhina to include Brazil, and the range of Carineta cearana to include Colombia. Previous records of Proarna bufo Distant, 1905d and Carineta fasciculata (Germar, 1821) are considered to be misidentifications P. bergi (Distant, 1892a) and Carineta bilineosa Walker 1858b rev. stat. so that P. bufo and C. fasciculata are removed from the cicada fauna of Bolivia as is Hemisciera maculipennis (de Laporte, 1832) which is shown to have been mistakenly attributed to Bolivia and Argentina. The non-Bolivian Carineta criqualicae Boulard 1986a, Carineta guianaensis Sanborn, 2011a, Carineta quinimaculata Sanborn, 2011a, and Carineta tigrina Boulard 1986a are reassigned to the genus Herrera to become Herrera criqualicae (Boulard, 1986a) n. comb., Herrera guianaensis (Sanborn, 2011a) n. comb., Herrera quinimaculata (Sanborn, 2011a) n. comb., and Herrera tigrina (Boulard, 1986a) n. comb., respectively. A discussion on the species status of Carineta fasciculata (Germar, 1821) is provided to clarify the taxon along with the new synonymy. The currently known Bolivian cicada fauna is comprised of 83 described species from 21 genera, seven tribes and three subfamilies with the new records and new species presented here increasing the known fauna by 107.5%.

Fim de Ciclo dos Governos “Pós-neoliberais” na América Latina?

Há menos de duas décadas, a América Latina experimentava um intenso momento de lutas, ilustrando transformações no cenário político regional. A “onda rosa” latino-americana manifesta-se fundamentalmente com o triunfo eleitoral de Chávez na Venezuela em 1998, o fracasso da ALCA, a crise capitalista mundial em 2008 e as lutas por nacionalizações na Bolívia e Equador, seguidas pela ascensão presidencial de Evo Morales e Rafael Correa, respectivamente, que sinalizavam relevantes mudanças na geopolítica latino-americana. São governos que articularam institucionalidade e pautas nacional-populares num projeto de caráter heterogêneo e continental, que reascenderam na dimensão política uma tentativa de ruptura com as estruturas de poder e cultura antidemocrática que minavam a credibilidade das instituições políticas locais, trazendo a substituição das constituições em vigor e renovação dos quadros políticos dirigentes. Este estudo foca no caso boliviano, que vivencia o agravamento das críticas em relação às medidas econômicas baseadas na exportação de commodities, considerando o giro à direita na superestrutura política do subcontinente. Problematizaremos sobre as possibilidades de continuidade do novo bloco no poder inaugurado com o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia.&#x0D;