Plasma Needle Research Articles

Effect of the Cold Atmospheric Plasma Technology for Treatment the Cancer Diseases in the Human: A literature Review

CAP is a form of plasma with a temperature below 104°F at the application site. There are a variety of techniques for producing CAP, including Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet, Dielectric Barrier Discharge, and plasma needle and pencil. Multiple gases can produce CAP, including Helium, Heliox, Nitrogen, Argon, and air. Due to CAP's ability to deactivate organisms, cause cell separation, and kill cancer cells, researchers are interested in identifying dental and oncological applications for the compound. CAP is an ionized gas at 25 Co; it produces ROS and RNS due to several factors such as U.V., ray, heat, and power electric effects. Plasma is a matter at (fourth state) formed at low pressure or high temperature. Often, it is described as an ionized gas produced by the polyatomic fragmentation or the subtraction of electrons from monatomic gas shells. CAP has an antitumor effect. The current study aims to shed light on CAP technology, its definition, types, general applications, and their applications in treating human cancer. CAP was effective in treating cancer and eliminating tumor cells. CAP may have a place in the therapy of cancer. CAP used for cancer therapy has many advantages as a therapeutic method due to its effects of high selectivity, non-toxicity, combination potential, and adaptability. CAP eradicates cancer cells and uses this technique as a clinical therapeutic option that is effective and safe.

Microwave atmospheric pressure plasma jet generated from substrate integrated waveguide resonator

AbstractA microwave atmospheric pressure plasma jet (MW‐APPJ) generator based on a substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator is proposed. A thin, straight plasma needle with a length of 9 cm could be obtained. Higher than 90% of microwave feeding efficiency is obtained under a wide range of gas flow rates without a microwave matching network. As the gas flow increased from 1 to 14 L/min, a transition from laminar to turbulent mode is observed in the plasma jet's morphology. Furthermore, a preliminary surface treatment was tested for the device. The polyimide film became super hydrophilic after a 5‐min treatment with the developed SIW‐based plasma generator. Generally, the SIW‐based MW‐APPJ is low‐cost, electrodeless, and low‐profile along the plasma jet length direction.

Spectroscopic investigation of atmospheric pressure ‘micro-plasma needle’

Plasma-based sterilization at atmospheric pressure in plasma needle configuration is a recently developing technique that has numerous applications in heat-sensitive materials and enhances biosensor properties. In this study, the capacitively coupled He–O2/Ar and He–N2/Ar mixtures [Formula: see text]-plasma at atmospheric pressure is characterized to find out the optimum condition of plasma-based sterilization for plasma needle. Trace rare gas actinometry based on optical emission spectroscopy has been used to estimate the [O] and [N] atomic densities as a function of discharge parameters i.e., applied pulsing voltage, gases concentration and different flow rates. Ar-1line Ar[Formula: see text] at 750 nm, N-I line [Formula: see text] at 746.8 nm and O-I line [Formula: see text] at 844.6 nm is used to determine the atomic densities of oxygen [O] and nitrogen [N]. Using the Boltzmann plot, the rotational temperature of He–N2/Ar and He–O2/Ar was calculated from the rotational levels of the “first negative system” (FNS) [Formula: see text]. The temperature of the gas increases as the pulsed DC power increases, but it drops as the gas flow rate in the mixture increases. The actinometric results show that both densities increase with applied pulsing voltage and molecular concentration of oxygen and nitrogen. Moreover, it is also observed that emission intensity ratios ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) also increase with an increase in applied pulsing voltage but they decrease with an increase in flow rate. Based on these results, it is suggested that the optimum conditions, in terms of [O] and [N] atomic densities, for plasma-based sterilization in needle configuration are 4% oxygen and nitrogen concentration at 4 kV applied pulsing voltage and 100[Formula: see text]SCCM flow rate.

Retracted: Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Transurethral Bipolar Plasma Needle Electrode and Ring Electrode in the Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/6044676.].

Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Transurethral Bipolar Plasma Needle Electrode and Ring Electrode in the Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer is the most prevalent tumor of the urinary tract, ranking seventh in males and seventeenth in women. The gold standard for the definitive diagnosis and initial treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder tumor. The ability to accurately detect disease, typically in the presence of hematuria as well as to detect early recurrent tumors in patients with a history of NMIBC, is critical to the successful treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Unfortunately, the current biomarker landscape for NMIBC is still evolving. Cystoscopy remains the gold standard, but it can still miss 10% of tumors. As a result, physicians frequently employ additional diagnostic tools to aid in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The efficacy of transurethral bipolar plasma needle electrodes and ring electrodes in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer was compared and analyzed in this study. During our study, 100 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer admitted to our hospital between June 2019 and June 2020 were randomly assigned to a control group and an observation group, with 50 cases in each group. The observation group was given a bipolar plasma needle electrode, while the control group was given a bipolar plasma ring. Patients continued to receive bladder irrigation chemotherapy as well as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment as part of our treatment plan, while the control group received only bladder irrigation chemotherapy. Clinical factors such as operational blood loss, catheter indention time, length of hospital stay, and others were compared between the two groups. When the risk grades in the two groups were compared, the observation group had fewer medium- and high-risk grades than the control group, but the control group had more low-risk grades, with statistical significance (P < 0.05).

Aurora Borealis in dentistry: The applications of cold plasma in biomedicine.

Plasma is regularly alluded to as the fourth form of matter. Its bounty presence in nature along with its potential antibacterial properties has made it a widely utilized disinfectant in clinical sciences. Thermal plasma and non-thermal (or cold atmospheric) plasma (NTP) are two types of plasma. Atoms and heavy particles are both available at the same temperature in thermal plasma. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is intended to be non-thermal since its electrons are hotter than the heavier particles at ambient temperature. Direct barrier discharge (DBD), atmospheric plasma pressure jet (APPJ), etc. methods can be used to produce plasma, however, all follow a basic concept in their generation. This review focuses on the anticipated uses of cold atmospheric plasma in dentistry, such as its effectiveness in sterilizing dental instruments by eradicating bacteria, its advantage in dental cavity decontamination over conventional methods, root canal disinfection, its effects on tooth whitening, the benefits of plasma treatment on the success of dental implant placement, and so forth. Moreover, the limitations and probable solutions has also been anticipated. These conceivable outcomes thus have proclaimed the improvement of more up-to-date gadgets, for example, the plasma needle and plasma pen, which are efficient in treating the small areas like root canal bleaching, biofilm disruption, requiring treatment in dentistry.

Visualization of Activated Area on Polymers for Evaluation of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets

The treatment of a polymer surface using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) causes a local increase of the surface free energy (SFE). The plasma-treated zone can be visualized with the use of a test ink and quantitatively evaluated. However, the inked area is shrinking with time. The shrinkage characteristics are collected using activation image recording (AIR). The recording is conducted by a digital camera. The physical mechanisms of activation area shrinkage are discussed. The error sources are analyzed and methods of error reduction are proposed. The standard deviation of the activation area is less than 3%. Three polymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyoxymethylene (POM), are examined as a test substrate material. Due to a wide variation range of SFE and a small hydrophobic recovery, HDPE is chosen. Since the chemical mixtures tend to temporal changes of the stoichiometry, the pure formamide test ink with 58 mN/m is selected. The method is tested for the characterization of five different types of discharge: (i) pulsed arc APPJ with the power of about 700 W; (ii) piezoelectric direct discharge APPJ; (iii) piezoelectric driven needle corona in ambient air; (iv) piezoelectric driven plasma needle in argon; and (v) piezoelectric driven dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). For piezoelectrically driven discharges, the power was either 4.5 W or 8 W. It is shown how the AIR method can be used to solve different engineering problems.

Polymer Treatment Using Atmospheric Glow Discharge

The treatment of inorganic and organic surfaces is widely examined by plasma treatment, deposition of thin films and processing of materials. The plasma treatment for Surface modification of polymer films is the most effective way of uniform and controlled treatment. Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (APGD) has understand by using a plasma needle of argon. The uniform plasma increases in scale from a small region near the needle tip to a plasma plume with a length of about 20 mm with increasing the applied voltage. In this work Polymer, film (Makrofol) was modified using atmospheric glow discharge at different treatment time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements used to investigate and characterize surface treated polymer. It found that, the change in surface properties depends on the treatment time. Also found that the plasma treatment modifies the polymer surface in both morphology and composition. These behaviors originated from ablation by Ar plasma treatment.

Effects of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet on human apical papilla cell proliferation, mineralization, and attachment.

To investigate the direct effects of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet on cell proliferation and mineralization on human apical papilla cells and its indirect effect on cell attachment on plasma-treated dentin. Plasma was directly applied to cell culture for various durations. Cell proliferation was evaluated using AlamarBlue® assay. Mineralization was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining after 14 and 21 days. The cell attachment to plasma-treated dentin surface was evaluated using an ex vivo immature tooth model, and the protocols varied based on root canal irrigants (NSS or 17% EDTA), the durations of plasma application (0, 30, or 60 s), and the different positions of the plasma needle (coronal or middle). The attached cells were visualized using the immunofluorescence staining and the positive-staining cells were counted. There was no difference in the cell proliferation between the untreated and plasma-treated cells. However, the plasma-treated cells tended to have lower levels of calcium deposition, especially after the 60-s plasma application (p < 0.05). Finally, significantly greater numbers of attached cells were shown when NSS was combined with plasma treatment when compared to the untreated cells (p < 0.05), whereas no difference was observed when EDTA was used as the irrigant. Plasma might disturb the mineralization of the cells. Interestingly, the dentin conditioning process using a plasma jet with NSS irrigation may enhance cell attachment. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet may be an alternative treatment in regenerative endodontic procedures in order to improve cell attachment in the root canal system.

Measurement of electron temperature and density of atmospheric plasma needle

A dielectric barrier discharge device producing atmospheric argon plasma needle has been studied. The device is palpable as the jet length increases up to 10 mm by increasing the inlet gas flow up to the 7 lpm. Using spectroscopy, the electron temperature has been determined in the range of 1–10ev in different conditions. Also, a method based on the PLTE assumption is applied to the spectrums in order to calculate the electron density of the plasma needle. The electron density varies in the range of (1013–1018 cm−3).

Atmospheric Plasma Supported by TiO2 Catalyst for Decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 Dye in Water.

PurposeEvery advanced oxidation process (AOP) has its limitations in water purification. Novel designs with simultaneous application of different AOPs can offer better solutions for cleaner water.MethodsWe have comparatively studied two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16) azo dye pollutant from water: gas plasma treatment by low power atmospheric pressure plasma using novel plasma needle configuration, and semiconductor heterogeneous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders. Additionally, simultaneous application of two advanced oxidation processes on azo dye decolourisation was studied.ResultsIt was found that plasma treatment is very efficient system for the dye removal even for low flow rates (1 slm) of the Ar as feed gas. The presence of 10% of O2 in Ar flow intensified dye oxidation process and shortened required time for total decolourisation. When plasma and catalyst were simultaneously applied, TiO2 was activated with a few Watts plasma source as well as 300 W UV lamp source. The synergic effect of two AOPs was more pronounced for higher feed gas flow rates, resulting in improved decolourisation efficiency.ConclusionPlasma needle can efficiently remove Reactive Orange 16 azo dye from water with a power consumption of only few Watts. With the addition of TiO2 the removal efficiency is significantly improved.Graphic

ANN prediction of the decolourisation efficiency of the organic dyes in wastewater by plasma needle

In this paper, the results of decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16), Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19) and Direct Red 28 (DR 28) textile dyes in aqueous solution by plasma needle are presented. Treatment time, feed gas flow rate (1, 4 and 8 dm3 min-1) and gas composition (Ar, Ar/O2) were optimized to achieve the best performance of the plasma treatment. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used for the prediction of parameters relevant for the decolourisation outcome. It was found that more than 95 % decolourisation could be achieved for all three dyes after plasma treatment, although the decolourisation of DR 28 was much slower than those of the other two dyes, which could be explained by the complexity of its molecular structure. It was concluded that the oxidation was very dependent on all three mentioned parameters. The ANN predicted the treatment time as the crucial factor for decolourisation performance of RO 16 and DR 28, while the Ar flow rate was the most relevant for RB 19 decolourisation. The obtained results suggest that the plasma needle is a promising tool for the oxidation of organic pollutants and that an ANN could be used for optimization of the treatment parameters to achieve high removal rates.

Urinary Tract Infection Risk Assessment By Non- Thermal Plasma In Iraqis Patients

Background: In the present study used device jet plasma needle with atmospheric pressure which generates non thermal plasma jet to measure treatment potent with plasma against pathogenic bacteria founded in UTI was inactivated with plasma at 10 sec,&#x0D; Objective:. This work included the application of the plasma produced from the system in the field of bacterial sterilization , where sample of Gram- negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were exposed to intervals (1-10)second . Midstream Urine samples swabs were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections.&#x0D; Type of the study: Cross -sectional study.&#x0D; Methods: The work were used in this study obtained from studying 100 urine samples, the age of patients ranged between 10 years to 60 years. They were 60 females and 40 males. These samples were cultured on culture media to isolate bacterial colonies .After that, bacteria were identified by means of highly specific investigations Escherichia coli, plasma needle treatment is applied on bacteria through sterilization, and adhesion.&#x0D; Results : It was found that the percentage of the killing of Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli) was 100% at (10) second, also decreasing bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells, where numbers adhesion bacterial with uroepithelial cells decrease after treatment with plasma needle .&#x0D; Conclusion : From this work, it has been observed that applied voltage ,distance between plasma needle and treatment model as well as time treatment effect on inactivation bacteria and sterilization ,also it effect on decreasing bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells, where numbers adhesion bacterial with uroepithelial cells decrease after treatment with plasma needle .

P2.14-50 Low Temperature Plasma Needle Induces Cell Cycle Arrest of Epithelial Lung Cancer Cells in Vitro via a p21-Dependent Pathway

Low temperature plasma sources which operate at atmospheric pressure produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species which can cause cancer cell death. In this study we investigated the effect of our low temperature plasma needle system on a non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 and studied its mechanism of action. The housing of the pen lookalike atmospheric plasma source (plasma needle) was made of Teflon. A Pyrex glass tube (o.d. 6 mm and i.d. 4 mm) through which 1 slm of helium was released as the feeding gas was positioned within the housing. The central electrode, a tungsten wire, was powered with a 13.56 MHz sine wave and placed within a ceramic tube inside the glass tube. The central electrode was sticking 1 mm outside of the ceramic and glass tubes, so the discharge occurred on its tip as a weak glow. The cytotoxic activity was determined using MTT assay. The potential of inducing cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis, and changes in the level of ROS was investigated by flow cytometry. The influence of plasma treatment on growth inhibition of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) was also investigated. Evaluation of gene expression was performed by qPCR. All experiments were performed in triplicate, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Our plasma needle exerted a cytotoxic effect with lower sensitivity towards BEAS-2B normal cells than towards A549 cells. A decrease in the number of cells in the G1 phase (up to 45%), increase in the G2 phase (up to 27%), and an increase in the sub-G1 phase (up to 12%) with fragmented DNA was detected upon treatment. The plasma treatment exerted a mild apoptotic effect (around 15% of apoptotic cells), and an increase in the level of ROS in a power dependent manner. There was no significant reduction in growth of MCTS after plasma treatment under investigated experimental conditions. A statistically non-significant proapoptotic effect (increase in Bax, decrease in Bcl2 and decrease in SKP2) was observed at the genetic level. A significant overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) was also observed at the genetic level in a power dependent manner. Our low temperature plasma needle induced cell cycle arrest of epithelial lung cancer cells through overexpression of p21. The effect of combined plasma treatment with existing treatment modalities (cisplatin, PARP inhibitors) is currently under in vitro investigation.

Non-thermal plasma needle as an effective tool in dimethoate removal from water

Intensive use of pesticides requires innovative approaches for their removal from the environment. Here we report the method for degradation of dimethoate in water using non-thermal plasma needle and analyze kinetics of dimethoate removal and possible degradation pathways. The effects of dimethoate initial concentration, plasma treatment time, Argon flow rate and the presence of radical promoters on the effectiveness of proposed method are evaluated. With argon flow rate of 0.5 slm (standard litres per minute) 1 × 10−4 M dimethoate can be removed within 30 min of treatment. Using UPLC analysis it was confirmed that one of the decomposition products is dimethoate oxo-analogue omethoate, which is in fact more toxic than dimethoate. However, the overall toxicity of contaminated water was reduced upon the treatment. The addition of H2O2 as a free radical promoter enhances dimethoate removal, while K2S2O8 results with selective conversion to omethoate. Using mass spectrometry in combination with the theoretical calculations, possible degradation pathways were proposed. The feasibility of the proposed method for dimethoate degradation in real water samples is confirmed. The proposed method is demonstrated as a highly effective approach for dimethoate removal without significant accumulation of undesirable toxic products and secondary waste.

Strain specificity in antimicrobial activity of non-thermal plasma

Non-thermal (low-temperature) plasma may act as an alternative approach to control superficial wound and skin infections when the effectiveness of chemical agents is weak due to natural pathogen or biofilm resistance. In this paper an atmospheric pressure plasma needle jet device which generates a cold plasma jet is used to measure the effectiveness of plasma treatment against different pathogenic bacteria and to test the individual susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria to non-thermal argon plasma. It is found that, Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to plasma treatment than Gram-positive bacteria. For the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there were no survivors among the initial 1x108C.F.U (Colony Forming Unit) after a 40 seconds plasma treatment. The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria and the Gram-negative bacteria were species and strain specific. Staphylococcus aureus was the most resistant with 4.5 % survival of the initial 2x106C.F.U. after a 40 seconds plasma treatment. According to species, Staphylococcus aureus had a strain-dependent resistance with 39% and 99% reduction from 2x106C.F.U.of the five studied isolates, respectively, whereas, Escherichia coli had a lower resistance with 76% and 99% reduction after 40 seconds.

Electrical, thermal and optical characteristics of plasma torch

Non thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental set up was based on simple and low cost electric components that generate electrical field sufficiently high at the electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with 9.6kV peak to peak and 33kHz frequency. The plasma was generated using two electrodes. The voltage and current discharge waveform were measured. The temperature of Ar gas plasma jet at different gas flow rate and distances from the plasma electrode was also recorded. It was found that the temperature increased with increasing frequency to reach the maximum value at 15 kHz, and that the current leading the voltage, which demonstrates the capacitive character of the discharge. The electron temperature was measured at about 0.61 eV, and we calculated the electron number density to be 4.38×1015 cm-3.

Influence of non-thermal argon plasma needle on blood coagulation

Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure wasconstructed. The experimental setup was based on a simple and lowcost electric component that generates a sufficiently high electricfield at the electrodes to ionize the argon gas which flow atatmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with 1.1kV and 19.57 kHz. Non-thermal Argon plasma used on bloodsamples to show the ability of non-thermal plasma to promote bloodcoagulation. Three tests have been done to show the ability of plasmato coagulate both normal and anti-coagulant blood. Each bloodsample has been treated for varying time from 20sec. to 180sec. atdifferent distances. The results of the current study showed that thecold plasma produced from argon significantly increase the in vitrospeed of blood coagulation, the plasma increases activation andaggregation of platelets, causes proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrinproduction accelerates blood coagulation.

Atmospheric pressure plasma needle jet treated on aluminium thin film for semiconductor industries

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet has been explored for pre-treatment applications especially in replacing the conventional vacuum plasma cleaning in semiconductor industries. The pre-treatment of plasma is needed to reduce or eliminate adventitious surface contamination on the thin film. This paper shows that the atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment is highly effective in activating the surface of aluminium (Al) thin film. The image of Al thin film surface topography shows that the treated surface roughness was reduced however the grain size of the particles was unchanged. The XRD pattern of treated Al thin film also remained the same as before of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment. This shows that the atmospheric pressure plasma jet introduce activation layer on the thin film surface without given impact to the thin film crystality.

The study of thermal description for non-thermal plasma needle system

Cold plasma is a relatively low temperature gas, so this feature enables us to use cold plasma to treat thermally sensitive materials including polymers and biologic tissues. In this research, the non-thermal plasma system is designed with diameter (3 mm, 10 mm) Argon at atmospheric pressure as well as to be suitable for use in medical and biotechnological applications.The thermal description of this system was studied and we observed the effect of the diameter of the plasma needle on the plasma, when the plasma needle slot is increased the plasma temperature decrease, as well as the effect of the voltages applied to the temperature of the plasma, where the temperature increasing with increasing the applied voltage . Results showed that the plasma temperature would be low, which enables the use of this system in many medical aspects.