Plastic Powder Research Articles

Profound tabletability deterioration of microcrystalline cellulose by magnesium stearate.

Magnesium stearate (MgSt) is a common lubricant used in tablet formulations to facilitate tablet manufacturing by reducing ejection force. The use of MgSt in tablet formulation is known to potentially deteriorate tabletability of plastic powders and slow down drug dissolution. Here, we report surprisingly profound deterioration in tabletability of microcrystalline cellulose by hand-mixing. We also show that the hand mixing process is highly variable. To ensure the reproducibility of tabletability assessment of powders, hand-mixing should be used with caution. For research that employs hand mixing, mixing procedure should be carefully controlled and reported.

Powder bed fusion process: A brief review

Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. It is the layer by layer addition process. In the future, it is going to be manufactured all types of products used in automotive, aerospace, energy sectors and home appliances. These products can be produced using various AM methods. Few of them are Laminated Object Manufacturing, Powder Bed Fusion and Direct Energy Deposition, Stereolithography (SLA), and Solid Ground Curing (SGC).The present brief review is concentrated on working of PBF process only. It includes Direct Metal Laser Deposition (DMLS), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Heat Sintering (SHS). In these processes powder lay on the powder bed and it is also known as built platform. Laser used as heat energy source for SLS, SLM and DMLS processes. But EBM uses electron beam as source of energy. The SHS process uses heated thermal head for sintering plastic powders. SLS, DMLS and SHS are powder sintering processes. But SLM and EBM are powder melting processes.This review paper is also covered historical development and usage of technologies, CNC verses Additive Manufacturing/Rapid Prototyping, AM process chain, Classification of AM processes; advantages, disadvantages and applications of PBF process.

Experimental investigation of concrete incorporating HDPE plastic waste and metakaolin

This paper deals with the investigation of using Metakaolin and HDPE plastic waste with various percentages in concrete to make the concrete economical with desired properties and to reduce the consumption of naturally available construction materials. Six percentages of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic powder (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) and 10% metakaolin are incorporated with the weight of fine aggregate and cement respectively. The concrete with 10% metakaolin and 15% HDPE plastic powder gives better result on compressive strength in comparison with conventional concrete. The flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete shows up to 80% and 90% replacement with 10% metakaolin and 5% HDPE plastic powder respectively.

Preliminary Study on Compressive Strength of Porous Asphalt Containing Modified Buton Asphalt, Waste Plastic and Limestone Powder

Porous asphalt is a surface layer or a wear layer is one of the asphalt material developed to overcome the problem of inundation during the rainy season making it suitable for use in Indonesia which has high rainfall intensity. Furthermore, it is necessary to optimize the use of a number of natural resources in Indonesia such as natural rock asphalt in Buton Island (BRA) and limestone which is available in many places. In addition, reducing of plastic waste is attracts the attention of a number of countries including Indonesia. This paper is part of a series of investigate study related to the behaviour of porous asphalt mixture made with modified Buton asphalt (MBA), waste plastic and lime stone powder. The compaction results showed good adhesion can unite the waste Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), limestone powder and coarse aggregate particles. There is no visible negative effect of waste PET and limestone powder in porous asphalt mixture against compressive strength.

Study on enhancing effect of carbon nanotubes on the interlayer strength of 3D printing of plastic powder

To solve the problem of low interlayer strength of 3D plastic powder printing, in this work, magnetized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added to the epoxy powder of 3D printing, and a 0.3 T magnetic field is introduced on the printed powder box to explore the interfacial enhancement effect of CNTs on the interlayer strength of 3D printing of plastic powder. The results show that the magnetized CNTs are vertically arranged in the interlayer, which greatly improves the interlayer bonding strength of 3D plastic printing. When the content of magnetized CNTs is below 4 wt. %, the interlayer bonding strength of epoxy resin 3D printing increases as the content of CNTs increases; when the content of CNTs was 4 wt. %, the interlayer bonding strength increased to a maximum of 4.5 MPa, 50% higher than the unadded specimen; when the content of CNTs increased to 4–6 wt. %, the interlayer bonding strength of the specimens is between 4.5 MPa and 4.3 MPa, basically unchanged; when the content of CNTs increased to more than 7 wt. %, the interfacial strength decreased.

Optimization of Clay Soil Stabilization using Waste Plastic Powder

Usage of plastic products, including polythene sacks, cans, containers and packages, etc., is growing every day. It further raises the quantity of plastic material waste. This contributes to numerous issues with the environment and climate. For several decades much of the waste generated today will linger in the atmosphere, posing a number of environmental problems. herefore, excess will be utilized successfully in any sector of technological advancement. Many by-products are being produced using the plastic wastes. By adding plastic wastes to the clay soil, we have to know about the changes in the strengths like California bearing ratio, free swell index, and Unconfined Compression test. The soil collected for the investigation is from the southern district of Tamilnadu, India. The different percentage of plastic powder was replaced to improve the soil property.

DEF damage in heat cured mortars made of recycled concrete sand aggregate

The purpose of this study is to investigate DEF development in heat cured mortars made of recycled sand aggregate with sodium sulphate or gypsum plaster powder additions to stimulated DEF development. Ten different formulations have been studied for more than a year. DEF damage comparison between different mortars made of RCA sand and standardised siliceous sand is made with or without sulphate addition. Sodium sulphate was used in three formulations at 5% of total SO3 by cement weight, while gypsum plaster powder was used in four formulations with two different fineness (<0.1 mm and 0.1–2 mm) and contents (1.2% and 0.8% of sulphate content in sand) to simulate a scenario of recycled aggregate pollution by gypsum plaster during the demolition phase. Three other mortars were formulated without any addition to determine the impact of sulphate addition. Sodium sulphate was found to induce and amplify DEF. Gypsum plaster powder did not enhance damage and both mortars made of recycled sand with or without gypsum addition showed little differences concerning DEF expansion. RCA based mortars had lower DEF damage than siliceous reference sand based mortars. This result is explained by air entrainment effect of RCA sands and to a lesser extent by chemical differences between mortars made of recycled and siliceous sand. Hence, DEF damage should be further studied at sulphate and alkaline content far above the current standard limits for RCA based concretes.

The development of rotational molding of waste bamboo powder with LLDPE plastic powder

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of bamboo powder addition and the treatment of its surface on the properties and structure of rotationally molded (rotomolded) polypropylene. In this study we can transform plastic and bamboo powder into a product by putting the raw materials into hollow mold and then cover the mold. The mold is rotated along two axes by burning with high temperature to make liquid plastic flows evenly along the inner surface of the mold with gravity. The results of this research had shown that, by using LLDPE plastic 4 kg, bamboo waste powder 1 kg size of 0.15: 0.30: 0.85 mm tested with humidity 10:15:20% mixed and then molded, it was found that the moisture of waste bamboo powder had a direct effect on molding. If the moisture in the bamboo powder is more than 20%, the work will not be molded. It shown look like a lump. The moisture content less than 15% can be molded as a product. In terms of the size used in this test 0.15: 0.30: 0.85 can be molded well in the range of moisture, not more than 15%.

Investigation of hardness characteristics of waste plastics and egg shell powder reinforced polymer composite by stirring route

This research work was done to find out the feasibility of reinforcement of the waste products into polymer matrix to enhance mechanical properties. In this work, the waste plastics and the wasted egg shells are made into particulates and powders respectively and mixed to the epoxy polymer resin and made into a hybrid composite. In this work, rather than using the traditional layup methods like hand layup or spray layup, the stirring method is followed. As the reinforcements are in particulates and powder form, the stirring process is followed to obtain uniform mixing and dispersion throughout the composite. The reinforcements are added in fixed proportions proposed by Taguchi’s design through MINITAB software. After manufacturing the composites as per the proposed design, the specimens from each combination are tested for its hardness as per the standards. Then the results are optimized to find out the best combination with high hardness values. The composite with 30 wt% inclusions of waste plastics and 15 wt% inclusions of egg shells generate maximum hardness.

A review on properties evaluation of bituminous addition with E-waste plastic powder

Abstract It is estimated that 50 million tonne of E-waste will be generated globally in 2018. Half of this is personal devices such as computers, screens, smart phones, tablets and TVs, with the remainder being larger household appliances and heating and cooling equipment. Out of this, only 20 per cent of global E-waste is recycled each year, which means that 40 million tonnes of e-waste is placed in landfill, burned or illegally traded and treated in a sub-standard way. India is highly deficient in precious mineral resources while untreated e-waste goes to landfill, there is need for a well designed, regulated E-waste recovery and reuse methods for this has to be utilized. Electronic waste (e-waste) typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. With the technology development of consumer electronics, the whole world is facing serious problems caused by huge generation of E-waste produced every day. India has already become the second largest supplier of consumer electronic in the world and will become the number one in the next few years. Reuse of E-waste plastics as aggregates in some or other forms of in construction industry may be considered as economical and technically viable for solving the disposal of large amount of waste and this can be used as aggregates and fine filler in concrete or in the construction of flexible pavement. The idea was to determine whether E-waste plastic can be used an alternative to conventional material like aggregate, bitumen in a flexible pavement structures. This review work focuses on the use of E-waste plastics powder as a partial replacement for bitumen.

Experimental investigation of bituminous pavement (VG30) using E-waste plastics for better strength and sustainable environment

Abstract Electronic waste or E-waste refers to all items of electrical and electronic equipment and its parts that have been discarded by its owner as waste without the intent of reuse. According to waste electrical and electronic equipment directive of the European Union, E-waste material consisting of any broken or unwanted electronic appliance which includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones, and other electronic items that have been discarded by their original users. E-waste is becoming burgeoning global issue, which showcases the impacts of the same on environment and on humans. It has been examined after several studies on E-waste that plastics are the second largest component by weight representing about 15%. Reuse of E-waste plastics as aggregates in some or other forms of in construction industry may be considered as economical and technically viable for solving the disposal of large amount of waste and this can be used as aggregates and fine filler in concrete or in the construction of flexible pavement. The objective of this study is to partially adding the E-waste plastic powder as alternative to conventional bitumen in the layer of flexible pavement to find the strength in the bituminous grade VG30, in different percentages viz., 5% to 20% in 100 g of bituminous to study its behaviour as per Indian standards. The results have shown that the E-waste plastic powder can be used in pavements along with the conventional bitumen for better strength for 5%, 10% and 15% replacement which shows better strength.

Rotational molding of plasma treated polyethylene/short glass fiber composites

Rotational molding is a manufacturing technique for producing 3D hollow parts by adding plastic powder to a shell-like mold and rotating the mold while heating it with the powder. In contrary to the injection molding all the process operates at atmospheric pressure which makes reinforcement of the rotomolded product difficult. In this paper plasma treated PE and short glass fibers were dry mixed and used to produce composites by rotational molding process and characterized in terms of morphology and mechanical properties.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Powder-A Versatile Material for Additive Manufacturing.

The 3D printing of articles by the effect of a directed laser beam on a plastic powder is a demanding process, and unlike injection molding, very few polymers work well enough with it. Recently, we reported that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) powder has intrinsically good properties for 3D printing. Basic mechanical properties were shown earlier and it was demonstrated that unfused but heat-exposed PET powder does not degrade quickly allowing good re-use potential. In this work, we conducted a detailed comparison of the mechanical properties of PET and polyamide 12 from different build orientations. PET powders with two different molecular weights were used. With the high molecular weight powder, the processing parameters were optimized, and the printed bars showed little difference between the different orientations, which means there is low anisotropy in mechanical properties of built parts. Based on processing experience of the first powder, the second powder with a lower molecular weight was also very printable and complex parts were made with ease from the initial printing trials; since the process parameters were not optimized then, lower mechanical properties were obtained. While the intrinsic material properties of PET (melting and re-crystallization kinetics) are not the best for injection molding, PET is eminently suitable for powder bed fusion.

Shear Punching of Amorphous Alloys under High-Frequency Vibrations

Although amorphous alloys possess many excellent properties, their practical application is limited due to the difficulty of plastic forming. In this work, an effective shear punching of amorphous alloys under high-frequency vibrations was proposed. Under the high-frequency vibration of the punch, the plastic powder was melted into a flexible punch due to the frictional heat generation effect and the viscoelastic heat effect and continued to flow downward under the extrusion of the ultrasonic head to plastically deform the amorphous alloy ribbon. The disordered structure of the amorphous alloys helps them get soft in a localized region during high-frequency vibrations, which can result in low-stress deformations that are different from amorphous alloys in the conventional state. We manufactured various shapes with area of 5 mm2 using high-frequency vibrations and a molten plastic viscous medium. The molds were shaped into the letters “B”, “M”, and “G” and the Chinese characters “工” and “大”. The shapes were made from Fe-based, Al-based, La-based, and Cu-based amorphous alloys. Our results show that shear punching of amorphous alloys under high-frequency vibrations is an effective and low-cost production method of amorphous alloy, which also provides a basis for the wide application of amorphous alloy.

Using mechanochemical treatment to obtain metal powders for energy-intensive combustible compositions. 2. Structure and reactivity of mechanically activated Al–modifier–SiО2 mixtures

The paper presents the results obtained when studying particles of aluminum-modifier-quartz composites by different physicochemical methods after mechanochemical treatment (MCT) in a planetary centrifugal mill. Graphite (C), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and stearic acid (SA) were used as modifiers. To increase the dispersibility of plastic metal powders in the composition (modifier metal), MCT was carried out in the presence of quartz with its mass fraction in the composite ranging from 5 to 20 %. The most significant grinding of aluminum particles was observed with an increase in the graphite content from 5 to 20 %, and SiO2 from 5 to 10 % in the composition of aluminum-modifier-quartz composites. The particle size decreases, while the crystallite size increases with an increase in the quartz content in the composite during the Al–SA–SiO2 system MCT. Al–SA–5%SiO2 showed the maximum defectiveness of aluminum after MCT. For the Al–PVA–SiO2 composition after MCT, an increase in the particle size and, accordingly, a decrease in the specific surface were observed at sufficiently low crystallite size values. It was shown that with an increase in the quartz content in the system, the defective crystal structure of aluminum particles increases as a result of MCT. In this case, the synthesized powder material is a composite formation of aluminum and quartz particles bound by a polymer obtained from polyvinyl alcohol. As a result of Al–modifier–SiO2 mixture MCT, powder activity increases due to the accumulation and redistribution of defects in aluminum particles, as well as changes in the surface structure occurring after modifying additives penetration into the oxide layer to be destroyed. A conceptual model for the transformation of the surface layer and subgrain structure of aluminum particles as a result of MCT is presented.

Effects of Rubber Crumbs, Plastic Powder and Paper Sludge on Swelling Behaviourof Expansive Soil

The expansive soil is a type of organic clay soil with medium to high compressibility which expands when meet with water and shrinks when the water evaporates. It expands during the rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during the summer season. It possess low strength and undergoes excessive volume changes, making their use in the constructions very difficult. The stabilization is required to improve the above stated properties. A lot of damages occurs to structures founded on this type of soil. The aim of the study was to reduce the swell percentage and increase the strength (Unconfined Compressive Strength) of the expansive soil with the use of waste materials. Experiments were carried out in the given sample by adding combination of Rubber Crumbs, Paper sludge, Plastic powder. Experiments were carried out in the given sample by adding combination of Rubber Crumbs, Paper sludge, Plastic powder. The clay soil is stabilized using three different waste material under different proportions in which 5% of rubber crumbs and 5% of plastic powder gives good results and combination of the two gives good improvements in strength as well as the swelling behavior of soil.

E-Waste plastic powder modified bitumen: rheological properties and performance study of bituminous concrete

Bitumen being a viscoelastic material sometimes needs modification for stability under adverse environmental conditions. Several researchers have carried out the modification of bitumen with unconventional materials namely; crumb rubber (CR), fibers, etc. In this study, Viscosity grade (VG) −30 bitumen has modified with e-waste plastic powder and termed as e-waste plastic powder modified bitumen (EPPMB). Noticeable improvement in rheological properties of EPPMB was observed when tested with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and conventional tests. Bitumen modified with 5% e-waste plastic powder by weight of bitumen fulfills the guidelines of Indian specification, hence was selected for further study. Marshall stability of bituminous concrete (BC) prepared with EPPMB which is named as EPPMBC was found to be improved. Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to evaluate complex modulus parameters at 10, 25 and 40°C for 0.1–10 Hz frequency. Dynamic modulus was improved up to 10% at 40°C. Reduction in phase angle (δ) at 40°C may be attributed to the increase in elasticity of EPPMBC. The fatigue resistance improved by 19% at 10°C whereas rutting resistance enhanced by 28% at 40°C.

The re-usability of heat-exposed poly (ethylene terephthalate) powder for laser sintering

Selective laser sintering, also called laser sintering (LS), is an additive manufacturing process that requires micronized plastic powder. Recently, we showed poly (ethylene terephthalate (PET) powder is a suitable material for LS, with a comparable printing performance as the current front-runner, polyamide 12 (PA12). However, the LS process, by its nature, leaves unused powder that has been exposed to heat for prolonged time, and this powder may not be fully re-usable due to degradation.In this work, the re-use potential of heat-exposed PET powder is established. This is a matter of crucial importance as powders suitable for LS are very expensive, and the powder left after a building episode has to be re-used. Heat-exposed PA12 has to be blended or refreshed with virgin powder, to avoid printing defects. In contrast, heat-exposed PET powder, after 96 h at 210 °C, could be used, without refreshing with a portion of virgin powder. The printed articles from heat-exposed powders were as good as those from the fresh powder. There was no cross-linking and there was only a minor increase in the molecular weight of the powder after 96 h, at 210 °C.

Plaster Ingestion and Concurrent Fuel Oil Poisoning: An Unusual Method of Suicide

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world and all type of suicides are remarkable for health workers. However, concurrent use of plaster diluted in water and fuel oil (gasoline) is new and odd. A 68-year-old man with previous history of suicide attempts was brought to the emergency department. He attempted suicide by consuming 50 gm of plaster powder diluted in water and gasoline (30 gm) concurrently. In the present case, due to low plaster ingestion (50 gm), the surgical intervention was not done; and the treatment approach was mainly conservative in nature. This composition is not reported as a method of suicide in the literature review.

Colored plastic pulp as a collage medium in improving early childhood development

One development that must be considered in the growth of early childhood is motor development, namely fine and rough motor. The problem raised in this study is the lack of fine motor skills in children due to creativity in making learning media still very weak and conventional learning. The purpose of this study was to prove the increase in fine motor skills of early childhood through a colored plastic pulp collage medium. The selection of used materials for colored plastic powder is one way to utilize used material to be recycled and used as a new medium that is attractive to children in making collages to improve fine motor. This research was conducted using 2 cycles of classroom action research. The results showed an increase in fine motor skills of early childhood from undeveloped criteria, began to develop, developed according to expectations to develop very well at the stage of giving glue to the media, arranging colored plastic powder, and tidying the patterns that had been prepared