Plug-in Software Research Articles

Multidisciplinary design optimization for sustainable design using building information modeling

This paper illustrates the application of computational design using Rhinoceros software and Grasshopper plugin to investigate a real accommodation with respect to the solar radiation reduction. The paper also introduces the basic concepts of Building Information Modelling (BIM) utilization in construction. The multidisciplinary BIM model show that the Computable BIM Model can be used for Architecture, Structure, Mechanical - Electrical -Plumbing (MEP) to help architects, designers do sustainable design such as acoustic comfort, lighting design on effective cost manner with many rapid design options from the conceptual design phase, to facilitate wind load simulation, predict structural behaviour under fierce conditions, to estimate heat load, HVAC systems performance for energy saving and sustainable design.

QGIS-Landsat Indices plugin (Q-LIP): Tool for environmental indices computing using Landsat data

Environmental monitoring has become of paramount importance for researchers and decision makers in order to better protect the environment and achieve sustainable development goals, especially with continuous population growth and rapid urbanization and industrialization processes that alter natural components of the environment and degrade the ecosystems. Hence, the use of Landsat data is of great significance, particularly in environmental monitoring and land management, due to their high spatial resolution and their free of cost availability since 1972. However, calculation of remotely sensed indices for environmental purpose occurs in several steps and requires minimum knowledge in imagery processing. This paper describes the development and design of Q-LIP “QGIS-Landsat Indices plugin”- a simple and easy-to-use tool to download, process and automatically calculate environmental indices from Landsat imagery. Q-LIP has been built under Python and designed as a QGIS software plugin; it is available to download from QGIS Plugin Repository.

Streaming Readout of the CLAS12 Forward Tagger Using TriDAS and JANA2

An effort is underway to develop streaming readout data acquisition system for the CLAS12 detector in Jefferson Lab’s experimental Hall-B. Successful beam tests were performed in the spring and summer of 2020 using a 10GeV electron beam from Jefferson Lab’s CEBAF accelerator. The prototype system combined elements of the TriDAS and CODA data acquisition systems with the JANA2 analysis/reconstruction framework. This successfully merged components that included an FPGA stream source, a distributed hit processing system, and software plugins that allowed offline analysis written in C++ to be used for online event filtering. Details of the system design and performance are presented.

Research on Integrated Energy Simulation System of Distribution Network

This article discussed multiple energy flow simulation technology based on the research status of integrated community energy system. Under the unified platform architecture, simulation, planning, optimization, and analysis of distribution multiple energy flow are realized. According to the idea of three cascades of energy utilization, the modeling of equipment in various professional fields is completed under unified software architecture, and the simulation system is finally developed. The system is built with plug-in software, which is open and extensible. The simulation system developed in this paper can be used in the simulation of distribution integrated energy system to realize the interaction between energy flow and information flow.

Artificial intelligence in small bowel capsule endoscopy - current status, challenges and future promise.

Neural network-based solutions are under development to alleviate physicians from the tedious task of small-bowel capsule endoscopy reviewing. Computer-assisted detection is a critical step, aiming to reduce reading times while maintaining accuracy. Weakly supervised solutions have shown promising results; however, video-level evaluations are scarce, and no prospective studies have been conducted yet. Automated characterization (in terms of diagnosis and pertinence) by supervised machine learning solutions is the next step. It relies on large, thoroughly labeled databases, for which preliminary "ground truth" definitions by experts are of tremendous importance. Other developments are under ways, to assist physicians in localizing anatomical landmarks and findings in the small bowel, in measuring lesions, and in rating bowel cleanliness. It is still questioned whether artificial intelligence will enter the market with proprietary, built-in or plug-in software, or with a universal cloud-based service, and how it will be accepted by physicians and patients.

Adjustment toward infertility mediates the relationship between coping, depression and anxiety in men: A confirmatory analysis

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical framework for the relationships between coping, adjustment toward infertility, depression and anxiety and to present a confirmatory analysis of the developed theoretical framework in men who, together with their spouses, were candidates for assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. Study designThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 212 men selected from the couples who were candidate for ART. Depression and anxiety, adjustment toward infertility, and coping strategies were assessed using self-report questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the plug-in application PROCESS macro and AMOS software. ResultsThe results showed that higher depression and anxiety scores were related to lower adjustment to infertility. Higher adjustment score was associated with lower self-blame, self-focused rumination, active confronting and avoidance coping strategies scores significantly. In the depression and anxiety pathway models, the positive relationship between active confronting and elf-focused rumination coping strategies were mediated by adjustment. However, the effect of active confronting on depression and anxiety was significant only with mediating role of adjustment. The direct and indirect relationship of self-focused rumination and the indirect relationship of active confronting with depression and anxiety had a good fitness (CMIN/ DF = .419). ConclusionThe self-focused rumination and active confronting coping strategies, having negative association with adjustment to infertility, and may increase depression and anxiety in men undergoing ART; however, higher adjustment is associated with decreased depression and anxiety. Therefore, mental health programs for men undergoing ART may need to focus on improving the skills of adaptive coping strategies.

Potential Genes Associated with the Survival of Lung Adenocarcinoma Were Identified by Methylation.

Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer. The purpose of this study is to search for genes related to the prognosis of LUAD through methylation based on a linear mixed model (LMM). Methods Gene expression, methylation, and survival data of LUAD patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. Based on the LMM model, the GEMMA algorithm was used to screen the predictive genes related to LUAD survival. The Cox model was used to further screen the predicted genes, and then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Through the software plugin Cytoscape MCODE 3.8.0, the most closely related genes in the PPI network module were selected for in-depth biological function analysis to further explore the interaction and correlation between genes. Results We screened out 97 predictive genes from 18,834 genes and eliminated one gene associated with lung squamous cell carcinoma from previous studies, leaving 96 genes. The MCODE and the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis were used to finally identify two genes ASB16 and NEDD4 that are related to the prognosis of LUAD. Conclusions The newly identified two genes associated with the prognosis of LUAD may provide a basis for the treatment of patients.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Coronavirus Infection: Interaction Network Analysis

Background: This study objective was to investigate, through interaction network analysis, the target genes involved in the pathogenesis of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in coronavirus infection. Method: Genes participating in the pathogenesis of NETs were recognized in GeneCards database. Gene list was extended, and the gene interactions network was mapped using the STRING software. Weighted number of links (WNL) were calculated to identify “leader genes”. Total interactions score (TIS) was calculated using all interaction data generated by the STRING database. The ontological analyses were also performed using BinGO plugin and Cytoscape software. Results: Seven sets of genes (IL6, TNF, CRP, CXCL8, IL-1s, IL17A and IL-1a) were identified in the GeneCards database. The suggested leader genes from the results of interaction scores were IL-6, TNF, IL-1s and CXCL-8 with the highest adjusted WNL values. However, the most influential genes in the network were IL-17 and CRP, with WNL/TIS ratios of 0.988 and 0.986, respectively. Conclusion: The above results might suggest the participation of potential genes to facilitate the understanding of complex pathogenesis mechanisms of coronavirus infection. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be modulated by evaluating the activity of NETosis which represents a promising therapeutic target for the COVID-19.

TactViz: A VMD Plugin for Tactile Visualization of Protein Structures

Scientific disciplines spanning biology, biochemistry, and biophysics involve the study of proteins and their functions. Visualization of protein structures represents a barrier to education and research in these disciplines for students who are blind or visually impaired. Here, we present a software plugin for readily producing variable-height tactile graphics of proteins using the free biomolecular visualization software Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) and protein structure data that is publicly available through the Protein Data Bank. Our method also supports interactive tactile visualization of proteins with VMD on electronic refreshable tactile display devices. Employing our method in an academic laboratory has enabled an undergraduate student who is blind to carry out research alongside her sighted peers. By making the study of protein structures accessible to students who are blind or visually impaired, we aim to promote diversity and inclusion in STEM education and research.

Ultrasound Array Probe: Signal Processing in Case of Structural Noise

Abstract This work focuses on non-destructive examinations using array probe ultrasonic waves on complex materials generating a high structural noise on the examined area. During an ultrasonic examination, multiple scattering of the ultrasonic waves at the grain boundaries makes the distinction between this structurally induced noise and a potential defect challenging. The difficulty of the interpretation can moreover be increased in the near surface area because of the subsurface wave. In order to ease the analysis of these acquisitions, some numerical processing methods are proposed. Statistical properties of the imaging results (for instance, total focusing method or plane wave imaging) are first calculated on several sensor positions. These statistical properties are then used to post-process the imaging results and enhance any signal values that do not belong to the structural noise expected statistics. The method, called “CORUS,” has been successfully tested on cast austenoferritic stainless steel coarse-grained mock-ups, with several dB gain compared to the classical total focusing method. It is now integrated in a civa software plugin and in a prototype version of the real-time PANTHER-phased-array acquisition system from Eddyfi Technologies.

Selection of Parameters and Parametric Design of Smart Bus Stops to Improve the Socio-temporal Landscape in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Transportation is an important activity under Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Bus stops are a crucial included element, which requires an architectural design for user satisfaction using functional and ethical design parameters. A study has been conducted at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India to find the scope for development in the present bus stop infrastructures for better user satisfaction. Major bus routes in the town involving intra-city routes and intercity routes have been selected. Thirty-seven bus stops are selected for survey and analysis. User requirements in the bus stops have been evaluated and used as parameters for an improved design. A total of eighteen parameters are evaluated through survey and the feedback has been recorded in Google Form for analysis. Central tendencies of data have been computed. Further, dimensional reduction technique has been used to identify the principal components responsible for synergy of parameters. PCA of first three Principal component parameters has been considered for re-modelling the bus stops of Bhubaneswar. It has been observed that seven parameters jointly can achieve 54.4% user’s satisfaction compared to 44% as observed from the descriptive statistical analysis. Minitab-18 has been used for all statistical analysis. The correlation coefficient values have been used to determine the requirements of bus stop users in Bhubaneswar at different bus stops. PCA plots are further analysed for parameter recommendation in upgrading the bus stop facilities to make it sustainable and environment-friendly. The design of the bus stop has been made using Rhinoceros software and Grasshopper plugin.

Uncovering the protective mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction against diabetic retinopathy via HIF-1 signaling pathway based on network analysis and experimental validation

BackgroundDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common and serious microvascular complication of diabetes. Taohong Siwu decoction (THSWD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has been proved to have a good clinical effect on DR, whereas its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Our study aimed to uncover the core targets and signaling pathways of THSWD against DR.MethodsFirst, the active ingredients of THSWD were searched from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) Database. Second, the targets of active ingredients were identified from ChemMapper and PharmMapper databases. Third, DR associated targets were searched from DisGeNET, DrugBank and Therapeutic Target Database (TTD). Subsequently, the common targets of active ingredients and DR were found and analyzed in STRING database. DAVID database and ClueGo plug-in software were used to carry out the gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis. The core signaling pathway network of “herb-ingredient-target” was constructed by the Cytoscape software. Finally, the key genes of THSWD against DR were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).ResultsA total of 2340 targets of 61 active ingredients in THSWD were obtained. Simultaneously, a total of 263 DR-associated targets were also obtained. Then, 67 common targets were found by overlapping them, and 23 core targets were identified from protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Response to hypoxia was found as the top GO term of biological process, and HIF-1 signaling pathway was found as the top KEGG pathway. Among the key genes in HIF-1 pathway, the mRNA expression levels of VEGFA, SERPINE1 and NOS2 were significantly down-regulated by THSWD (P < 0.05), and NOS3 and HMOX1 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05).ConclusionTHSWD had a protective effect on DR via regulating HIF-1 signaling pathway and other important pathways. This study might provide a theoretical basis for the application of THSWD and the development of new drugs for the treatment of DR.

Explaining the black-box model: A survey of local interpretation methods for deep neural networks

Recently, a significant amount of research has been investigated on interpretation of deep neural networks (DNNs) which are normally processed as black box models. Among the methods that have been developed, local interpretation methods stand out which have the features of clear expression in interpretation and low computation complexity. Different from existing surveys which cover a broad range of methods on interpretation of DNNs, this survey focuses on local interpretation methods with an in-depth analysis of the representative works including the newly proposed approaches. From the perspective of principles, we first divide local interpretation methods into two main categories: model-driven methods and data-driven methods. Then we make a fine-grained distinction between the two types of these methods, and highlight the latest ideas and principles. We further demonstrate the effects of a number of interpretation methods by reproducing the results through open source software plugins. Finally, we point out research directions in this rapidly evolving field.

A The Research on Reproducibility of Microphone Preamplifier Digital Emulation Technology: Focused on Neve 1073 DPX and 1973-Pre Plug-in

본 논문에서는 기술이 발전됨에 따라 하드웨어로 존재하는 많은 유명한 아날로그 장비들, 특히 들어오는 신호음을 전기적으로 증폭시키면서 특정한 색채를 부여하는 아날로그 프리앰프의 디지털 모델링 기술의 재현성에 대해 연구하여 프리앰프 디지털 모델링 기술의 재현성을 확인하는 데에 초점을 맞춘다. 프리앰프의 특정한 색채를 더하는 기능은 배음의 변화, 즉 고조파 왜곡 현상을 통하여 부여하는 특성이다. 이러한 색채는 각 장비의 회사, 또 모델 종류에 따라 다르다. 분석 대상은 Neve 1073과 동일한 부품들과 스펙으로 제작된 Neve 1073 DPX를 선정, 비교 분석 대상으로는 Neve 1073을 Arturia社에서 복각하여 plug-in 개발한 1973-pre로 선정한다. 연구는 Moog社의 아날로그 신디사이저 ‘Little Phatty Stage 2’에서 추출한 기본파와 충분한 배음들로 구성된 샘플을 동일하게 하드웨어 프리앰프와 이를 복각한 플러그인에 동시 송출 후 동시에 DAW로 녹음하여 도출된 결과를 바탕으로 주파수 응답 및 고조파 왜곡 현상을 확인하여 아날로그 장비와 복각 플러그인의 유사 여부를 통해 그 재현성을 파악하는 형태로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과, 1973-pre가 Neve 1073 DPX와 유사한 주파수 응답과 하모닉스를 구현하는 것이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였으며, 하드웨어를 사용하지 않고서도 plug-in이라는 특성을 활용하여 다양한 프로세싱이 가능하다 사료된다. 본 연구를 통해 음악인들에게는 기술적인 정보 전달이, 개발자와 후속 연구자들에게는 프리앰프 디지털 에뮬레이션 기술의 발전을 위한 학문적 자료가 되기를 바란다.The final objective of this research is to confirm the reproducibility of digitally emulated plug-in of hardware(especially the preamp, which is the hardware that boost up the volume of electric signal and impart its tonal character). Tonal character is given by shifting signal’s harmonics, Tonal characters varies in hardwares’ companies, and the models of hardware. Neve 1073 DPX has been set as the research subject(which has built with the same parts and spec of Neve 1073), and Arturia’s 1973-Pre as the comparative subject(which emulates Neve 1073). Research was progressed by comparing frequency response and the amount of harmonic distortion with recorded results(DAW recording) of each hardware preamp and identical hardware preamp emulated plug-in. Little Phatty Stage 2 of Moog was used for the signal sender, and sent signal consists fundamental wave and harmonics. It was possible to confirm that 1973-Pre’s frequency response and the harmonics shifting is similar to the hardware through this research. Since 1973-pre is a software plug-in, it seems that it could be used with various methods without using hardware. We hope this research to give technical information to musicians and to give academic information to engineers and following researchers.

Potensi Ekstrak Etanol 96% Daun Salam (Syzigium polyanthum Wight. (Walp.)) terhadap Ekspresi p53 pada Sel Kanker HeLa Cell Lines

Bay leaves (Syzigium polyanthum Wight. (Walp.) have been utilized as one of traditional medicines in Indonesian. However, the potency of the leaves for cancer treatment has not been well-explored. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene after administration of 96% ethanol extract of Bay leaves on HeLa cell lines. This study is begin by making extract using ethanol 96% as a solvent followed by phytochemical screening and extract evaluation of HeLa cells by immunohistochemistry. The observation of p53 protein expression is conducted using the Image J Profiler Plugin software 1.52a version. The H-score data is processed using the One-Way ANNOVA IBM SPSS 20 version program and continued with Post Hoc analysis using the Duncan test. The identification of 96% ethanol extract result showed that bay leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, and steroids. Based on the Post Hoc test results, the administration of 96% ethanol extract bay leaves with three dose variations (156 µg/ml, 234 µg/ml, 312 µg/ml) and negative control had significant differences, while the high dose (312 µg/ml) had not significant differences to positive control. The result showed that 96% ethanol extract of bay leaves by the dose of 312 ug/ml can inhibit the expression of mutant p53 protein in cervical cancer cells HeLa cell lines.

Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Hub Genes and Inflammation State of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by erosive arthritis, which has not been thoroughly cured yet, and standardized treatment is helpful for alleviating clinical symptoms. Here, various bioinformatics analysis tools were comprehensively utilized, aiming to identify critical biomarkers and possible pathogenesis of RA. Three gene expression datasets profiled by microarray were obtained from GEO database. Dataset GSE55235 and GSE55457 were merged for subsequent analyses. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RStudio with limma package, performing functional enrichment analysis based on GSEA software and clusterProfiler package. Next, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was set up through STRING database and Cytoscape. Moreover, CIBERSORT website was used to assess the inflammatory state of RA. Finally, we validated the candidate hub genes with dataset GSE77298. As a result, we identified 106 DEGs (72 upregulated and 34 downregulated genes). Through GO, KEGG, and GSEA analysis, we found that DEGs were mainly involved in immune response and inflammatory signaling pathway. With the help of Cytoscape software and MCODE plug-in, the most prominent subnetwork was screened out, containing 14 genes and 45 edges. For ROC curve analysis, eight genes with AUC >0.80 were considered as hub genes of RA. In conclusion, compared with healthy controls, the DEGs and their closely related biological functions were analyzed, and we held that chemokines and immune cells infiltration promote the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Targeting the eight biomarkers we identified may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

DIAMetrics

This paper introduces DIAMetrics: a novel framework for end-to-end benchmarking and performance monitoring of query engines. DIAMetrics consists of a number of components supporting tasks such as automated workload summarization, data anonymization, benchmark execution, monitoring, regression identification, and alerting. The architecture of DIAMetrics is highly modular and supports multiple systems by abstracting their implementation details and relying on common canonical formats and pluggable software drivers. The end result is a powerful unified framework that is capable of supporting every aspect of benchmarking production systems and workloads. DIAMetrics has been developed in Google and is being used to benchmark a number of internal query engines. In this paper, we give an overview of DIAMetrics and discuss its design and implementation. Furthermore, we provide details about its deployment and example use cases. Given the variety of supported systems and use cases within Google, we argue that its core concepts can be used more widely to enable comparative end-to-end benchmarking in other industrial environments.

GESTURE RECOGNITION FOR PENCAK SILAT TAPAK SUCI REAL-TIME ANIMATION

The main target in this research is a design of a virtual martial arts training system in real-time and as a tool in learning martial arts independently using genetic algorithm methods and dynamic time warping. In this paper, it is still in the initial stages, which is focused on taking data sets of martial arts warriors using 3D animation and the Kinect sensor cameras, there are 2 warriors x 8 moves x 596 cases/gesture = 9,536 cases. Gesture Recognition Studies are usually distinguished: body gesture and hand and arm gesture, head and face gesture, and, all three can be studied simultaneously in martial arts pencak silat, using martial arts stance detection with scoring methods. Silat movement data is recorded in the form of oni files using the OpenNI ™ (OFW) framework and BVH (Bio Vision Hierarchical) files as well as plug-in support software on Mocap devices. Responsiveness is a measure of time responding to interruptions, and is critical because the system must be able to meet the demand.

Façade Components Optimization of Naturally Ventilated Building in Tropical Climates through Generative Processes. Case study: Sumatera Institute of Technology (ITERA), Lampung, Indonesia

Global warming and climate change have led to the world energy crisis. While it also leads to the crisis of energy consumption, the main reason is still debatable among the researchers. However, the released of carbon emission in construction field is generally believed has triggered the phenomena and become the primary cause of global warming. It is proven that the building sector contributes to the biggest causes of overheating in the environment. Based on previous research, residential and commercial has reached 20% to 40% of the total energy consumption and this growing trend is still happening. Moreover, the electricity consumption in the building and construction process is the main reason for the growth of carbon emission. Therefore, the stakeholder particularly architects and designer should take an early initiative to overcome the problems. One of the approaches is to predict building performance through simulation in the initial design phase. In line with this, rapid technology development has brought to an alarming situation concerning energy consumption. Passive design is considered as one of the strategies to moderate indoor temperature in a tropical climate. Some studies suggest that the use of natural ventilation is potentially reducing operating costs and produce better thermal and indoor air quality. This study will investigate the optimization process of daylight performace condition that driven by façade components such as balcony size, orientation, openings, layout and louver windows using generative and parametric tools through multi-objectives optimization and generative simulation. The methodology used in this research is generative simulation in parametric platform named Grasshopper sith plugin software ladybug + honey bee. From the simulation it is resulted that Preferred individuals have an illuminance value of 211 test points. The properties owned by these individuals are cantilevered as a canopy at the height of 3 meters, a cantilever or canopy length of 2 meters, the building’s orientation angle to the south is 21 °, and has 32% opening of the total façade surface.

The impact of tumor hypoxia on the clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb treatment in recurrent/metastatic HNSCC patients (R/M).

6546 Background: Anti-PD-1 mAbs have changed the landscape of R/M HNSCC treatment, but physical, immunologic, and metabolic barriers present in the tumor microenvironment are likely drivers of low response rates. Hypoxia is a well-established feature of the tumor microenvironment and may act as a barrier to T cell infiltration and function. We evaluated the effect of hypoxia on the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb treatment in R/M HNSCC patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of R/M patients treated with anti-PD-1 mAb that had consented to the UPMC Hillman tissue banking protocol (HCC 99-069). Pre-treatment archival FFPE samples were analyzed via immunofluorescent imaging for number of CD8+ T cells (CD8), Tregs, and the percent area (% CAIX) and mean intensity (Int) of carbonic anhydrase IX, a well-described marker of hypoxia. Tissue sections stained with PanCK, CAIX, CD8, Foxp3, and DAPI were imaged with an Olympus IX 83 microscope. ImageJ software and custom software plugins were used to determine %CAIX, Int, CD8, and Treg. PD-L1 by IHC was reported as a combined positive score (CPS) defining positive as CPS &gt; 1. We compared non-responders (NR) i.e. PD to responders (R) i.e. PR or SD, and analyzed OS, PFS. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software. Two-tailed unpaired t test was used when comparing 2 groups, 1-way ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons, and log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results: The 36 patients included were 69% male, median age 59, 58% smokers. 61% were platinum failure. Primary site included 39% OC, 22% OPC (38% HPV positive), 17% Larynx, 17% other, 5% hypopharynx. Low %CAIX/Int, high CD8, and high CD8/Treg were all significantly associated with R. Patients with low %CAIX/Int (12 month OS Low: 75% vs. Mid: 17% vs. High:8%, p = 0.02) and high CD8/Treg had a significant increase in OS. Only high CD8 was associated with significantly higher PFS. Low %CAIX alone showed a non-significant trend towards increased R and no difference in PFS/OS. There was no difference in CD8, CD8/Treg, PD-L1 and Treg between %CAIX/Int groups. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first evaluation of tumor hypoxia as a predictive biomarker in anti-PD-1 mAb treated R/M HNSCC patients. Lower hypoxia by %CAIX/Int was associated with significantly increased response and OS. While further analysis in a larger dataset is needed to confirm, the lack of significant difference in CD8, Treg, PD-L1, and CD8/Treg between %CAIX/Int groups (Low, Mid, High) suggests that hypoxia may be an independent predictive marker.