Seminal plasma can have wide-ranging effects on reproductive fitness-from affecting sperm fertilization capacity and female reproductive physiology to influencing offspring viability and health. Seminal plasma can also change in response to environmental conditions including diet, which of itself is known to affect reproductive traits and fitness outcomes. However, an understanding of how paternal diet alters seminal plasma composition and how these effects relate to fetal development remains elusive. Here, we applied the geometric framework for nutrition to systematically manipulate dietary macronutrient balance in male mice and determine dietary effects on the seminal vesicle fluid (SVF; comprising much of the seminal plasma) proteome, as well as relate differences in the proteome to aspects of fetal development. We (i) identified the largest number of proteins in the mouse SVF proteome to date, (ii) determined a set of proteins that were significantly affected by dietary macronutrients, (iii) showed that differences in a protein related to lipid mobilization and metabolism (APOA4) were correlated with fetal development, and (iv) detected dietary effects on aspects of fetal development that were unrelated to SVF protein abundance. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the male SVF proteome across nutritional space and highlights potential functional ways in which male diet and the seminal plasma may mediate fitness.

Semi-extensive goat production in Mediterranean environments is increasingly exposed to strong seasonal thermal fluctuations that may affect animal health and reproductive performance. This study aimed to assess the effects of summer heat and winter cold on local buck goats through a structured survey of goat farmers combined with seasonal blood biochemical and immunological profiling, reproductive and stress hormone assays, semen quality evaluation, and seminal plasma analysis. Farmers widely identified summer as the most challenging season, mainly due to forage scarcity and reduced animal appetite. Biochemically, most parameters remained stable across seasons; however, calcium, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and glucose showed significant seasonal variation, with higher Ca, total protein, and LDH in winter and elevated cholesterol and glucose in summer. Reproductively, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were significantly higher in summer, while testosterone and cortisol were unaffected. Semen quality was largely resilient to seasonality, except for a higher ejaculate volume in summer. In contrast, seminal plasma composition was superior in winter, with significantly higher total protein, cholesterol, lipids, fructose, and citric acid. In conclusion, seasonal climatic stress distinctly modulates metabolic and reproductive physiology in buck goats, highlighting the importance of adaptive management strategies in Mediterranean semi-extensive systems.

Boar fertility is negatively affected by subfertility and elevated temperatures, which alter seminal plasma (SP) composition and reduce semen quality. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in SP transfer microRNAs (miRNAs) to sperm and may influence sperm function. This study aimed to identify SP-EV microRNAs associated with differences in boar semen quality during the summer season. Semen collected from Duroc boars was evaluated and classified as Passed (≥70%) or Failed (<70%) based on sperm quality parameters. SP-EVs were isolated and characterized, and small RNA sequencing was performed to profile miRNA content. SP-EVs ranged from 90 to 200 nm, with concentrations of 4.33 × 1010 particles/mL in the Passed group and 1.85 × 1011 particles/mL in the Failed group. Western blotting confirmed the presence of EV surface markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. A total of 446 unique miRNAs were identified, with 28 downregulated and two upregulated miRNAs in Passed compared with Failed SP-EVs. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis revealed that target genes of upregulated miRNAs were involved in sperm-related biological processes and PI3K-Akt, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and ErbB signaling pathways. These findings demonstrate that SP-EV miRNAs reflect physiological responses to changes in environmental conditions and may contribute to the regulation of boar semen quality.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of patient clinical and demographic characteristics, platelet-rich plasma composition, and genetic factors on the response to PRP therapy in patients with KOA. Patients of both sexes over 18 years old diagnosed with mild/moderate KOA (Ahlbäck grade I-II) received three intra-articular injections of 8 mL of leucocyte- and erythrocyte-free PRP with a moderate platelet concentration. In cases of degenerative meniscal lesions, additional intrameniscal injections were performed. Patients did not receive any other medical treatment or physiotherapy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at baseline and at 6 months. Patient-related variables, PRP composition, and genetic polymorphisms were analyzed. Associations with treatment response were evaluated using chi-squared tests, and a prognostic model was developed using binary logistic regression. A total of 300 patients were included. The mean age was 55.5 ± 13.6 years with a median body mass index (BMI) of 26.7 ± 4.0 and 110 women (36.7%). At 6 months, 207 patients (69.0%) were responders showing minimal clinically important improvement. The application of intrameniscal PRP in patients with associated degenerative meniscus injury showed a significant association with the response to PRP (p = 0.011). While platelet concentration was not associated with a greater response (p = 0.938), insulin-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration was (p = 0.033). Twelve genetic polymorphisms showed a significant association, including both effector molecules and cell receptors, with particular relevance to the IGF family. Intrameniscal PRP application in meniscal injuries associated with KOA, the presence of IGF-1 in PRP composition, and polymorphisms within the IGF family and genes related to growth factors, cell receptors, and inflammatory pathways were associated with treatment outcomes. These variables enabled the development of a preliminary multivariable model to estimate the probability of response to PRP. Level IV.

Pain, decreased quality of life, and functional impairment are common symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a degenerative joint disease. Surgery is reserved for advanced cases, and conservative treatment is primarily palliative. Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is a novel regenerative strategy, the influence of PRP composition on its effectiveness remains unclear. The aim of this review is to determine whether PRP activation and platelet and leukocyte enrichment are associated with improved pain and functional outcomes in KOA at 6 and 12 months. The systematic review included 56 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), involving a total of 5251 patients. Of these, 53 RCTs involving 5031 participants were included in the network meta-analysis. PRP treatments were compared with other nonsurgical interventions and placebo. Primary outcomes included Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index Score (WOMAC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and visual analog scale (VAS), while International Knee Documentation Committee Score (IKDC), Lequesne Index, and EuroQol (EQ)-VAS were assessed as secondary outcomes. PRP formulations were categorized on the basis of activation status and Mishra's classification system. Both direct and indirect comparisons were performed using a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. Comparing PRP with different activation states at 6 and 12 months revealed that PRP activation exerted significant benefits in specific KOOS domains at 12 months (KOOS Activities of Daily Living, KOOS Sport and Recreation Function, and KOOS Knee-Related Quality of Life). Generally, the performance of high-platelet PRP was not statistically different from that of low-platelet PRP in most of the assisted questionnaires and domains. Considering activated PRP, no significant variation was detected between Mishra's categories, indicating that increased leukocyte and platelet enrichment ratios confer no additional benefit. Overall, the data suggest that PRP activation could play a key role in the treatment outcomes of KOA and could compensate for variation in both platelet and leukocyte enrichment. There is a need for RCTs to assess the effect of platelet composition and activation status in the clinical performance of PRP in KOA. Level I, systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The coagulation cascade, triggered by tissue factor (TF) exposure after endothelial injury, drives fibrin formation and may result in thrombotic events such as stroke. The mechanisms driving differences in thrombus extent among patients remain poorly understood, but interactions between patient-specific coagulation and local blood flow are thought to be critical. This study presents a unified workflow with an assay-calibrated, experimentally validated in silico model that links coagulation assays to flow-resolved simulations in patient-specific geometries. Plasma from ischemic stroke patients was analyzed with a thrombin generation (TG) assay, and a 0D computational model was fitted to TG curves to infer patient-specific coagulation parameters. These parameters were validated against thrombodynamics (TD) outcomes using 1D computational reaction–diffusion simulations. The framework was extended to 2D computational flow domains to assess the influence of shear rate, TF patch size and location, and geometric features such as stenosis. Finally, 3D carotid simulations combined patient-specific vascular geometries with plasma parameters. The 0D model reproduced TG data, while 1D simulations matched TD outcomes for clot size, fibrin growth, and thrombin wave speed. In 2D, fibrin formation was reduced at higher shear or smaller TF patches, and 3D simulations demonstrated the combined effect of flow, geometry, and plasma composition on fibrin formation. This approach provides a bridge from bench assays to hemodynamic contexts and offers a potential path toward individualized thrombotic risk assessment.

Cryopreserved platelets can support availability in settings where fresh platelets are inaccessible. Freeze-dried plasma (FDP) may serve as an alternative reconstitution medium to fresh frozen plasma (FFP) when plasma thawing is impractical. The effects of FDP on cryopreserved platelet quality remain underexplored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate its suitability. Cryopreserved platelets were prepared from double-dose buffy-coat concentrates, split, prewashed, and frozen using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (5-6%). After thawing, paired units were resuspended in FFP (AB = 8) or FDP (OctaplasLG Powder, AB = 8). Platelet count and mean platelet volume were analyzed alongside blood gas parameters. Additionally, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sP-selectin, and VEGF were measured in the supernatant. Platelet markers (aggregation, adhesion, and activation) and microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry. Clotting ability was evaluated using ROTEM. After thawing, FDP units contained significantly more platelets than FFP units 206 ± 27 versus 176 ± 18 ×109/units (p = .0006). LDH activity was lower (p = .040), whereas VEGF levels were higher (p = .0003) in the FDP group. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure differed significantly, yet pH was normal. Phenotypic expression and microparticle content demonstrated no significant differences. FDP units showed a shorter clotting time in ROTEM EXTEM (50 ± 5 vs. 58 ± 9 s, p = .035), although clot strength was similar. FDP-reconstituted platelets were functionally comparable to those reconstituted with FFP, while demonstrating improved recovery and enhanced clot initiation, potentially due to differences in plasma composition. Given its logistical advantages, particularly in resource-limited settings, FDP represents a promising reconstitution medium for cryopreserved platelets.

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Solar Flare Loops

Neutrophils are the most abundant cells of the innate immune system, migrating from the bloodstream into tissues to the focus of inflammation. They are extremely sensitive to the microenvironment, including the composition of blood plasma. In our previous works, the influence of acute phase proteins such as ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen on the ability of peripheral blood neutrophils to generate reactive oxygen species was shown. In this investigation, we showed the effect of the interaction of neutrophil with both fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin on the dynamics of changes in the rigidity of neutrophil activated by phorbol myristate acetate, which leads to a change in the ability of neutrophil to migrate. It has been demonstrated that the interaction of neutrophils with ceruloplasmin reduces the rate of ameboid movement of neutrophils, and the interaction of neutrophils with fibrinogen increases the rate of ameboid movement of a subpopulation of neutrophils. Also, the results on these proteins' influence on neutrophils' surface flexibility have been obtained. All mentioned characteristics are essential for neutrophils' functioning. The experiments were carried out using confocal microscopy and scanning ion-conductance microscopy. Our results demonstrated that interaction with fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin affects both motility and rigidity of peripheral blood neutrophils.

Mass motility assessment is widely used to evaluate semen quality in the sheep breeding industry, yet the biological factors influencing motility duration remain poorly characterised. At ejaculation, spermatozoa are combined with seminal plasma (SP), which initially supports motility and function but may compromise long-term metabolic endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SP on mass motility duration and pH regulation of epididymal ram spermatozoa. Epididymal sperm were incubated with whole SP, saline, or left undiluted to assess motility duration. Subsequently, sperm were incubated with varying SP concentrations and molecular weight-separated fractions (protein-free <3kDa; protein-enriched >3kDa) and assessed for motility and pH over 24h. Metabolomic and lipidomic profiling via targeted mass spectrometry characterised the biochemical composition of each SP fraction. SP exposure significantly reduced mass motility duration (195±11min) compared with undiluted sperm (1797±185min; P=0.0123) and saline dilution (2667±134min; P<0.0001). All SP-treated groups exhibited a progressive pH decline, consistent with increased glycolytic flux, whereas SP-naïve sperm showed stable or increasing pH, indicating a more regulated metabolic state and greater metabolic flexibility. The protein-free SP fraction was most detrimental to motility, which was likely to be the result of the depletion of key proteins, lipids, and metabolites associated with energy production. Prolonged exposure to SP impairs ram sperm motility longevity by promoting a glycolysis-biased metabolic state and reducing metabolic endurance. Understanding how seminal plasma composition influences sperm metabolic regulation may inform strategies to better preserve sperm motility during semen handling and storage.

This review provides a comparative examination of current methods for evaluating fertility and semen quality in mammals, with emphasis on livestock species. It is based on a structured search and analysis of 316 academic publications retrieved from major scientific databases, including Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and MDPI, as well as other repositories, covering literature published between 1938 and 2025. This review examines advanced semen analysis techniques, including computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) systems and assays for assessing chromatin integrity, DNA damage, seminal plasma composition, sperm membrane proteins, and functional parameters such as migration capacity, membrane integrity, acrosomal status, capacitation, morphology, viability, concentration, motility, and volume. Methods for semen collection are also outlined. The synthesis focuses on the comparative assessment of techniques and recent findings for major ruminant and monogastric livestock species: cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus), buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), and pigs (Sus domesticus). A brief historical overview of assisted insemination is presented, incorporating relevant procedures and managerial factors that affect fertility outcomes. Advances in genetics related to reproductive health are also discussed. This synthesis seeks to integrate existing knowledge and guide future research in reproductive science for both animal production and human medicine.

Abstract Quasilinear diffusion coefficients can be used to model the response of charged particles to resonant wave‐particle interactions. The calculation of these coefficients is sufficiently complicated and arduous to render it prohibitive to many potential users, because of the expense in time spent developing the code. The PIRAN software package (”Particles In ResonANce”) is written using Python, and allows the user to calculate local and bounce‐averaged relativistic diffusion coefficients in energy and pitch‐angle space via the two main current proposed methods in the literature. The code is predominantly based upon the formalisms and methods presented in Glauert and Horne (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010851 ) and Cunningham (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/10.1029/2023JA031703 ). We solve for diffusion coefficients using exact relativistic formulae. We use Gaussian spectra in wave frequency and in tangent of the wave normal angle and solve the full cold‐plasma dispersion relation. At present the code supports fully tested calculations for electron diffusion coefficients based on whistler‐mode waves in a fully ionized proton‐electron cold plasma. However the codebase architecture is built such that future developments to include other wave modes and other plasma compositions should involve incremental additions. The initial release of PIRAN may not have the same number of features as some other numerical codes, but is has the advantages of being a fully open‐source diffusion coefficient code that: (a) supports calculation of both local and bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients via both of the two proposed methods; (b) is written fully in Python; (c) has detailed user pages, commit history and changelog on GitHub.

Abstract Embedding shape memory alloy (SMA) wires within 3D-printed polymers enables 4D printing; however, achieving strong interfacial adhesion is challenging without complex surface treatments. This study investigates a simple post-print annealing strategy to enhance the adhesion between SMA wires and 3D-printed PLA matrices. SMA wires were embedded in fused deposition modelling-printed PLA cylinders. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted, varying annealing temperatures (90 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C) and time (30, 60, 90 min). Adhesion was quantified via pull-out tests measuring interfacial shear strength (ISS). Volumetric changes and degree of crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry were assessed. Tensile tests evaluated the effects of annealing on PLA properties. Results demonstrated that annealing temperature is the dominant control parameter, while annealing time had a negligible main effect. Optimal conditions (130 °C, 60 min) resulted in a threefold increase in ISS (0.8 MPa vs 0.3 MPa control). This enhancement is driven by the synergy of volumetric shrinkage (1.2%–1.3%), which creates circumferential compression on the wire, and increased Young’s Modulus (from 2.13 to 2.42 GPa), which amplifies the mechanical grip. Although crystallinity increased substantially (from 14% to 39%–52%), this alone does not explain the ISS improvement, indicating crystallinity is a necessary enabler but not the direct driver. Notably, the maximum pull-out force exceeded the wire’s martensitic detwinning threshold; the resulting radial contraction likely triggered detachment, suggesting the true interfacial strength exceeds the measured values. Prolonged annealing (130 °C, 90 min) reduced performance, indicating an optimal window where beneficial crystallisation balances against polymer relaxation. SEM analysis confirmed purely adhesive failure with no polymer residue. This non-invasive, easily implementable method preserves the integrity of SMA wire while enabling the fabrication of more robust 4D-printed SMA-polymer actuators and composites.

Abstract The transition between anisotropic etching and polymer dominated etch stop is a key challenge in SiO 2 patterning for high aspect ratio structures. SiO 2 etching was investigated in a triple-frequency capacitively coupled plasma using mixed C 4 F 6 /C 4 F 8 gases while maintaining constant total fluorocarbon (FC) flow and dilution. Optical emission spectroscopy revealed that increasing the C 4 F 6 fraction reduced the relative F radical density and drove the plasma toward a CF 2 saturated state. Although ion bombardment conditions remained unchanged, SiO 2 etch depth decreased sharply with the saturation. Cross sectional analysis confirmed that anisotropy initially persisted but degraded as neck narrowing restricted the transport of reactive species into the trench. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that this suppression coincides with the development of a stabilized and cross-linked FC network. The results clarify that etch stop is triggered by a sequential linkage among plasma composition, surface cross-linking, and feature scale transport limitation, offering guidance for optimizing FC chemistry.

The prevalence of male infertility is steadily increasing and has become a growing global health concern. The goal of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of C-phycocyanin (CPC), a natural phycobiliprotein pigment extracted from Spirulina platensis (Sp), on male reproductive dysfunction in obese rats with type 2 diabetes (OB-T2D). Daily treatment was administered for 3 months. CPC at 300 mg kg-1 significantly reduced body weight (-35.6%) and blood glucose levels (-40.2%). It markedly suppressed seminal plasma inflammation by reducing leukocyte count and the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and elastase (ELA) in seminal plasma by 77.3%, 63.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. CPC significantly improved sperm quality by increasing sperm concentration as well as the percentages of sperm viability and motility, while significantly reducing the percentage of sperm abnormalities. In parallel, CPC stimulated key fertility-related enzymes, including 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and adenosine deaminase (ADA), while downregulating phosphodiesterase (PDE). Moreover, CPC optimized seminal plasma composition by increasing fructose levels, modulating pH, and enhancing the activity of hyaluronidase (HYAL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Seminal plasma antioxidant defense was strengthened via increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST); and reduced oxidative stress markers including total oxidant status (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Therefore, CPC exerts a potent protective effect against OB-T2D-induced reproductive dysfunction by improving sperm parameters, enzymatic activity, and seminal antioxidant capacity.

Abstract Recent observations of long period radio transients, such as GLEAM-X J0704–37 and ILT J1101+5521, have revealed a previously unrecognized population of Galactic radio transient sources associated with white dwarf (WD)–M dwarf (MD) binaries. It is an open question how to produce coherent radio emission in these systems, though a model driven by binary interaction seems likely given the nature and correlation of the emission with the binaries’ orbital period. Using kinetic plasma simulations, we demonstrate that the relativistic electron cyclotron maser instability (ECMI) is a viable mechanism for generating radio pulses in WD–MD systems, akin to planetary radio emission, such as that from the Jupiter–Io system. We quantify the relativistic ECMI in the nonlinear regime under conditions relevant for WD radio emission for the first time. Our simulations demonstrate that the ECMI can intrinsically produce partially linearly polarized emission relevant to explaining the observed emission spectra of two Galactic sources, though the precise details will depend on the plasma composition. Our work paves the way for a systematic and fully nonlinear computational modeling of radio emission from interacting WD sources.

This work investigates the dynamical behavior of both the integer and fractional-order positron-acoustic solitary waves (PASWs) in a collisionless, unmagnetized electron-positron-ion plasma composed of stationary positive ions, inertial cold positrons, inertialess hot Maxwellian positrons, and inertialess electrons obeying a regularized $$\kappa$$-distribution (RKD). Using the reductive perturbation technique, we derive two planar evolutionary wave equations, known as, a quadratic nonlinearity Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, valid away from critical plasma compositions, and a cubic modified KdV (mKdV) equation, which governs the dynamics at the critical composition where the quadratic nonlinearity vanishes. By checking the sign of the quadratic nonlinearity coefficient in the KdV equation, it is found that the current model supports both compressive (for a positive sign) and rarefactive (for a negative sign) PASWs. At the same time, the sign of the cubic nonlinear coefficient to the mKdV equation describes the propagation of solitary (for positive sign) or shock (for negative sign) structures. Within the Caputo fractional-derivative framework, we further construct the corresponding time-fractional KdV (FKdV) and fractional mKdV (FmKdV) equations and solve them analytically using the Tantawy technique, yielding rapidly convergent series approximations of fractional PASWs. The fractional order serves as a quantitative measure of memory, and its deviation from the integer limit modifies the temporal evolution, amplitude, and width of PASWs, mimicking non-Markovian transport and anomalous dissipation in the plasma. A systematic parametric study reveals how the RKD cutoff and superthermality indices, the hot-positron and ion concentrations, and the fractional order shape the profiles of both planar KdV- and mKdV-type PASWs. The excellent agreement between the fractional approximations and the known integer solutions, together with small absolute errors at successive orders, highlights the accuracy and efficiency of the Tantawy technique for fractional evolutionary wave equations. The present results are relevant to space and astrophysical plasmas where superthermal electron populations and multicomponent electron-positron-ion mixtures are expected.

Abstract Extragalactic jets are broadly classified into two categories based on radio observations: core-brightened jets, known as Fanaroff–Riley Type I (FR I), and edge-brightened jets, classified as Type II (FR II). This FR dichotomy may arise due to variation in the ambient medium and/or the properties of the jet itself, such as injection speed, temperature, composition, magnetization, etc. To investigate this, we perform large-scale three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of low-power, supersonic jets extending to kiloparsec scales. We inject a jet beam carrying an initially toroidal magnetic field into a denser, unmagnetized, and stratified ambient medium through a cylindrical nozzle. Our simulations explore jets with varying injection parameters to investigate their impact on morphology and emission properties. Furthermore, we examine jets with significantly different plasma compositions, such as hadronic and mixed electron–positron–proton configurations, to study the conditions that may drive transitions between FR I and FR II morphologies. We find that, under the same injection parameters, mixed plasma composition jets tend to evolve into FR I structures. In contrast, electron–proton jets exhibit a transition between FR I and FR II morphologies at different stages of their evolution.

Abstract The control of fuel inventory, particularly the retention of deuterium (D) in plasma-facing components, is a critical challenge for the safe and efficient operation of fusion devices. This study presents a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of D retention in graphite tiles from the first wall of the HL-3 tokamak, utilizing an integrated diagnostic approach of Laser-Induced Ablation Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LIA-QMS) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). A Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength, 6 ns pulse duration, 10 Hz repetition rate) was employed to ablate the graphite surface under high-vacuum conditions, with the released species detected in situ by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The LIA-QMS system was calibrated to achieve absolute D quantification, while LIBS simultaneously monitored the elemental composition of the ablation plasma. The results reveal detailed spatial distributions of D across the tile surfaces. A distinct retention gradient was observed, decreasing from the divertor region towards the low- and high-field sides. This retention behavior correlates with the operational history of HL-3 and patterns of material migration, suggesting that D retention is primarily driven by co-deposition with eroded materials. The study successfully demonstrates the capability of the combined LIA-QMS/LIBS technique for ex situ , spatially-resolved fuel retention analysis, establishing a quantitative baseline for fuel inventory control. This synergy between the two methods also underscores the potential of LIBS, calibrated by LIA-QMS, for future in situ application and real-time monitoring of fuel inventory in HL-3 and future fusion reactors.

Intravenous crystalloid fluid infusion is a mandatory nutritional intervention received by surgical patients. Crystalloids vary in the pH value and electrolyte balance when administered; these effects directly alter plasma and urine compositions and can considerably affect the patient's intraoperative metabolism. This randomized controlled study compared 0.9% saline solution and lactated Ringer's solution in terms of intraoperative metabolism among 56 patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Blood and urine samples were obtained before and after surgery for arterial blood gas analysis and untargeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Patients receiving 0.9% saline developed hyperchloremic acidosis and exhibited higher postoperative plasma concentrations of sodium (interaction P = 0.008) and glucose (interaction P = 0.034). They also required higher intraoperative norepinephrine doses (18 [0-43] μg vs. 0 [0-5] μg; P < 0.001) compared with patients who received lactated Ringer's solution. Significant intraoperative changes were noted in 27 plasma metabolites and 32 urinary metabolites related to stress responses and catabolic pathways. Patients receiving lactated Ringer's solution exhibited favorable metabolism in the blood. This was indicated by attenuated cortisol concentrations (interaction P = .051); significantly higher oxaloacetate concentrations (interaction P = .015), which may indicate less intraoperative gluconeogenesis (interaction P = .015); lower leucine degradation metabolite concentration, namely hydroxyisocaproic acid (interaction P = .055); and an attenuated decline in anti-inflammatory phospholipid breakdown metabolite, namely 15-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid (interaction P = .063). By contrast, patients receiving 0.9% saline solution exhibited unfavorable metabolism in urine indicated by reduced excretion of citric acid and creatine, which correlated with reduced glomerular filtration rates. The administration of lactated Ringer's solution may facilitate more favorable intraoperative metabolic profiles than the administration of 0.9% saline solution during lumbar spinal surgery.