Plum Varieties Research Articles

Исследование антиоксидантных показателей плодово-ягодного сырья, произрастающего в Свердловской области

Abstract. Fruit and berry raw materials are a valuable source of nutrients and antioxidants in the diet of the population of the Sverdlovsk region [2]. The aim of the study is to determine the total antioxidant activity of the fruit and berry raw materials of the Ussury plum and thorn growing in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region. Generally accepted standard physic and chemical research methods were used. The material for the study was the fruits of the Ussury plum, represented by the following varieties: Pionerka, Dostoynaya, Ural’skie zori, Shelest, Gorlitsa, as well as thorn plum Sergo, Tagil, Iset’, Ermak growing in the Sverdlovsk Horticulture Breeding Station – a structural subdivision of the Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center – Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Ekaterinburg. Results. It is established that the growing fruit and berry raw materials in the Sverdlovsk horticulture breeding station can be an important source of antioxidant indicators. The largest values were shown by varieties of thorn plum: Iset’ – 52,404 mmol/l × eq, Ermak – 45,416 mmol/l × eq, Sergo – 32,748 mmol/l × eq, Tagil – 26,359 mmol/l × eq. Varieties of Ussury plum have lower antioxidant indicators. Thus, the antioxidant activity of the Dostoynaya late ripening variety is - 23.993 mmol/l × eq, in the Pionerka variety – 21.644 mmol/l × eq. In the varieties Gorlitsa and Shelest of the average ripening period, the antioxidant activity is 18.776 mmol/l × eq, and 17.842 mmol/l × eq. The lowest index in the early ripening variety Ural’skie zori is 4,713 mmol/ l × eq. In addition, physic and chemical parameters such as acidity, mass fraction of reducing and total sugars were studied in all the presented varieties of Ussury and thorn plums, organoleptic indicators of fruits were given, the results of the sugar-acid index were presented. Scientific novelty. The new data obtained indicate that the use of fruit and berry raw materials growing in the Sverdlovsk Horticulture Breeding Station – a structural subdivision of the Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center – Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Ekaterinburg, in the future can be used as a promising source of functional and biologically active substances, antioxidants for the development of formulations, as well as for a more correct calculation of the nutritional value of diets in order to increase antioxidant activity.

Influence of clonal rootstocks on the production process of plum variety Stanley in arid conditions of the Astrakhan region

Relevance. The article presents the results of a three-year study of the economic and biological characteristics of the Stanley plum variety (growth and development of plants, the time of fruiting, productivity, yield, marketable qualities of fruits) when grown on medium-sized clonal rootstocks Evrika-99 and Druzhba, bred at the Crimean experimental breeding station named after N.I. Vavilov, in the acutely arid conditions of the Astrakhan region.Methods.The purpose of the research was to study the influence of medium-sized clonal rootstocks on the production process of the Stanley plum variety in the natural and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region and to substantiate the possibility of their use for laying intensive plum plantations in the arid conditions of the Northern Caspian Sea.Results. In the course of the research, the influence of the rootstock genotype on the main indicators of productivity was revealed: precocity, yield, commercial qualities of fruits. The early fruiting of the variety was most influenced by the medium-sized rootstock Evrika-99, on which already in the first year of growth in the garden 60-80% of plum trees were noted to bloom. Among the studied rootstocks, the highest rates of yield increase in the Stanley variety were noted on the medium-sized rootstock Evrika-99, in combination with which the variety was characterized by the maximum values of the average yield of 7.6 t/ha, with the values of this indicator on the rootstock Druzhba — 6.7 t/ha , which is 11.8% higher. According to the marketability of the fruit, the rootstock Druzhba was noted, the average weight of which was 48.2 g, which is 18.1% more than on the stock Eureka-99 (40.8 g). In the extremely dry conditions of the Astrakhan region, the Stanley variety is recommended to be grown in an intensive garden on the rootstocks Evrika-99 and Druzhba, which ensure regular and stable yields.

Development of methods for regeneration and genetic transformation of the commercial plum variety Startovaya from somatic tissues

An effi cient technique for regeneration of plants from somatic tissues of domestic plum (Prunus domestica L.) varieties, as well as selecting schemes using various reporter (uidA, gfp) and selective marker genes (nptII, hpt) have been developed. During the transformation of somatic tissues of the commercial plum variety, transgenic plants containing both reporter genes and genes of economically valuable traits were obtained. For the fi rst time, the eff ect of calcium pantothenate on the adventive regeneration of plum shoots was investigated. It was shown that the selective antibiotic hygromycin is more eff ective for the selection of plum transformants than kanamycin or geneticin, which was expressed in a higher frequency of transformation — 1.2-2.2 % versus 0.2-0.5 % in selection on kanamycin. When using geneticin, transgenic plants were not obtained. Optimization of conditions made it possible to increase the percentage of regeneration of shoots to 79.4 % for the variety Startovaya and up to 39.6 % for the variety Etude. Analysis of GFP expression in transgenic lines showed that the leader sequences of herbaceous plant species encoding signal peptides can be used to eff ectively cellular compartmentalization of heterologous gene expression products in the plum. Preliminary results also show a higher level of expression of the reticular form of GFP in comparison with the vacuolar and cytosolic forms. Nine transgenic lines containing the insertion of the target bar gene, which gives resistance to phosphinothricin-containing herbicides of the “Basta” type, were obtained, which was confi rmed by the presence in the genome of the sequence of the transferred gene and the resistance of the obtained transgenic plants to 3 times the fi eld concentration of the herbicide “Basta”.

Modern bioengineering approaches to creating resistance to the Plum pox virus in stone fruit crops

In recent years, Plum pox virus (PPV) has become a major threat to the cultivation of stone fruit plants. This virus has caused enormous economic damage and caused a significant decrease in production areas in eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. Plum pox virus has spread around the world and is classified by plant quarantine services as the most dangerous pathogen for apricots, plums and peaches Unfortunately, at present, science cannot offer any ways to treat viral plant diseases, and the destruction of infected trees remains the only way to contain the spread of viruses. Given the seriousness of the disease, the difficulty of controlling its spread, the lack of disease-resistant existing varieties, the need to create commercial varieties with increased resistance to this pathogen is obvious. Modern methods of genetic engineering make it possible to significantly accelerate the processes of creating highly productive plum varieties with increased or complete resistance to viruses, unattainable by traditional breeding methods. However, most of the work on the modification of the genomes of stone fruit crops was carried out using juvenile material of zygotic origin, which has a higher morphogenetic potential compared to varieties. The use of modern bioengineering techniques in the selection of stone fruit plants is hampered by the lack of reliable techniques that can provide a sufficiently high frequency of regeneration of shoots from somatic tissues. These and other reasons call for the development of an effective genotype-independent system for regenerating and modifying the genomes of commercial plum varieties. Given the rapid development of plant genome editing techniques, targeted mutation of host genes involved in replication and widespread PPV in infected tissues may be a promising approach for engineering resistance to viruses that exclude the introduction of foreign sequences into the plum genome.

Efficiency of growing planting material of Russian plum in the conditions of the Moscow region

The results of four-year studies on the reproduction of Russian plum on clonal rootstocks are presented. The purpose of the work was to select the optimal clone rootstocks for replication of the most adaptive varieties of Russian plum. In 2017-2020, in the conditions of the Leninsky district of the Moscow region in the nursery of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, the objects of research were 2 varieties of Russian plum (Shatyor, Cleopatra), grafted on 5 clone rootstocks (SVG-11-19, OD-2-3, 13-113, VVA-1 and Vesennee Plamya). It has been established that the most promising for propagation of Russian plum varieties Cleopatra and Shatyor are clonal rootstocks OD-2-3, 113-113, Vesennee Plamya. The annuals grafted on these rootstocks were characterized by the best biometric parameters of the aboveground system and the number of lateral branches of more than 13 pcs. On the SVG-11-19 and VVA-1 rootstocks, the seedlings were more compact and with fewer lateral branches (6-9 pcs.). The survival rate of the eyes and the yield of annuals of the studied varieties on medium-sized clonal rootstocks Vesennee Plamya and OD2-3 were above 80 %. The maximum yield of standard planting material (40 thousand pieces/ha) was noted in Cleopatra scion/rootstock combinations/ Vesennee Plamya, Shatyor/ OD-2-3 and Shatyor/ Vesennee Plamya. The profitability of growing seedlings of these scion/rootstock combinations was 103.3-109.5 %, which is 1.7 times higher than when grafting these varieties on the VVA-1 rootstock.

Japanese plums behavior under water stress: impact on yield and biochemical traits

This work investigates response to drought of nine local cultivars alongside two exotic varieties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina L.) through their yield and fruit quality components. It was carried out at Sais plain, northern Morocco, over two consecutive years (2019–2020). Water stress was imposed by a deficit irrigation (DI) treatment of 50% ETc during the whole fruit growth period, compared to full irrigation of 100% ETc (CI). At their full ripening stage, the cultivars were assessed for their yield, fruit weight and fruit quality attributes, namely total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), soluble sugars content (SSC), amino acids content (AAC), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results displayed significant decrease in yield and fruit weight since the first year of DI application. Owing to calculated stability indexes of the aforementioned traits along with water use efficiency, the local cultivar ‘Fortu-43’ was the most insensitive to drought, whereas ‘Timhdit’ and ‘Black-D35’ showed the lowest drought tolerability. The effects of water stress on fruit chemical and biochemical traits varied significantly among cultivars, exhibiting an overall significant improvement in fruit quality. Two-dimensional clustered heatmap analysis subdivided the cultivars into two distinct clusters, mainly discriminated based on stability indexes of SSC, MI, TPC and TAC. Among the latter, SSC stability index was probably the most significant drought tolerance marker for Japanese plum.

Micropropagation of Plum (Prunus domestica L.) in Bioreactors Using Photomixotrophic and Photoautotrophic Conditions

In this study, we propagated two old Galician plum varieties in liquid medium using a temporary immersion system with RITA© bioreactors. Environmental variables including culture system, light intensity, CO2 enrichment, immersion frequency and sucrose supplementation were evaluated in relation to in vitro proliferation, physiological status and ex vitro performance. Bioreactors were superior to jars for culturing shoots in photomixotrophic conditions, producing up to 2 times more shoot numbers and up to 1.7 times more shoot length (depending on the genotype) using shoot clusters. The number and quality of shoots were positively influenced by the sucrose concentration in the medium, plus by the light and gaseous environment. For individual apical sections the best response occurred with 3% sucrose, 150 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density and 2000 ppm CO2, averaging 2.5 shoots per explant, 26 mm shoot length and 240 mm2 leaf area, while with 50 µmol m−2 s−1 light and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) values decreased to 1.2 shoots per explant, 14 mm of shoot length and 160 mm2 of leaf area. Shoots cultured photoautotrophically (without sucrose) were successfully rooted and acclimated despite of showing limited growth, low photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, phenolic and antioxidant contents during the multiplication phase.

Економічна оцінка нових сортів і перспективних форм сливи української селекції

Goal. To make an economic assessment of new varieties and promising forms of plum of selection of L.P. Simirenko Research station of pomology of the Institute of horticulture of NAAS to determine its competitive range in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, and comparative, normative, and economic statistical research methods were used to determine economic efficiency. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out by generally accepted guidelines. Results. The results are given of research (2018–2020) in plum plantation planted in 2002 (15 varieties and 9 elite forms of plums of different maturity) for economic assessment of growing different by ripening time promising varieties and hybrid forms of plums in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It was established that due to the lack of supply on the market of early plum varieties, the use of similar in ripening large-fruited varieties Nenka and Oda with high taste qualities of the fruit made it possible to sell them at the highest price — 20 thousand UAH/t. Stable yield and uniformity of products of these varieties create conditions for their highly profitable production (260.1–277.6%). In the group of medium-ripening varieties, the most efficient was the cultivation of Dobra and elite form 12516. However, due to the significant number of products on the market and the price level, twice lower than the group of early-ripening varieties, their profitability did not exceed 94.7%. The use of highly marketable varieties and forms (Blufri, 8124, 8143) with the latest fruit ripening time was also highly profitable (163.2–164.5%). Conclusions. Thus, the most competitive and market-attractive are early-ripening varieties Oda and Nenka, late-ripening Blufri, and elite forms 8124, 8143, in the plantations of which the profit per 1 ha was the highest and amounted to 163.2–222.0 thousand UAH.

Unlocking Plum Genetic Potential: Where Are We At?

Plums are a large group of closely related stone fruit species and hybrids of worldwide economic importance and diffusion. This review deals with the main aspects concerning plum agrobiodiversity and its relationship with current and potential contributions offered by breeding in enhancing plum varieties. The most recent breeding achievements are revised according to updated information proceeding from relevant scientific reports and official inventories of plum genetic resources. A special emphasis has been given to the potential sources of genetic traits of interest for breeding programs as well as to the need for efficient and coordinated efforts aimed at efficaciously preserving the rich and underexploited extant plum agrobiodiversity. The specific objective of this review was to: (i) analyze and possibly evaluate the degree of biodiversity existing in the cultivated plum germplasm, (ii) examine the set of traits of prominent agronomic and pomological interest currently targeted by the breeders, and (iii) determine how and to what extent this germplasm was appropriately exploited in breeding programs or could represent concrete prospects for the future.

Study of Phenolic Compounds of Prunus Domestica Presscake and Antimicrobial Activity of Its Extract

Prunus domestica - is one of the main fruit crops in Ukraine with a production of about 200 tons per year. In the world over then 2000 varieties of this plant are grown. In Ukraine, the following varieties of plums are zoned: Anna Shpet, Renklod Altana, Ugorka Stanley, Ugorka Italian, Ugorka Azhanska, and others. This plant is the valuable source of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds. That is why plum fruits are a part of many dietary supplements with laxative and anti-inflammatory activity in treating chronic constipation. In our previous research, we studied the chemical composition of alcohol extracts and polysaccharide complex of plum fruits. Following types of pharmacological activities: diuretic, membrane stabilizing, anticoagulant laxative, hepatoprotective, were confirmed in the analysed substances. In the article, we present the results of a study of the chemical composition of the plum presscake that remained after the plum juice was obtained. The composition of phenolic compounds was analyzed by using TLC, SF and HPLC methods. Antimicrobial activity of the alcohol extract of plum presscake was investigated by agar diffusion method. The results obtained indicate the possibility of complex processing of raw materials and obtaining new antimicrobial drugs from the presscake of plum juice production.

Harmful viruses on stone fruit crops and sanitation methods

Relevance. Viral diseases can significantly reduce the yield of stone fruit crops. More than 30 viruses have been characterized on stone fruits crops, among which the most harmful are Plum pox virus (PPV), Prunus dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Cherry leaf roll spot virus (CLRV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Viral diseases monitoring is essential for controlling the viruses prevalence and choosing a control strategy. In the absence of healthy plants of a certain variety, health improvement is carried out using laboratory methods, including thermotherapy. Sanitation methods need to be improved in relation to the culture characteristics and the virus type. Of considerable interest is the development of techniques that reduce the viruses concentration when growing stone fruit trees in the field.Methods. During 2016–2020 using the ELISA (“Loewe” diagnostic kits) diagnostics of viruses on varieties and clonal rootstocks of cherry, sweet cherry and plum (660 plants) was carried out in the conditions of the Moscow region. For plant health in 2019–2021 used thermotherapy for 3 months. To study the effect of Pharmayod (“Farmbiomed”) on viruses in open ground, 24 plum plants of 5 varieties were treated with this drug at a concentration of 0.3 ml/l.Results. The total prevalence of viruses on cherries varieties was 44%, sweet cherries — 40%, plums — 59%, on clonal rootstocks — 46, 55 and 56% respectively. The highest incidence of PNRSV and PDV viruses has been established. Cherry plants of 11 varieties, free from the main harmful viruses, 4 varieties of sweet cherries, 12 varieties of plums and 9 forms of clonal rootstocks were revealed. The use of the Pharmayod on plum trees in the open field contributed to a decrease in the infection index of the studied viruses. Plum plants in a heat chamber were characterized by a higher survival rate and growth parameters in comparison with cherry and sweet cherry. After the completion of thermotherapy, a significant decrease in the index of infection in plants was noted.

Varieties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) as donors of large-fruitness in the breeding of Russian plum (Prunus rossica Erem.)

In the North Caucasus region, at the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station, VIR Branch, as a result of breeding varieties of Russian plum (P. rossica Erem.) with varieties of Japanese plums (Angeleno, Larry Ann, Black Amber, Constanza), large-fruited elite hybrids with commodity-consumer qualities of fruits were obtained. A genealogical analysis of the varieties used in breeding with large-fruiting trait as donors of this trait was carried out.

Effect of Variety and Growth Regulator Concentration on Success of Air Layering in Plum

The experiment was conducted at the Regional Spices Research Center, BARI, Gazipur during June 2016 to October 2017 to evaluate the effect of genotype and growth regulator (IBA) on the success and performance of plum air layering. Air layering was done on two plum varieties (BARI Alubokhara-1 and PD Gaz 004) using seven levels of IBA concentration (viz. 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 ppm) under a complete randomized (factorial) design (CRD). Significant variation was observed on rooting, establishment and death of layers due to variety and IBA concentrations except rooting and separation time. The un-fruiting line PD Gaz 004 showed outstanding performance in rooting and survivability of layers over BARI Alubokhara-1. Poor rooting and lower establishment caused very high mortality of layers in BARI Alubokhara-1. Rooting and survivability, number of roots, length of roots and leaf production increased with the increasing levels of IBA concentration up to 5000 ppm. The maximum (10 out of 10) rooting success of layer with 65.83% and 59.17% establishment from PD Gaz004 was obtained when 3000 and 4000 ppm IBA was used, respectively. In BARI Alubokhara-1, the highest rooting success (3.08), establishment rate (29.42%), number of root (4.28/layer) and root length (5.08 cm) were recorded with 4000 ppm IBA concentration.

Creation of the virus free nursery plantings of the genus prunus l. by the phytosanitary selection

Diagnostic of 12 viral pathogens of stone fruit crops, including new to the certification scheme (Carnation ringspot tombusvirus (CRSV), Myrobalan latent ringspot nepovirus (MLRSV), Petunia asteroid mosaic tombusvirus (PeAMV), Tobacco ringspot nepovirus (TRSV)) by immune-enzyme analysis was carried out in the Institute for fruit growing in 2020 – 2021. Virus-free clones of varieties and rootstocks forms of stone fruit crops have been identified to create Nuclear stock collection, including: 10 varieties of plums, 3 - cherry plums, 7 - sour cherries, 14 - sweet cherries, 5 - apricots, 4 - peaches, 10 forms of rootstocks of stone crops. Varieties of peach and apricot, as well as rootstocks of these crops, for the creation of Nuclear stock collection were generated in 2021 in Belarus for the first time.

Technology of accelerated breeding of new garden plum varieties (Prunus domestica L.)

The article presents the results of the technology of accelerated breeding of new garden plum varieties by grafting on dwarf rootstock BBA 1, which reduce the time of breeding and primary evaluation of varieties to 10 years. For stone crops, the staff of the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch branch offers a technology that allows to improve the methods of evaluating hybrid seedlings in the process of their growing in a breeding garden using intensification elements. The paper also shows the results of the source material evaluation – isolated hybrid forms of garden plum obtained at the station from directed crosses using parental forms combining in their genotype a number of positive traits: early maturity, large-fruitness, high yield and fruit quality. The technology of accelerated cultivation and evaluation of hybrid seedlings can be used in the breeding of various stone fruit crops.

The new Chinese plum variety of the Far Eastern selection

The new Chinese plum variety of the Far Eastern selection

Features of propagation of plum varieties by home winter vaccination

Features of propagation of plum varieties by home winter vaccination

Diagnostics of plum resistance to the combined effects of drought and hyperthermia

The article considers the possibility of diagnosing the stability of fruit crops under the combined action of hyperthermia and drought. The objects of the study were isolated leaves of Prúnus doméstica L. of FSBSI VNIISPK breeding varieties. The purpose of the work was to assess the resistance of plum varieties to the combined effects of drought and hyperthermia on the basis of physiological and biochemical resistance markers. The products of peroxidation of membrane lipids, free proline, hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity were determined. It is shown that after the action of the stresses used in the varieties Nezhenka and Orlovsky souvenir, the accumulation of malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides was significantly lower by 23.0…24.6% and 15.6…16.3% than in the varieties Skoroplodnaya and Krasa Orlovschiny by 42.1…52.3% and 36.6…41.2%, respectively. It was shown that against the background of the action of stressors, the varieties Nezhenka and Skoroplodnaya were characterized by a high degree of intensification of the antioxidant enzyme catalase and a moderate increase in hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. Thus, a slight increase in the intensity of lipid peroxidation in the Nezhenka and Orlovsky souvenir varieties in comparison with the Krasa Orlovschiny and Skoroplodnaya indicates the presence of physiological and biochemical resistance to the action of the stress factors used.

THE INFLUENCE OF BLANCHING PROCESS ON DEHYDRATED PLUM FRUIT QUALITY

Dehydrated plums are distinguished by a pleasant taste, but at the same time they are also distinguished by a special nutritional value, which brings many benefits to human health. After apples, plums are the most cultivated fruits in Romania. Quality as a notion is a general and specific characteristic being represented by certain features that condition both the marketing and the use of the finished product. The physical condition of dehydrated plums is determined by the anatomical structure, structural firmness, water content and appearance. The composition of the soluble dry matter is influenced by the variety, the degree of maturation, at which the raw material has been processed and by the qualitative changes undergone by each component, during dehydration. In this paper, we followed the influence of blanching treatment on 4 varieties of plums, dehydrated in a stream of warm air, at a temperature of 70 °C. The fruits taken into analysis were characterized by a water content of 75-84%, soluble dry matter 9-24%, total sugar 7-13%, acidity 0.45-0.98% and 2-17 mg ascorbic acid. After dehydration, the analyzed parameters were as follows: 16-24% water, total sugar 31-51%, total acidity 1.1-2.3%.

Damageability of plum varieties of aphids in Tatarstan

The purpose of the research is to assess the damageability of varieties and forms of domestic plum, Chinese and Russian plum aphids in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan and to identify the best of them in terms of resistance to this pest. The damageability of varieties and forms of plums by aphids was assessed according to the methodology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding of Fruit Crops. In the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan, the most resistant to plum aphids are the varieties of domestic plum Sverkhrannyaya (k.), Sineokaya, Renklod Tenkovsky (k.) and Kazanskaya. Variability of damageability to leaves and shoots of plum aphids in 2017-2020 the varieties and forms of domestic plum were significant (V=22.2-66.7%), in Chinese and Russian plum varieties – medium (V=10.5-12.8%). An insignificant positive correlation is observed between the degree of damage to the leaves and shoots of plum aphids and the damage to the leaves of plum varieties by clusterosporiosis (r = 0.57). An insignificant negative correlation was established between the degree of damage to varieties and forms of aphid plum and the amount of precipitation during the summer (r = -0.32) and vegetation periods (r = -0.42), the hydrothermal coefficient in the summer (r = -0.33) and vegetation (r=-0.54) periods. The damageability of leaves and shoots of plum aphids is more influenced by the genotypes of plum varieties and forms (74.1%) than the conditions of the year (11.2%) and the interaction of genotypes with the conditions of the year (12.2%).