Pleuropneumonia In Cattle Research Articles

The Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response to Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Cattle with Respiratory Disorders by Western Blot Technique, Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosor-bent Assay and Complement Fixation Test

In this study 253 serum samples from cattle showing respiratory disorders were tested by confirmatory Western Immunoblotting test (IBT), complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Two (0.8%) out of 253 serum samples were found to be positive and two were (0.8%) doubtful by CFT while 7 (2.8%) serum samples were found as positive and 25 (9.9%) of them were found to be doubtful by c-ELISA. On the other hand, a core profile of antigenic bands needed to be identified at 110, 98, 95, 62/60 and 48 kDa was not detected in any of the test serum sample. Immunoblot analysis some of serum samples displayed the number of bands between one or three and some of them were highly faint. In order to detect similarities between MmmSc strains related to their electrophoretic profiles, whole cell proteins of Mycoplasma species isolated from cattle and MmmSC reference strains (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Botswana (African strain), Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC PG1 (reference strain), Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC V5 (Australian strain), M. bovigenitalium, M. bovirhinis, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum, M.canadense, M.alkalescens and M. bovis) were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrilamide gel elektrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The result of this analysis indicated that antigens of 220, 78, 82, 68, 24 kDa were common among all tested strains. According to these results, it was thought that positive results by both CFT and c-ELISA, also non specific band patterns observed by IBT might be caused by a cross reaction between tested mycoplasma strains. As conclusion, it is recommended that all the positive results by CFT and c-ELISA be confirmed by IBT.

Seroprevalence and determinants of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle in Burkina Faso.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides. This disease affects ruminants mainly cattle with respiratory disorders as predominant symptoms. In Burkina Faso, this condition has been considered as enzootic since several years but data on its seroprevalence remains scares. This study aimed to establish the serological prevalence and determinants of CBPP in Burkina Faso in 2017. For this purpose, 3969 serum samples have been collected following a stratified sampling plan based on vaccination coverage in 12 regions, 84 communes, and 210 villages and analyzed using c-ELISA test. Individual seroprevalence was 16.91% (95% CI: 15.74-18.07%), while 84.5% (95% CI: 60.46-80.02%) of communes, chosen as epidemiological units were found positive. The individual prevalence was found to be associated with agro-ecological area (p < 0.05) and a prevalence of 18.70% (95% CI: 16.74-20.66%) was noted in Sahelian areas, while 15.79% (95% CI: 14.34-17.23%) was found in Soudanian areas. The prevalence was also significantly associated with vaccination coverage (p < 0.05) with a prevalence of 13.92% (95% CI: 11.66-16.18%), 19.21% (95% CI: 16.66-20.75%) and 11.61%(95% CI: 9.00-14.23%) for high, moderate, and low vaccination coverage respectively. The individual prevalence was respectively 16.97 (95% CI: 15.56-18.39%) and 17.13% (95% CI: 15.93-18.33%) for female and animals more than 2years old. According to regions, the highest seroprevalence was found in Plateau Central region (38.18%, 95% CI: 29.1-47.26%), while the lowest was found in Centre-Est Region (7%, 95% CI: 4.5-9.5%). These prevalence data will allow us to adapt the ongoing strategy to control CBPP in Burkina Faso.

Baseline analysis of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigens as targets for a DIVA assay for use with a subunit vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

BackgroundMycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle. A prototype subunit vaccine is being developed, however, there is currently no diagnostic test that can differentiate between infected cattle and those vaccinated with the prototype subunit vaccine. This study characterized Mmm proteins to identify potential antigens for use in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.ResultsTen Mmm antigens expressed as recombinant proteins were tested in an indirect ELISA using experimental sera from control groups, infected, and vaccinated animals. Data were imported into R software for analysis and drawing of the box and scatter plots while Cohen’s Kappa assessed the level of agreement between the Mmm antigens. Two vaccine antigens (MSC_0499 and MSC_0776) were superior in detecting antibodies in sera of animals vaccinated with the subunit vaccines while two non-vaccine antigens (MSC_0636 and LppB) detected antibodies in sera of infected animals showing all clinical stages of the disease. Sensitivity and specificity of above 87.5% were achieved when the MSC_0499 and MSC_0636 antigens were tested on sera from vaccinated and infected animals.ConclusionsThe MSC_0499 and MSC_0776 antigens were the most promising for detecting vaccinated animals, while MSC_0636 and LppB were the best targets to identify infected animals. Further testing of sera from vaccinated and infected animals collected at different time intervals in the field should help establish how useful a diagnostic test based on a cocktail of these proteins would be.

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an important infectious disease of respiratory system of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. A cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang districts of Punjab to determine the prevalence of CBPP. A total of 560 serum samples were examined for the specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associated risk factors that were evaluated include age, gender and breed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence was 8.75%. The seroprevalence of CBPP in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang were 8.26, 8.20 and 10.06%, respectively, but no significance difference (P less than 0.05) was observed. Among the assessed potential predisposing factors, gender and breed were not significantly associated with the serological status of the animal (P greater than 0.05), in which the age affected significantly the positivity to CBPP (P less than 0.05). The highest seropositivity was observed in animals of more than 7 years of age (32.08%) followed by in 4-7 years of age (8.16%) and lowest in animals of less than 4 years old (0.79%). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in the state which could be a threat to livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease.

Proteomic characterization of pleural effusion, a specific host niche of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a severe pleuropneumonia in cattle. The abnormal accumulation of pleural fluid, called pleural effusion (PE), is one of the characteristics of this disease. We performed a proteomic analysis of seven PE samples from experimentally infected cattle and characterized their composition with respect to bovine and Mmm proteins. We detected a total of 963 different bovine proteins. Further analysis indicated a strong enrichment of proteins involved in antigen processing, platelet activation and degranulation and apoptosis and an increased abundance of acute phase proteins. With regard to the pathogen, up to 108 viable mycoplasma cells per ml were detected in the PE supernatant. The proteomic analysis revealed 350 mycoplasma proteins, including proteins involved in virulence-associated processes like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and capsule synthesis. The bovine proteins detected will aid to characterize the inflammasome during an acute pleuropneumonia in cattle and the identified mycoplasma proteins will serve as baseline data to be compared with in vitro studies to improve our understanding of pathogenicity mechanisms. Based on our results, we named the pleural effusion an “in vivo niche” of Mmm during the acute phase of CBPP. Biological significanceThis is the first study on bovine pleural effusions derived from an infectious disease and the first approach to characterize the proteome of Mycoplasma mycoides in vivo. This study revealed a high number of viable Mmm cells in the pleural effusion. The bovine pleural effusion proteome during Mmm infection is qualitatively similar to plasma, but differs with respect to high abundance of acute phase proteins. On the other hand, Mmm in its natural host produces proteins involved in capsule synthesis, H2O2 production and induction of inflammatory response, supporting previous knowledge on mechanisms underlying the survival and virulence of this pathogen while inside the natural host. This knowledge forms a profound basis for testing the identified protein candidates for diagnostics or vaccines.

Mannheimia haemolytica A1-induced Fibrinosuppurative Meningoencephalitis in a Naturally-infected Holstein–Friesian Calf

Mannheimia haemolytica is an opportunistic bacterium that is widely recognized among the bovine respiratory disease complex as the predominant pathogen causing broncho- and pleuropneumonia in cattle. Among the characterized M. haemolytica serotypes, A1 is the major cause of severe pulmonary lesions in cattle. This report describes post-mortem findings in a Holstein-Friesian calf with fibrinosuppurative meningoencephalitis and fibrinonecrotizing, haemorrhagic broncho- and pleuropneumonia, from which M. haemolytica and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were isolated. Microscopical evaluation showed expansion of the brainstem and cerebellar leptomeninges by neutrophils and fibrin, associated with gram-negative coccobacilli. Occasional blood vessels within the midbrain and cerebellum contained fibrin thrombi. Bacterial culture of cerebellum and lung yielded M. haemolytica with unusually high haemolytic activity. The isolates were confirmed as serotype A1 by rapid plate agglutination. Lung tissue was positive for BVDV by polymerase chain reaction. The broncho- and pleuropneumonia in this calf were consistent with typical mannheimiosis due to serotype A1; however, extrapulmonary infections due to M. haemolytica, as seen in this case, are rarely reported. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a natural BVDV and M. haemolytica co-infection associated with fibrinosuppurative meningoencephalitis in a calf.

Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin binds cyclophilin D on bovine neutrophil mitochondria

Mannheimia haemolytica is an important member of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex that causes fibrinous and necrotizing pleuropneumonia in cattle. BRD is characterized by abundant neutrophil infiltration into the alveoli and fibrin deposition. The most important virulence factor of M. haemolytica is its leukotoxin. Previous research in our laboratory has shown that the leukotoxin is able to enter into and traffic to the mitochondria of a bovine lymphoblastoid cell line (BL-3). In this study, we evaluated the ability of LKT to be internalized and travel to mitochondria in bovine neutrophils. We demonstrate that LKT binds bovine neutrophil mitochondria and co-immunoprecipitates with TOM22 and TOM40, which are members of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial (TOM) membrane family. Upon entry into mitochondria, LKT co-immunoprecipitates with cyclophilin D, a member of the mitochondria permeability transition pore. Unlike BL-3 cells, bovine neutrophil mitochondria are not protected against LKT by the membrane-stabilizing agent cyclosporin A, nor were bovine neutrophil mitochondria protected by the permeability transition pore antagonist bongkrekic acid. In addition, we found that bovine neutrophil cyclophilin D is significantly smaller than that found in BL-3 cells. Bovine neutrophils were protected against LKT by protein transfection of an anti-cyclophilin D antibody directed at the C-terminal amino acids, but not an antibody against the first 50 N-terminal amino acids. In contrast, BL-3 cells were protected by antibodies against either the C-terminus or N-terminus of cyclophilin. These data confirm that LKT binds to bovine neutrophil mitochondria, but indicate there are distinctions between neutrophil and BL-3 mitochondria that might reflect differences in cyclophilin D.

Abattoir-based survey of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle in Turkey

Blood samples collected from 945 cattle at four local abattoirs in Turkey were examined for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) by the complement fixation test (cFT) and competitive ELISA (cELISA). In...

Alveolar macrophage and neutrophil interactions in Pasteurella haemolytica-induced endothelial cell injury.

Pasteurella haemolytica, the cause of fibrinous pleuropneumonia in cattle, produces extensive microvascular endothelial cell damage. This study investigated endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions by using a Millicell coculture assay system that modeled the bovine pulmonary alveolar defense system and showed that P. haemolytica-mediated endothelial cell damage was enhanced by the presence of alveolar macrophages, presumably due to soluble alveolar macrophage products. The alveolar macrophage-enhanced endothelial cell damage occurred regardless of the presence of anti-P. haemolytica immune serum; however, neutrophils and immune serum effectively prevented endothelial cell damage. These results suggest that alveolar macrophages are ineffective in controlling P. haemolytica growth and actually promote endothelial cell damage.

Anin vitro model system to evaluate pulmonary macrophage, endothelial cell, and neutrophil interactions

Pasteurella haemolytica, the cause of fibrinous pleuropneumonia in cattle, produces extensive microvascular endothelial cell (EC) damage. We have developed an in vitro model system to study the inflammatory process of this disease involving the interaction of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils (PMN), and EC. Bovine EC are grown to confluency in 24 well tissue culture plates. To mimic the vascular component, 10(6) PMN are later added to the EC monolayers. Bovine AM are plated onto millicell inserts and placed into the wells containing EC and PMN. The millicell insert serves as a semi-permeable barrier between AM and EC, allowing the exchange of only diffusible material. Preliminary work demonstrates that P. haemolytica stimulated AM resulted in EC damage presumably due to both soluble lipopolysaccharide and AM secreted products.

FURTHER ADVANCES IN RESEARCH IN RESEARCH INTO PLEURO‐PNEUMONIA OF CATTLE

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 14, Issue 4 p. 159-162 FURTHER ADVANCES IN RESEARCH IN RESEARCH INTO PLEURO-PNEUMONIA OF CATTLE First published: August 1938 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1938.tb13638.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume14, Issue4August 1938Pages 159-162 RelatedInformation

ON THE NON-SPECIFIC COMPLEMENT FIXATION OF NORMAL RABBIT SERUM AND ITS ELIMINATION

As already reported by many workers, some normal rabbit serum has a non-specific property to fix complement in a certain degree, when several kinds of antigen, viz. bacterial or lipoidal, are used. This effect can be demonstrated by using the antigens or the specific sera in which the haemolytic and anticomplementary action was determined not to be present. For this reason it may be apparently quite impossible to distinguish this effect from the specific fixation of complement. Based upon this fact it is generally indicated that in the conduction of specific complement fixation the rabbit might not be used, because this animal is not suitable for the close study of specific amboceptors. Regarding this problem, Schilling and Haesslin recognized this phenomenon first in 1908 by using normal rabbit serum which showed an apparent specific reaction with an alcoholic syphilitic liver extract antigen. In 1916, Kolmer and Trist found also that the similar reaction took place, caused by the normal rabbit serum when several kinds of bacterial antigens have been employed and, moreover, the phenomenon appeared more markedly as compared with the cases in which lipoidal antigens were employed. Besides these observers, Manteufel and Waithe, Browning and Mc Kengie came to the same result in their works with experimental trypanosomiasis; Dohi, Haeberstaedter, Blumenthal, Prausnitzs and Stern, Emmanuel, Epstein and Pribraum, Kolmer and Casselman, Trist and Kolmer also in the use of other lipoid antigens; Kritchewsky, Helleus, Huddlesson, Kaneko and others in the employment of several bacterial antigens. However, as observed by these authors the non-specific fixation affected with normal rabbit serum in the presence of several kinds of antigens does not appear in a constant effect and its manifestation varies with the individuality of rabbit used or the nature of antigens; furthermore, this phenomenon generally appears more remarkably in the use of inactive serum than in the employment of active serum, even when the serum is taken from one and the same rabbit. With regard to the intensity of the non-specific reaction, Kolmer and Pearce concluded that, working with the blood serum taken from one and the same rabbit for a long time, there is no evidence of any change in the reaction. On the other hand, Kaneko stated that in the case of using serum from a positively reacted rabbit, the amount of complement to be fixed was almost constant, but in some cases showed variability, and, on the contrary, with the negative serum, it was quite impossible to demonstrate any measurable change in the reaction. Concerning the elimination of such effect, Emmanuel proposed that the injection of salvarsan might be temporarily efficient for this purpose, while Epstein and Pribraum insisted that the same result could be obtained by the injection of mercurials. And Sachs and Georgi also described that the effect above mentioned could be eliminated by the removal of serum globulin by employing N/250 hydrochloric acid solution. Kolmer expressed later that though the mechanism through which this phenomenon takes place is not yet perfectly demonstrated, this effect can be acted by some elements which must be contained in both lipoid substance and the serum protein. And from his experiment with regard to their property, he stated that the capacity of the elements to fix complement will be remarkably enhanced by heating the serum at 56°C for half an hour, while it will be abated by treating at 62°C for the same length of time; and it will be lost completely by heating at 70°C for thirty minutes.In our complement fixation tests with regard to the contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, we also experienced that most of the normal rabbit serum showed the effect to fix complement reaction with the specific antigens, just as it was observed in other systems by several authors.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Association of Economic Biologists, October 13.—Prof. E. B. Poulton, president, in the chair.—E. J. Butler: Virus diseases in plants. The first demonstration that disease can be caused by a filtrable virus was by Iwanowski, in 1892, in mosaic disease of tobacco. Mosaic is now known in nearly 100 species of plants. Diseases like peach-yellows and others characterised by phloem-necrosis are probably caused by similar agents though the filtered juice is not infective. All hitherto tested can be transmitted by grafting, most of them by insects (the chief method in Nature), and many by inoculating with sap. Contact will not cause infection. Infection may be hereditary in the insect transmitter and in the plant. “Carriers”are known. The causal agents are believed to be living organisms. Several investigators have recently found large amoebiform corpuscles or smaller granules in infected cells. The former have been compared with cytoryctes or neuroryctes and the latter with Chlamvdozoa but a resemblance to Rickettsia is suggested. The causal organisms appear to be obligate parasites.—J. A. Arkwright: Virus diseases in animals and man. The chief points of interest common to plant and animal “virus diseases” are (1) the nature and properties of the virus (2) the means of transmission, e.g. “carriers”and insect vectors; (3) measures for prevention, e.g. breeding or selection, and isolation or destruction, (4) perhaps the concentration of the virus in certain special tissue cells. About fifty animal virus diseases have been described which may be roughly classified as follows: (1) visible, not filtrable, not cultivated, e.g. Rickettsia; (2) probably visible, filtrable, cultivated, e.g. pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, poliomyelitis; (3) filtrable, not cultivated, some (?) visible in the tissues, e.g. foot and mouth disease, vaccinia; (4) filtrable, very resistant, e.g. infectious anaemia of horses, fowl-pox. In general properties most do not differ much from bacteria, though some are very resistant to drying, glycerine, and heat. The smallest clearly visible and the largest filtrable particles are of the same order of size, i.e. about 0.2 micron. Living organisms may conceivably be much smaller than this. The differentiation of colloidal particles of about 0.02 micron in size by means of the microscope requires attention especially to their arrangement and their range of size and shape, rather than to the appearance of individual particles. Theoretically it is possible that an enzyme may be the cause of an infectious disease on the analogy of Twort's lytic substance and the bacteriophage of d'Herelle.

Further Researches into the Serological Diagnosis of Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle

Further Researches into the Serological Diagnosis of Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle

Immunity, Protective Inoculations in Infectious Diseases, and Serum-Therapy.

The uppermost topic of the day is that of serum-therapy and protective inoculations. We have here a book by America's foremost bacteriologist, in which the question is impartially reviewed from a bacteriologic standpoint. The book is divided in two parts, of which the first is given to natural and acquired immunity, and the second to protective inoculations and serum-therapy. The diseases anthrax, chicken cholera, cholera, diphtheria, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, hog cholera, hog erysipelas, hydrophobia, influenza, influenza of horses, pleuropneumonia of cattle, pneumonia, rinderpest, smallpox, swine plague, streptococcus infection, symptomatic anthrax (" black leg"), tetanus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and yellow fever are separately treated. In regard to natural immunity, the author apparently makes good his claim to priority to the theory so well supported by Metschnikoff, of phagocytosis, but yields readily to the view that the leucocytes are probably not the principal agency in the destruction of bacteria in living tissues. Buchner's

The microbe of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle

The microbe of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle